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Taphonomy and preservation potential of sponge tissue PDF

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516 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM TAPHONOMY AND PRESERVATION revealthat50-80%ofmoundmicriteswereproduced in POTENTIAL OF SPONGE TISSUE. Memoirs of place from which up to 60% of automicrites can be the Queensland Museum 44: 516. 1999:- The related to meta/oans. Therefore, the origin ofreactive preservation potential of sponge tissues is mainly organic matter is thecrucial point to evaluate the pure controlled by sponge related bacteria (Reitner, 1993; microbial vs metazoan character of Paleozoic and aRsesiotnceirat&edNeumwiecirloebri,al199p5o)p.uIlnastiitounhsybirnidifzeawtiomnoodfetrhne wMictshoiznoibciomsturdommaolunadnsd,baisowheelrlmaaslPdreepcoasmitbsri(aRneimtincerrite&s demosponges (Petrosia, Chondrosia) showed that the Arp, 1999).OPorifera, mud-mounds, micrites. majority of bacteria are members of the gamma-subclass ofProteobacteria Schumann-Kindel Literaturecited. ( et a!., 1996, 1997). Using highly specific REITNER, J. 1993. Modern Cryptic Mierobialile/ oligonucleotide probes for detecting sulfate-reducing Metazoan Faciesfrom LizardIsland(GreatBarrier bacteria,distinct signalswere foundscattered in native Reef,Australia)-FormationandConcepts. Facies spongetissueofboth investigatedsponges.Also,other 29: 3-40. fermentativebacteriaareinvolvedinthedegradationof REITNER, J. & ARP, G. 1999. Evolutionarytrends in sponge tissue. Sulfate reducing bacteria may control Processes oi' Calcareous Organo- and Biomin- the calcification of the sponge tissue during eralization. In Flfigel, H. & Freiwald, A. teds) degradation, increasing the carbonate alkalinity Evolution ofReefsystems. (Springer) (in press). (Schumann-Kindel et al., 1997; Reitner & Schumann- REITNER, J. & NEUWEILER F. (eds) 1995. Mud Kindel, 1997). Therefore, isolated pyrite crystals are Mounds: A Polygenetic Spectrum ofFine-grained common inmineralized(automicritic)spongestissues. Carbonate Buildups. Facies 32: 1-70. In the surrounding sediment, pyrite is absent or rare. REITNER, J. & SCHUMANN-KINDEL. G. 1997. Thespongetissueautomicritesareoftendark-coloured Pyrite in mineralized sponge tissue- Product of due to statistically distributed very fine pyrite crystals sulfate reducing sponge related bacteria ? Pp. (ca. lum diameter). Besides the small pyrite, larger 272-276. In Neuweiler, F., Reitner, J. & Monty, crystalsoften exhibitpatchyconcentrationsortheyare CI. teds) Biosedimentology ofMicrobial Build- arranged in rows. Pyrite formation is probably linked ups IGCP Project No.380, Proceedings of 2nd with sulfate reducingsymbiotic bacteria in the sponge Meeting, Gottingen, Germany 1996. Facies 36: mesohyle. During early decaying processes of the 272-276. spongetissuetheinternalspongespacebecomesentirely REITNER, J., GAUTRET, P.. MARIN, F. & anaerobic which favours the growth of the sulfate NEUWEILER, F. 1995.Automicritesinamodem reducing bacteria. microbialite-Formationmodelviaorganicmatrices This process may explain the rapid calcification of (Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia). sponge tissue in modern marine microbialites and Bulletin de Flnstitut d'oceanographique Monaco ancient sponge mud mounds. In mud mounds siliceous 14(2): 237-263. sponges contribute to buildup development with SCHUMANN-KINDEL, G., BERGBAUER. M. & considerable amounts of sponge body-related micrite REITNER. J. 1996. Bacteria associated with producedinplace. Thesespongecontainerautomicrites Mediterranean Sponges. Pp. 125-128. In Reitner, formduringthebiodegradationofsofttissues, resulting J., Neuweiler, F. & Gunkel, F. (eds) Globale und in various 'classical' microbial fabrics. The initial regionale Steuerungsfaktoren biogener formation ofcarbonate crystals iscontrolled by reactive Sedimentation. Gottinger Arbeiten zurGeologie organic compounds(macromolecules)duringconditions undPalaontologieSB2(UniversityofGottingen: of elevated carbonate alkalinity (ammonification) Germany), (Reitner, 1993; Reitner el al., 1995). The resulting SCHUMANN-KINDEL, G., BERGBAUER, M.. carbonatemicrofabricscorrelatewithdifferentsofttissue MANZ, W., SZEW2YK, U. & REITNER, J. precursors (mesohyle). The mesohyle structure varies 1997. Aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms in from: bacteria-containing (minipeloidal); bacteria- modern sponges: a possible relationship to bearing, rich in choanocyte chambers (peloidal); to fossilisation processes. Pp. 268-272. In bacteria-poor or syncytial structures (aphanites). Neuweiler, F., Reitner, J. & Monty, CI. (eds) Intcrmediatereactivestatesoforganicmatteralsoleadto Biosedimentology ofMicrobial Buildups IGCP the in situ preservation of non-rigid demosponges, Project No.380. Proceedings of 2nd Meeting, which are recognizedby spiculararchitecture, spatially Gottingen, Germany 1996. Facies 36: 268-272. restricted occurrences ofunsorted spicules, oreven by spicule bearing minipeloids, peloids or aphanites. Joachim Reitner (email: [email protected]) & Fritz Principally non-spicule bearing sponges should be Neuweiler, Institut und Museum fir Geologie und recognizedbytheouter(e.g.nodular)shapeofmicrobial Palaontologie. Univ.Gottingen, Goldschmidistr.3, fabrics. Organically induced automicrites D-37077 Gottingen, Germany: Gahriela (organomicrites)arehigh-Mgcalciteswithan inorganic Schumann-Kindel. Okologic der Mikroorganismen. signatureof5,3C(+3to+4).Theenhancedidentification Technisehe Universitdt Berlin, Franklinsfr.29, D-10587 ofan autochthonous sponge fauna within mud mounds Berlin, Germany: Volker Thiel, Institute of provides new insight into the nature and origin ofthese Biogeochemi.sttyand Marine Chemistry, Univ. Hamburg, structures. Semi-quantitivedata ofCretaceous mounds Bundesstt:55, 20146Hamburg, Germany: 1June 1998.

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