Tachdjian's Pediatric Orthopaedics: From the Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children

2663 Pages·2014·588.021 MB·English

by  John A. Herring

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Tachdjian’s
Pediatric
Orthopaedics
From the
Texas Scottish Rite
Hospital for Children
This page intentionally left blank
Tachdjian’s
Pediatric
Orthopaedics
From the
Texas Scottish Rite
Hospital for Children
FIFTH EDITION
Volume 1
John A. Herring,
MD
Chief of Staff Emeritus
Texas Scottish Rite Hospital
for Children
Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
The University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center
Dallas, Texas
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste. 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
TACHDJIAN’S PEDIATRIC ORTHOPAEDICS FROM THE TEXAS ISBN: 978-1-4377-1549-1
SCOTTISH RITE HOSPITAL FOR CHILDREN Volume 1 PN: 9996074501
Volume 2 PN: 9996074560
Volume 3 PN: 9996074625
Copyright © 2014, 2008, 2002, 1990, 1972 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by
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This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the
Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical
treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In
using such information or methods, they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of
others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the
most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each
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of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own
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treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Tachdjian’s pediatric orthopaedics : from the Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children / [edited by]
John A. Herring.—Fifth edition.
p. ; cm.
Pediatric orthopaedics
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4377-1549-1 (3 vol. set, 2 vol. hardcover : alk. paper)
I. Herring, John A., editor of compilation. II. Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, issuing
body. III. Title: Pediatric orthopaedics.
[DNLM: 1. Child. 2. Orthopedic Procedures. 3. Infant. 4. Musculoskeletal Diseases—surgery.
WS 270]
RD732.3.C48
618.92′7—dc23
2013030018
Senior Content Stategist: Don Scholz
Senior Content Development Specialist: Jennifer Shreiner
Publishing Services Manager: Anne Altepeter
Senior Project Manager: Doug Turner
Project Manager: Louise King
Design Manager: Louis Forgione
Printed in the United States of America
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
C O N T R I B U T O R S
Richard C. Adams, MD Mark C. Gebhardt, MD
Medical Director of Developmental Disabilities Frederick W. and Jane Ilfed Professor of Orthopaedic
Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children Surgery
Associate Professor of Pediatrics Harvard Medical School
The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Chief of Orthoapedic Surgery
Neurodevelopmental Pediatrician Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Parkland Medical Center Associate in Orthopaedic Surgery
Dallas, Texas Children’s Hospital Boston
Boston, Massachusetts
Megan E. Anderson, MD
Instructor in Orthopaedic Surgery John A. Herring, MD
Harvard Medical School Chief of Staff Emeritus
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
Children’s Hospital Boston The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Boston, Massachusetts Dallas, Texas
John G. Birch, MD Christine Ho, MD
Assistant Chief of Staff Staff Orthopaedist
Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children
Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Assistant Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Dallas, Texas Dallas, Texas
Alexander Cherkashin, MD Charles E. Johnston, MD
Director, Division of Clinic Implementation and Data Assistant Chief of Staff
Management Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children
Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
Assistant Professor The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Dallas, Texas
The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Dallas, Texas Lori A. Karol, MD
Staff Orthopaedist
Lawson A.B. Copley, MD Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children
Staff Orthopaedist Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Associate Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Dallas, Texas
The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Dallas, Texas Harry K.W. Kim, MD, MSc, FRCSC
Director, Sarah M. and Charles E. Seay Center for
Molly E. Dempsey, MD Musculoskeletal Research
Medical Director of Radiology Director, Center for Excellence in Hip Disorders
Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children
Dallas, Texas Associate Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Henry Ellis, MD Dallas, Texas
Staff Orthopaedist
Children’s Medical Center Veronica M. Meneses, MD, FAAP
Dallas, Texas Director, Rainbow Clinics, Developmental-Behavioral
Pediatrics
Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children
Clinical Instructor
The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Dallas, Texas
v
vi Contributors
Pamela Nurenberg, MD Fay Z. Safavi, MBBS, FFARCS
Staff Pediatric Radiologist Director, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain
Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children Management
Clinical Associate Professor of Radiology Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children
The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Professor of Anesthesiology and Pain Management
