Tables to Accompany the Introduction - Federation of American

85 Pages·2012·3.42 MB·English

by  Milton Leitenberg

· TABLES TO ACCOMPANY THE INTRODUCTION
Chapter I: "Military R&D" -- The Role of Scientific Research in
Weapons Develo'Dmen t
The following five groups of tables accompany this chapter:
Group I: What is one looking for
Table 1. Basic Scientific Research to Weapon Application
Table 2. Examples of Programs to Establish a Technological Base
to Meet Identified Military Needs
Table 3. Tabulation by Type a.nd Degree of Identified Missile/
Space Contribution
Table 4. ERDA Applications of Basic Sciences
~lilitary
Figure 1 • Turbine Engine Multi-Variable Technology Trend
Figure 2. Weight, Accuracy, and Reliability of Inertial Navigators
Ta.b le 5 • Scientific Sensors for Space Vehicles
Table 6. Initial Militarily Critical Technologies List
Table 7. Examples 01' R&D Performed in "In-House" Labora.tories of
the US Military Services
---~---.----~-.
Table 1 • Basic Scientific Research to Weaeon Application
Infrared Emission
1. Basic Research on from jet aircraft IR s~ on s.id.ewinder
Il'l&ered Radiation-+ engine -----~) mas'le
First application
of maser to Naval
Low noise, high Research Lab rad-
gain Amplifier io telescope
which operates in gives l.6-fold im-
2. Basic Research in Solid State microwave provement in sen-
Solid State Physics .. maser -------4) Regiou---__.. -,..,. sitivity
3. Basic Research in
physiological op
tics, low leve1
photometry visib- Problems of com-
.;".lity of stars in puting and pre-
.;wil:i.ght a1:mos- dieting the vis- Surface finish for
pheric trans- ual detection of satellite (Vanguard)
mission, spectrum orbiting criteria for loca-
of solar radi- sate~- tioD of observation
'tion-------)r ites-------~) stations
Need for radia
tion counter which
is not sensitive
to thermal. fail-
ure at low tempe- Basic research
ratures, capable gas discharges
of high counting and electronic
rates, undamage- and ionic Deve~opment of
able byelectrie- pressures.in halogen quenched Detection of
al overloa.ding--~) gases ------~, geiger counter~ radioactivity
Application to
Technique for optic- temperature mea-
5. Basic Research al measurement of surement along
on spectral e- temperature of exhaust flame of
~ issivity of flames'+ varying flames-----3» a rocket engine
Research shows that
6 • Difficulties in ionization from meteor
Operation Research in ioni- trails could be used for
~ f 7ertain.elect- zation Propagation e~en~ed-range commu-
ronl.CS equl.pment--'7 by Meteors ---~ nl.catl.ons
7. Basic research
on effects of
ultrasound on Development of
biological ultrasonic ir- Treatment of diseased
tissues radiator.: ....------:;) brain tissues
)
8. Basic research in
chemistry of large Solid rocket
molecules ) propellents ______~ ) Fuel for Polaris missile
9. Basic research
program on
methyl deriva- Unsymmetrical High energy fuels
tives of Hydra- DiMethyl Hydra- for liquid rocket
zine zine
J' ---------~) engines
---"_ _----_ _------------
... ..
Table 1 (cont'd)
(i)
10. Operational diffi-
culties in avia- Fundamental investi-
tion instruments gat ion of films
and ordnance Need for better absorbed on sur- Synthesis of better
fuses _____)" 1-. oils -------.:0,) faces _____~ ) clock oils
Contribution to funda
mental knowledge of
mechanism of wetting
and relation to com
position of solids
and liquids
Basic research on
rate of heat flow
from interior of
earth; heat ex
change between
ocean and land;
characteristics Application to
of Continental location of air-strips
11. Geophysical Shelf & Arctic on land and sea-
data on thermal Coastal Plain; ice; construction
properties of land changes in cli- of Distant Early
and sea mate due to geo- Warning Sys-
masses thermal gradients tams
-----...::.,~ ~
12. Radio wave pro- Important to know
pagation is af- variations of wa-
fected by dis- ter vapor in the
tribution of wa- Effects on atmosphere over
ter vapor in Navy cornmuni- the transmission
--------r -1\
atmosphere ---"'t) cations and radar ~ path Development of J
instrument to
make rapid measu-!--o
~ements O.f waterJi
•.
