Tall Buildings and the City: Improving the Understanding of Placemaking, Imageability, and Tourism

480 Pages·2020·46.358 MB·English

by  Kheir Al-Kodmany

The Urban Book Series
Kheir Al-Kodmany
Tall Buildings
and the City
Improving the Understanding
of Placemaking, Imageability, and
Tourism
The Urban Book Series
Editorial Board
FatemehFarnazArefian,UniversityofNewcastle,Singapore,Singapore,SilkCities
& Bartlett Development Planning Unit, UCL, London, UK
Michael Batty, Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, UCL, London, UK
Simin Davoudi,Planning&Landscape Department GURU,Newcastle University,
Newcastle, UK
Geoffrey DeVerteuil, School of Planning and Geography, Cardiff University,
Cardiff, UK
Andrew Kirby, New College, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
Karl Kropf, Department of Planning, Headington Campus, Oxford Brookes
University, Oxford, UK
Karen Lucas, Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Marco Maretto, DICATeA, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
University of Parma, Parma, Italy
FabianNeuhaus,FacultyofEnvironmentalDesign,UniversityofCalgary,Calgary,
AB, Canada
Vitor Manuel Aráujo de Oliveira , Porto University, Porto, Portugal
ChristopherSilver,CollegeofDesign,UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,FL,USA
Giuseppe Strappa, Facoltà di Architettura, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome,
Roma, Italy
IgorVojnovic,DepartmentofGeography,MichiganStateUniversity,EastLansing,
MI, USA
Jeremy W. R. Whitehand, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of
Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Kheir Al-Kodmany
Tall Buildings and the City
Improving the Understanding of Placemaking,
Imageability, and Tourism
123
KheirAl-Kodmany
Department ofUrban PlanningandPolicy
University of Illinois at Chicago
Chicago, IL, USA
ISSN 2365-757X ISSN 2365-7588 (electronic)
TheUrban Book Series
ISBN978-981-15-6028-6 ISBN978-981-15-6029-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6029-3
©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2020
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Acknowledgements
The author would like to genuinely thank Saadia Shah, a professional planner and
editor for editing the manuscript. I would like also to sincerely thank anonymous
reviewersforusefulfeedback.Further,earnestthanksgototheSpringerPublisher’s
staff and company. Last but not least, the author deeply thanks his spouse, Dr.
Ahlam Al-Kodmany, for her wonderful support.
v
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Book Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2 Tall Building Construction Boom: A Global Snapshot . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2 Continental Shares and Global Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.1 Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.2 Europe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.2.3 North America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.2.4 Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.2.5 Oceania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.2.6 South America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.2.7 Central America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.2.8 Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.3 Why Tall Buildings?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.3.1 Urban Population Increase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.3.2 Demographic Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.3.3 Global Competition and Globalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.3.4 Urban Regeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.3.5 Urban Agglomeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.3.6 Land Price Increase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.3.7 Land Preservation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.3.8 Climate Change and Energy Conservation . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.3.9 Infrastructure and Transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.3.10 International Finance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.3.11 Air Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
vii
viii Contents
2.3.12 Human Aspirations and Ego . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.3.13 Emerging Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.3.14 Profit and Greed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3 Theoretical Framework: Engage, Enhance, and Enrich . . . . . . . . . 65
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.2 Placemaking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.2.1 What Is Placemaking? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.2.2 The Power of Ten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.2.3 William H. Whyte’s Legacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.2.4 Participatory Placemaking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.2.5 Placemaking and Sense of Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.2.6 Placemaking and Tall Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.2.7 Placemaking and Public Spaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.2.8 Placemaking and Virtual Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.3 Urban Imageability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.3.1 Landmarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.3.2 Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.3.3 Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.3.4 Districts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.3.5 Edges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.4 Urban Likability and Dis-Likeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.5 Urban Symbolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.6 Urban Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4 Public Participation and Methods of Visual Communication . . . . . 83
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.2 Traditional Tools and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.3 Digital Tools and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.3.1 Geographic Information Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.3.2 The Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.3.3 Social Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.4 Applied Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
5 Preliminary Findings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.2 Socio-Spatial Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
5.2.1 Millennium Park and Maggie Daley Park . . . . . . . . . . 126
5.2.2 Navy Pier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Contents ix
5.2.3 The Magnificent Mile Gateway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.2.4 Inner Loop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
5.2.5 Water Tower Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.2.6 River Confluence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.2.7 Museum Campus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.2.8 Urban Giants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
5.2.9 Grant Park. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
5.2.10 River City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
5.2.11 Chicago Riverwalk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
5.3 Organizing the Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
5.3.1 The Chicago River (Water Path) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
5.3.2 The Magnificent Mile (Land Path). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
5.3.3 The Chicago Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
5.3.4 Chicago Skyline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
5.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
6 The Chicago River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
6.2 Visual and Spatial Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
6.3 Sublime Edge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
6.3.1 Trump International Hotel & Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
6.3.2 330 North Wabash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
6.3.3 Marina City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
6.4 Elegant Edge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
6.4.1 LaSalle-Wacker Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
6.4.2 OneEleven. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
6.4.3 77 West Wacker Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
6.4.4 Leo Burnett Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
6.5 Exotic Confluence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
6.5.1 333 West Wacker Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
6.5.2 225 West Wacker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
6.5.3 191 North Wacker Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
6.5.4 River Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
6.5.5 150 North Riverside. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
6.5.6 Boeing International Headquarters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
6.5.7 Residences at Riverbend. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
6.5.8 Wolf Point West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
6.5.9 Merchandise Mart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
6.6 Welcoming Gateway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
6.6.1 River View I and II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
6.6.2 The Regatta and the Chandler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
6.6.3 The NBC Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
6.6.4 Swissotel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
x Contents
6.6.5 Illinois Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
6.6.6 Lake Point Tower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
6.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
7 The Magnificent Mile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
7.2 Visual and Spatial Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
7.3 Grand Gateway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
7.3.1 The Wrigley Building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
7.3.2 The Tribune Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
7.3.3 LondonHouse Chicago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
7.3.4 333 North Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
7.3.5 Intercontinental Chicago Magnificent Mile. . . . . . . . . . 253
7.3.6 Equitable Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
7.3.7 DuSable Bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
7.3.8 Apple Michigan Avenue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
7.4 City’s Signature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
7.4.1 Chicago Water Tower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
7.4.2 Water Tower Place. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
7.4.3 Park Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
7.4.4 North Michigan Avenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
7.4.5 900 North Michigan Avenue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
7.4.6 Palmolive Building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
7.4.7 One Magnificent Mile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
7.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
8 The Chicago Loop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
8.2 Visual and Spatial Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
8.3 Graceful Sky Touch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
8.3.1 Willis Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
8.3.2 311 South Wacker Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
8.3.3 The Franklin Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
8.4 City’s Heart and Soul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
8.4.1 Richard J. Daley Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
8.4.2 James R. Thompson Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
8.4.3 Grant Thornton Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
8.5 Loop Oasis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
8.5.1 Chase Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
8.5.2 Inland Steel Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
8.5.3 One South Dearborn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
8.5.4 55 West Monroe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335