Taranto 1940: The Fleet Air Arm’s Precursor to Pearl Harbor

100 Pages·2015·22.51 MB·English

by  Angus Konstam

TARANTO 1940
The Fleet Air Arm’s precursor to Pearl Harbor
C. Rondinella
SubmergedBreakwater SeapBlaansee
Isla San Pietro
BreSaukwbmateerrged lSsaonle Pttaoolo
Listening post
Coastal defense battery
AA battery
Floating AA battery on raft
Anti-torpedo nets
Barrage balloons
Raft mounted barrage balloons
Battleship
Heavy cruiser
Destroyer
0 1 mile
0 1km
ANGUS KONSTAM ILLUSTRATED BY PETER DENNIS
30/07/2015 09:57
Author Illustrator
Angus Konstam hails from the Orkney Islands, and is the Peter Dennis was born in 1950. Inspired by contemporary
author of over 80 books, 60 of which are published by magazines such as Look and Learn he studied illustration at
Osprey. This acclaimed and widely published author has Liverpool Art College. Peter has since contributed to hundreds
written several books on the naval campaigns of World War II, of books, predominantly on historical subjects, including
including The Battle of North Cape and Battleship Bismarck, many Osprey titles.
as well as Bismarck 1941 in the Osprey Campaign series.
A former naval officer and museum professional, he served as
the Curator of Weapons at the Royal Armouries in the Tower
of London and the Chief Curator of the Mel Fisher Maritime
Museum in Key West, Florida. He now works as a full-time
author and historian, and lives in Edinburgh, Scotland.
Other titles in the series
CAM No: 62 • ISBN: 978 1 84176 390 3 CAM No: 214 • ISBN: 978 1 84603 440 4 CAM No: 226 • ISBN: 978 1 84603 501 2
CAM No: 232 • ISBN: 978 1 84908 383 6 CAM No: 236 • ISBN: 978 1 84908 385 0 CAM No: 255 • ISBN: 978 1 78096 154 5
CAM288cover.indd 2
CAMPAIGN 288
TARANTO 1940
The Fleet Air Arm’s precursor to Pearl Harbor
ANGUS KONSTAM ILLUSTRATED BY PETER DENNIS 
Series editor Marcus Cowper
CAM288 LayoutsV6.indd 1 30/07/2015 09:54
This electronic edition published 2015 by Bloomsbury Publishing Plc AUTHOR’S NOTE
All images are from the Stratford Archive, Edinburgh.
First published in Great Britain in 2015 by Osprey Publishing,
PO Box 883, Oxford, OX1 9PL, UK ARTIST’S NOTE
PO Box 3985, New York, NY 10185-3985, USA
E-mail: [email protected] Readers may care to note that the original paintings from which the color
plates in this book were prepared are available for private sale. The
© 2015 Osprey Publishing Ltd Publishers retain all reproduction copyright whatsoever. All enquiries
Osprey Publishing, part of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. should be addressed to:
All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private Peter Dennis, Fieldhead, The Park, Mansfield, Notts, NG18 2AT, UK
study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Email: [email protected]
Designs and Patents Act, 1988, no part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by The Publishers regret that they can enter into no correspondence upon this
any means, electronic, electrical, chemical, mechanical, optical, matter.
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of the copyright owner. Enquiries should be addressed to the THE WOODLAND TRUST
Publishers.
Osprey Publishing supports the Woodland Trust, the UK’s leading woodland
conservation charity. Between 2014 and 2018 our donations are being
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
spent on their Centenary Woods project in the UK
ISBN (print): 978-1-4728-0986-7
ISBN (ePub): 978-1-4728-0898-1
ISBN (ePDF): 978-1-4728-0897-4
To find out more about our authors and books visit www.bloomsbury.com.
Here you will find extracts, author interviews, details of forthcoming events
and the option to sign up for our newsletters.