~n ~phere
Basic research on Understanding of
Basic research on Lyman-Alpha radi- effects of water
optics of upper ation at high vapor in radio
-----'0
atmosphere-____ altitudes propagation
Introduction of fine
substructural net-
ks:ic rerecne:k work in metal by Military appli-
on metallurigic- working and anneal- Ultra high- cations: aircraft
al fine structure-7 ing strength steels ---tlanding-gear
treatments,---~)
Use of computers
to handle informa
tion in air de
fense systems
(ONR Research
tool computer.
Whirlwind used
14. Basic research Theory of High- Electronics Com- for Sage Conti-
in mathema~ speed Computing puters for Scien- nental Defense
-----~t Machines ------"J>}'t ific Computation -7 System)
Application to
rocket fuel
15. Understanding pumps, propellers
the mechanism Basic for utili- Design of pumps for high speed
of super-cavit- zation of supercavi- and propellers for ships and torpe-
ating flows --..--;..,~ tating flows .., high-speed operat-.y does'
ion
Table 1 (cont'd)
Basic research Basic reseaermcihs triny
;:'::~~O::XiCity OforganiC Cl
16. Basic research
in pathology --~) submarine hydraulic fluid ~
J,
j
Rapid solution to Basic research in
toxicity problems biochemistry
17. Research in vari
at ions of human Design of aircraft
behaviour, under controls and weapons
varying conditi systems to optimize
ons of accele Evaluation of dis- performance and safe-
ration, pressure play and control sys- ty of human ope
md temperature ~ tems for aircraft ----It rators
Determination of acous-
tic and sound Design and use
imped(-:".~ '1
velocity in a varie- Basic understand- of acoustic mines
18. in ty of bottoms, using ing of propagat- and underwater
~esearch
~ .. hallow ?ter sound correlation techni- ion o~ sound in detection and
propagat10n ) ques with noise ) the sea -----')~ ranging systems
Sonar systems
using deep pro
pagation paths;
prediction of
Precise measure- shock wave pre-
19. on ment velocity Knowledge pagation in un-
Re~earch
velocity of sound of sound in sea of the liquid derwater explo-
in sea water ---~'.l water ---------4) state ------~) siens
'.-
~
Federal Budgetiftl for- Research and Development; Hearings before the Subcommit
tee on Reorganization and International Organizations of the Committee on
Government Operations; United States Senate; Eighty-seventh Congress, First
Session; Agency Coordination Study~ July 26 and 27, 1961; Part I (of two
parts). The Department of Defense and The National Aeronautics and Space Ad
ministration. Washington, 1961; pg. 128-129.
Tab1e2.
Examples of Programs to Establish a Technological Base to Meet Identified
Military Needs.
Example 1. Materials for Deep Submersibles
Military Need. -- The ability to operate effectively, reliably and safely
in ocean depths down to -- is needed for rescue, search and retrieval,
and for ordnance and submersible development.
Techno1oax Program. - High strength steel and titanium alloys will be
exploite but will probably have limits of -- respectively. The primary
thrust of the program is in materials of very high compressive strength
such as reinforced plastics, ceramics and glass.
Example 2. Human Performance in Ocean Environments
Military Need. -- It is desirable to have a capability for humans to opera
te at depths (and associated pressures) down to 2000 feet, either in
pressurized submersibles or free-swimming. This is needed for submarine
rescue, prolonged salvage, underwater exploration and construction, ord
nance disposal and individual submarine escape.