Dallas, Texas The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Dallas, Texas
David A. Podeszwa, MD
Staff Orthopaedist Mikhail Samchukov, MD
Texas Scottish Right Hospital for Children Co-Director, Center of Excellence for Limb Lengthening
Associate Professor and Reconstruction
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children
The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Associate Professor
Dallas, Texas Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Brandon A. Ramo, MD Dallas, Texas
Staff Orthopaedist
Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children Daniel J. Sucato, MD
Children’s Medical Center Dallas Chief of Staff
Assistant Professor Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery
The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Dallas, Texas Staff Orthopaedist
Children’s Medical Center
Karl E. Rathjen, MD Dallas, Texas
Staff Orthopaedist
Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children David C. Wilkes, MD
Professor Staff Radiologist
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children
The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, Texas
Chief of Clinical Service
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Philip L. Wilson, MD
Children’s Medical Center Staff Orthopaedist
Dallas, Texas Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children
Associate Professor
Anthony I. Riccio, MD Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Staff Orthopaedist The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children Staff Orthopaedist
Assistant Professor Children’s Medical Center
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Dallas, Texas
The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Staff Orthopaedist Robert Lane Wimberly, MD
Children’s Medical Center Staff Orthopaedist
Dallas, Texas Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children
Assistant Professor
B. Stephens Richards, MD Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Chief Medical Officer The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children Staff Orthopaedist
Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Children’s Medical Center
The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, Texas
Dallas, Texas
Megan Young, MD
Instructor of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery
George Washington University
Children’s National Medical Center
Washington, District of Columbia
P R E F A C E
This edition of Tachdjian’s Pediatric Orthopaedics is the This year we have added something new to ortho­
third to be written and edited by the staff of Texas Scot­ paedic texts: a collection of narrated videos of patient
tish Rite Hospital for Children. We are committed to the examinations, demonstrating usual and unusual physical
concept that this text should be the most comprehensive findings. We hope that these will enhance the reader’s
source for pediatric orthopaedic knowledge. We also con­ ability to recognize various orthopaedic conditions. These
tinue to believe that what is written should be based on may also be used to educate office staff, students, and
the best available evidence whenever possible. With each co­workers about the pediatric orthopaedic physical
edition, all relevant literature is reviewed as the text is examination. During the lifetime of this edition we may
updated. Because Level I and Level II evidence are infre­ add other enhancements as well. After all, it is truly a new
quently available, content must also be augmented by era in information technology, and we are putting this
expert opinion. Our authors, who are leaders in many technology to its best educational use.
fields, base their opinions and recommendations on a I would like to thank everyone who has made this
very broad clinical experience in an academic environ­ edition possible. First, a large thank you goes to our
ment. As academic leaders, they regularly present their medical and surgical staff for contributing time and
research nationally and internationally, teach at virtually effort in the preparation of the chapters. Our office per­
all major conferences, and are broadly aware of the sonnel, especially Phyllis Cuesta, Louise Hamilton, and
advances in pediatric orthopaedics. Cindy Daniel, have handled all of the organizational work,
What is a book, or a newspaper for that matter? As I compiled the bibliographies, and typed text to meet
began reading The New York Times on my iPad, I realized many deadlines, and we are very grateful. The people in
that this newspaper, which formerly was black and white our administration, especially Robert Walker and J.C.
and silent, now is augmented with colorful slides, nar­ Montgomery, Jr., and our board of directors, led by
rated commentary, and extensive links to all sorts of other the honorable Ambassador Lyndon Olson, have under­
information. The same is true for this textbook. The two stood the importance of this work and supported it
print volumes contain the most frequently sought infor­ wholeheartedly. I would also like to thank our patients
mation. Our digital, or online, version contains all three for all they have taught us and for helping us educate
volumes and presents comprehensive information in a others about their conditions. Finally, I especially would
variety of forms. There are 58 surgical videos, each a live like to thank our families, who have allowed us the time
procedure narrated by one of the true surgical experts in to complete the project and have been of great help
the field. Many readers of the previous edition have along the way.
shared with me that these are of great value to their surgi­ John Anthony Herring
cal care of patients. March 2013
vii