CAM288 LayoutsV6.indd 2 30/07/2015 10:10
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 5
CHRONOLOGY 8
ORIGINS OF THE CAMPAIGN 11
OPPOSING COMMANDERS 19
Royal Navy Regia Marina
n
OPPOSING FORCES 25
Royal Navy Regia Marina
n
PLANNING 36
A plan of attack Italian dispositions Operation MB8
n n
THE OPERATION 45
MB8 unfolds Launching the strike The first wave The second wave Return to Illustrious
n n n n n
Counting the cost
AFTERMATH 89
TARANTO TODAY 92
FURTHER READING 94
INDEX 95

CAM288 LayoutsV6.indd 3 30/07/2015 09:54
C
A Mediterranean Theatre of Operations, 1940
M
2
8
8
L
a
yo
utsV N
6
.in
d
d
4
FRANCE
ATLANTIC ROMANIA
OCEAN Bay Venice Belgrade
of Bordeaux
Biscay GenoLaa Spezia YUGOSLAVIA Bucharest
Toulon ITALY Adriatic Sea SofiaBULGARIA Black Sea
Corsica Rome Dubrovnik
Barcelona
Istanbul
Naples
Madrid
PORTUGAL Sardinia Tyrrhenian Taranto GREECE
SPAIN Sea Aegean
Lisbon Balearic Islands Cagliari Sea TURKEY
Palermo
M e d i Athens
Cartagena t Sicily Ionian Sea
Tunis e Syracuse
Algiers r
Gibraltar r
ATLANTIC Tangier Oran a
TUNISIA Malta n SYRIA
OCEAN e Crete Cyprus
a
n
Rabat S e a
Casablanca
Tripoli
PALESTINE
MOROCCO ALGERIA Benghazi
Gulf of Sirte Tobruk Jerusalem
Alexandria
Suez
Canal
Cairo
Capital city LIBYA
EGYPT
Major naval base
0 500 miles Red
Sea
0 500km
3
0
/0
7
/2
0
1
5
0
9
:5
4
INTRODUCTION
In the Royal Navy, 21 October is celebrated as the anniversary of its greatest
victory. That evening, both at sea and ashore, Trafalgar Night dinners are
held, to commemorate the Battle of Trafalgar (1805), and the exploits of
Horatio Nelson, arguably Britain’s greatest admiral, who died at the moment
of victory. However, in the Fleet Air Arm, while Trafalgar is still celebrated,
the Royal Navy’s aviators have their own victory to commemorate. So, in
November each year, Taranto Night dinners are held to remember the
exploits of the same evening three-quarters of a century ago. For the Fleet Air
Arm, Taranto was a victory every bit as important as Trafalgar – the first
great exploit by the youngest branch of the service.
Late in the evening of 11 November 1940, two groups of obsolete
biplanes launched from a British aircraft carrier carried out a surprise attack
on the Italian battle fleet, which was anchored in the southern Italian port of
Taranto. The Italian ships were protected by antitorpedo nets, and screened
by barrage balloons. Hundreds of anti-aircraft guns of various calibres ringed
the ancient harbour, and listening devices – precursors of radar – were sited
there, to provide early warning of an enemy air attack. Nearby, modern
fighters of the Italian Air Force stood ready to defend the port against British
bombers or torpedo planes, while search aircraft patrolled the skies to the
south, looking for any British ships or aircraft foolhardy enough to come
within range of the naval base. The admirals in charge of the fleet and the
base considered Taranto to be virtually immune to air attack. Instead these
impressive defences were tested, and found wanting.
The Royal Navy Historic Flight
based in RNAS Yeovilton
maintains and operates this
Fairey Swordfish Mark II, one of
two Swordfish still in flying
condition. During the war it
formed part of 836 Squadron,
and was used in a convoy
protection role in the North
Atlantic. It is now a regular
participant in British airshows.
5
CAM288 LayoutsV6.indd 5 30/07/2015 09:54
Strangely, the 21 aircraft used in the attack were all lumbering Swordfish
biplanes, aircraft which were already outdated when they entered service
four years earlier. The Swordfish usually carried a crew of three, but for this
raid one crewman – the rear gunner – was left behind, to make room for a
long-range fuel tank. When carrying bombs or a torpedo it had a top speed
of just over 140mph – making it considerably slower than all Italian front-
line fighters. Even the planners of the raid – codenamed Operation Judgement
– expected heavy losses of both planes and crew. Still, with well-trained
airmen, if the attack was pressed home aggressively, these biplanes might just
inflict sufficient damage on Italy’s battleship fleet to level the scales in the
naval war for control of the Mediterranean.