Technological Program. -- Investigation is required of gas mixtures suit
able for human breathing, measurement of work capability and safety limits,
establishment of duration limits, and physiological hazards, all at high
pressure. Decompression tables for the gas mixture or mixtures will have
to be established for saturation and excursion diving.
Example 3,"
The U.S. Air Force has been engaged in a program to establish the techno
logy for a hydrogen-fluorine rocket engine to provide maximum maneuver
ability. Flourine is the most corrosive of oxidizers, and new capabilities
in pumps, valves, and other components are requisite for success. It is
planned to assemble a demonstration engine in FY 1968 to test component
compatibility in the engine system.
Example 4. Night Vision
Military Need. -- The ability of military forces to operate at night, and
to identify and locate enemy in darkness in all types of terrain, is of
great value. This is especially true in conflicts such as that in Vietnam.
Technological Program. -- The program can be divided into three general
parts: light amplification; utilization of normally invisible portions of
the spectrum, e.g. infra-red; and battlefield illumination. The program
has resulted in a number of items of military equipment: for example the
star-light scope for crew-servedweapons, low-light level night viewing
device for helicopter operations, and tank-mounted IR searchlights. Work
is continuing to provide a sound capability for further improved develop
ments in this field.
Source. Department of Defense Appropriations for 1968. Hearing, Committee on
Appropriations, Rouse of Representatives, Part 3, 1967, pg.37-38.
Ta.ble 2 Tabulation by Type and Degree of Identified Missile/Space Contribution
t
Apparent Degree of
Dominant Types of Identified Contribution Contribution
Stimulation Develop- Improve- Develop- Cost Strong Mode- Slight
of ment of ment of ment of Reduc- rate
Research New Pro- Existing New tion
cesses and Products Products
Area of Technology Techniques
(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
Instrumentation
Res~stance Strain
Gages X X X X
Infrared Instru
mentation X X
Pressure Measuring
Equipment X x x
Mea-
T~~perature
~ Lng Equipment X X X
Instrumentation
Amplifiers X X
Electronic Compo-
':s
1
Semiconductors X X x X X
Microsystems
Electronics X X X
Thermoelectric
Refrigeration X X X
Connectors, Cables,
and Printed Cir
cuits X X
Display Systems X X
Control Systems
Inertial Guidance X X
ElectDonic
Compu~er
Systems X X X X
Power Sources
Sr'~ Cells X X X
E. _'gy Conversion X X
Fuel Cells X X
Magnetogydrodynamics X X
Propulsion
C 'genics X X X
Transfer Sys-
F~_~d
tems X X X
Fabrication
Filament Winding X X X
Chemical Milling X X X
High Energy Forming X X X
Solid State Bonding X X X
Materials
Refractory Metals X X
Maraging Steels X X
Physical Metallurgy X
Supera lloys X X
Epoxy Resins x x X
Medical Technology X X X X
Telemetry and Commu
nications X X X
Management Control
Systems X X
Tab 1e 4" • ERDA Mili tary Applioa tions of Basio Soienoes
DISCIPLINE/TECHNOLOGY WEAPON &T EST APPLICATIONS.
Geosciences Test Containment
High-explosive technology Explosive-system development
Electroexplosive devices
Insensitive HE development
Materials science Development and fabrication of special metals
plastics, ceramics, and compatibility studies.
Evaluation and control of material-related
failure mechanisms
Computer science and Design calculations
applied technology Effects
Containment
Weapon system analysis
Environmental and Effects on ecological systems of hazardous
biology sciences materials associated with weapon fabrication
and testing.
Weapon employment studies
Instrumentation Test diagnostics
Effects diagnostics
Weapon components
Nuclear science Weapon design data and benchmark experiments,
including criticality studies
Neutron effects and vulnerability
Test diagnostics and monitoring: underground,
atmospheric, and in deep space
Neutron sources for diagnostics and vulnerability
effects
Advanced systems.
Chemistry Physical and chemical properties of uranium
and transuranics as related to weapon design
High-temperature chemistry as related to
vulnerability and hardening
. Light-element chemistry relating to weapon
design
Radiochemistry relating to weapon test
diagnostics
Souroe: Funding and Management Alternatives for ERDA Military Applioation
and Restrioted Data Funotions, ERDA-97, January 1976, p. 0-3.
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Technology Index w O,2}:"\:; WITH VelOCITY,DAMPINQ;;. :<O'::,;~\
(colculated MQT qllOrh,,) "~.~ "';~"} ,;".';n'~~; "~!l,.;i"t'': "'.'':'' rl,:I. N":E", R:~iilAt<L" S\ ""!~r, r:t,M,;:'+ """0':,:' :c';,!;" ~¥~/t"
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1973 .
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0
0 10 20 70 80 90 100 110 120 Quarler
194J IY!lJ 1963 1972 Year
Aclual MQT lesl date
Fig ,1 - Turbine Engine Multi-Variable Technology Trend
Weight, accuracy, and reliability of inertial navigators.
Source, Robert Perry, Comparisons 'Sovie' nd US Figu: 2.
Technology, R-827-PR, Santa Monica, 0alif.:
I
Rand, June 1973, p. 27.
S,u,f"C4"': SPACE/AERONAUTICS R&D Handbor>k .lCl"'''·\q,~,~ t.ll
®
Scientific sensors
Table 5.
for space vehicles
,Class Intrin-
of sic
... Experi- Signal'
ments Instruments Form 'Range
Cosmic: Rays Geiger-Mueller Tube 0 ' 10' cpl ,"
Cerenkov Telescope O-A 10' cps
Cosmic Ray Telescope D 5" 10' cps
integrating Ionization Chamber 0 100 cps
Nuclear Emulsion
Radiation Ionization Current Gage A " 1O -lJ-l 0'" amp
Bells Thin-walled G-M Tube D 10' cps
Scintillation Counter D-A ,6,,10·cps
Solar Electrostatic Analyzer A 10-1'-10-' amp
Particles Proton Ionization Gage 0 10' cps
{l-Ray Spectrometer D-A 5 x 10' cps
Ion Scintillation Spectrometer D-A 5 x 10' cps
; Magnetic flux-gate Magnetometer A 0.6-1200 -r
",' fields
Rotating-coil Magnetometer A 0.6-1200 -r
Proton-precession Magne- f 0.07-1.0 G
tometer
Rubidium-vapor Magne- f 0.05-105 -r
tometer
, "Micro- Resistance Grids A 12 levels
meteoriles Erosion Gage A 2 decades
>
Microphone D-A 10-'gm-cm
sec
>
Ught-flash Detedor D-A 10-' erg,
, Spectroscopy IR Spectrograph A 2-.4 I'
UV Spectrograph A 1750-3100 AO
Lyman-alpha Telescope A 1040-1340 A 0
X-Ray Telescope D 2-8 AO
Ionosphere Ion Probe A > 10' Ions/em'
langmuir Probe A > 10' eledrons/
em'
Electric-field Meter A 0-10 V
Radiation Albedo Meter (Scannlngl A 2 decades
: Budget Omnidirectional Radiometer A 2 decades
Neutron Proportional Counter D 1000 cps
Atmospheric Thermionic Ionization Gage A 10 .....1 0 ... mm
Pressure Hg
Radioadlve Ionization Gage A 1 atm-l0'" mm
Hg
Cold-cathode lonil:atlon Gage A 10-'-10-7 mm
Hg
>
Redhead Gage A 10-lImm Hg
Pironi Gage A 10-1-10-' mm
Hg
Atmospheric Rf Mass Spectrometer A 2 decades
Structure Magnetic Mass Spectrometer A 10'" omp
Thermistors A 3 decades
Thermocouples A 2 decades
Abbreviation.. D - Digital A .. Analog D-A - Discrete
event with onalog mognitude f - Frequency -r - Gamma
G - Gauss C - Continuous