In fact the raid on Taranto was a resounding success. The Italian Navy –
the Regia Marina – had gathered all six of its battleships in the port, as well
as cruisers, destroyers and other smaller warships. The first wave of 12
Swordfish attacked soon after 11.00pm. Six aircraft armed with torpedoes
attacked the battleships, while the rest dropped bombs on other targets. Two
battleships were badly damaged, while others were lucky to survive
unscathed. Ninety minutes later the second wave of nine Swordfish launched
its attack, and another battleship was hit. So, in less than two hours, the
Regia Marina had lost half of its battleship force, all for the loss of just two
aircraft. Of these ships, two would eventually return to service, but a third
HMS Illustrious was the first fleet
carrier of its class, and while it
had a limited capacity of 36
aircraft, its armoured flight deck
made it more resilient than
contemporary American or
Japanese carrier designs. It
joined the Mediterranean Fleet
in August 1940.
6
CAM288 LayoutsV6.indd 6 30/07/2015 09:54
was damaged beyond repair. The raiders had struck a decisive blow – the
equivalent of a large-scale naval victory if it had been fought using more
conventional means.
As a result, the Royal Navy gained effective control of the Mediterranean.
While the Axis powers reacted decisively by diverting large numbers of German
aircraft to the theatre, the attack gave the British exactly what they needed – a
respite in the naval campaign, which they used to strengthen the defences of
Malta and to put pressure on Italian supply routes to North Africa. These,
however, were mere strategic implications of the raid. Its real significance lay
in what it promised. The Taranto attack was the first time carrier-borne aircraft
had been used to attack a heavily defended naval base. The raid not only
revolutionized naval warfare, it also changed the course of the war.
It marked the end for the battleship as the arbiter of victory at sea. From
that point on, the future of naval warfare would centre around the aircraft
carrier, and the fighting potential of carrier-borne aircraft. Significantly, this
demonstration of naval airpower was not lost on the Japanese. Just over a
year later, the Imperial Japanese Navy would demonstrate just how effective
a carrier-borne air strike of this kind could be, when launched on a much
larger scale, using modern aircraft. Effectively, Taranto served as the blueprint
for the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Thanks to those 42 young airmen,
naval warfare would never be the same again.
The Italian battleship Conti di
Cavour, pictured on the
morning of 12 November 1940.
Its decks are awash, and it is
sitting on the bottom of
Taranto harbour, after being hit
by a single torpedo the
previous evening. It remained
out of action for the remainder
of the war.
7
CAM288 LayoutsV6.indd 7 30/07/2015 09:54
CHRONOLOGY
1940
10 June Italy declares war on Britain and France.
20 June Start of the Battle of Britain.
22 June French sign armistice.
28 June Battle of the Espero Convoy – first significant but indecisive naval
clash in Mediterranean.
3 July Operation Catapult – destruction of French fleet at Oran and Mers-
el-Kébir.
9 July Indecisive battle of Calabria (also known as Punta Stilo). Italian
battleship Giulio Cesare damaged.
19 July Battle of Cape Spada – minor British victory – Italian light cruiser sunk.
23 August Swordfish from Eagle bomb Italian ships off Bomba, Libya.
30 August Operation Hats begins – reinforcements for Mediterranean Fleet
leave Gibraltar.
26 September Heavy Luftwaffe raids on London.
28 September Signing of Tripartite Pact between Germany, Italy and Japan.
12 October Battle of Cape Passero – minor British victory – three Italian light
warships sunk.
28 October Italian Army invades Greece.
4 November Operation MB8 begins.
5 November Convoys MW3 and AN6 sail from Alexandria, bound for Crete and
Greece.
6 November Force A (including Illustrious) sails from Alexandria.
7 November Force F and Force H sail from Gibraltar (Operation Coat).
Convoy MW3 and Force B reach Suda Bay, Convoy AN6 detached to
sail on to Piraeus.
Forces B and C combine off Crete to form Force X. MW3 proceeds
towards Malta.
8
CAM288 LayoutsV6.indd 8 30/07/2015 09:54