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T-Cell Paradigms in Parasitic and Bacterial Infections PDF

161 Pages·1990·5.804 MB·English
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Current Topics in Microbiology 155 and Immunology Editors R. W. Com pans, Birmingham/Alabama· M. Cooper, Birmingham/Alabama . H. Koprowski, Philadelphia I. McConnell, Edinburgh . F. Melchers, Basel V. Nussenzweig, New York· M.Oldstone, La lolla/California . S. Olsnes, Oslo· H. Saedler, Cologne· P. K. Vogt, Los Angeles· H. Wagner, Munich· I. Wilson, La lolla/California T -Cell Paradigms in Parasitic and Bacterial Infections Edited by S. H. E. Kaufmann With 24 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Professor Dr. STEFAN H. E. KAUFMANN Dept. of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ulm A.-Einstein-Allee 11, D-7900 Ulm ISBN-13: 978-3-642-74985-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-74983-4 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-74983-4 This work IS subject to copynght All nghts are reserved, whether the whole or part of the matenal IS concerned, specIfically the rights of translatIOn, repnntIng, reuse of illustratIOns, recItatIOn, broadcasting, reproductIon on mIcrofilms or In other ways, and storage In data banks. DuplicatIOn of thIS publicatIOn or parts thereof IS only permitted under the provlSlons of the German Copynght Law of September 9, 1965, In ItS version of June 24, 1985, and a copynght fee must always be paId. VIOlatIOns fall under the prosecutIOn act of the German Copynght Law. © Spnnger-Verlag Berlin HeIdelberg 1990 LIbrary of Congress Catalog Card Number 15-12910 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. In thIS publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speCIfic statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulatIOns and therefore free for general use. Product LiabIlity: The publisher can give no guarantee for informatIOn about drug dosage and applicatIOn thereof contained on thIS book. In every indIVIdual case the respectIve user must check ItS accuracy by consulting other pharmaceutICal literature. Phototypesetting by Thomson Press (India) Limited, New DelhI 2123/3020-543210 - Pnnted on aCId-free paper. Preface It has been said that the development of vaccines against a variety of infectious diseases is among the greatest triumphs of immunology. Indeed, several pathogens have lost their horror through the availability of effective vaccination measures. Unfortunately, this does not hold true for the pathogens dealt within this volume. Malaria, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, leprosy, and tuberculosis together are prevalent in more than 100 countries, and over 400 million persons suffer from these diseases. It is becoming increasingly clear that the failure to control these infections in a satisfactory way is directly related to the complexity oftheir interactions with the immune system. These agents have lived with their hosts for long enough to give both-host and parasite-ample opportunity to develop a highly sophisticated interrelationship. The central role of T lymphocytes both in acquired resistance to and pathogenesis of these microbes is well appreciated. In the beginning it may have been thought that acq uired resistance against infectious agents is nothing but another aspect of the immune response, studied with soluble and particulate antigens. This simple concept has gradually changed, and it has become clear that the viability not only of the immune cells but also of the 'antigens' adds another dimension to the game. Several achievements in cellular immunology and molecular biology have now made it possible to better understand at least some mechanisms in this intricate interplay. It is my belief that the successful development of effective vaccines against diseases such as malaria, schisto somiasis, leishmaniasis, and leprosy will not be achieved before we thoroughly understand the complex relationships between host and predators. At the same time it appears that the study of such 'experiments of nature' can also provide information of general interest for the immunology community. It is the purpose of this volume to summarize in a paradigmatic way various T-cell mechanisms which contribute to resistance against and pathogenesis of these diseases. The topics include: (a) the wide array of effector mechanisms that are controlled VI Preface by T cells; (b) the relative contribution of THl and TH2 lymphocytes to resistance and susceptibility; (c) the relevance of cytolytic T lymphocytes to protection; (d) the possible linkage of anti-infectious and autoimmune reactions by heat-shock proteins; (e) the in situ analysis ofT-cell phenotypes and functions; and (f) the definition of T-cell epitopes and the design of recombinant carriers for vaccine development. It is hoped that this collection is a fascinating one which is not only of interest for the scientist studying anti-infectious immunity but also of help for the pure immunologist. If so, it may aid in keeping immunology in close contact with reality. Stefan H. E. Kaufmann DIm, Germany August 1989 Contents Schistosoma C. AURIAULT, I. WOLOWCZUK, M. DAMONNEVILLE, F. VELGE-RoussEL, V. PANCRE, H. GRAS-MASSE, A. TARTER, and A. CAPRON: T-Cell Antigens and Epitopes in Schistosomiasis 3 S. L. JAMES, and A. SHER: Cell-Mediated Immune Response to Schistosomiasis 21 Protozoa P. SCOTT: T-Cell Subsets and T-Cell Antigens in Protective Immunity Against Experimental Leishmaniasis 35 F. Y. LIEw: Regulation of Cell-Mediated Immunity in Leishmaniasis . . . . . . . . . . 53 M. F. GOOD, and L. H. MILLER: T-Cell Antigens and Epitopes in Malaria Vaccine Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 W. I. MORRISON, and B. M. GODDEERIS: Cytotoxic T Cells and Immunity to Theileria parva in Cattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 79 Bacteria V. MEHRA, and R. L. MODLIN: T-Lymphocytes in Leprosy Lesions 97 T. H. M. OTTENHOFF, and R. R. P. DE VRIES: Antigen Reactivity and Autoreactivity: Two Sides of the Cellular Immune Response Induced by Mycobacteria . . . . . . . . . . . .. 111 VIII Contents Antigens and Carriers S. H. E. KAUFMANN, B. SCHOEL, A. WAND-WURTTENBERGER, U. STEINHOFF, M. E. MUNK, and T. KOGA: T Cells, Stress Proteins, and Pathogenesis of Mycobacterial Infections . . . . 125 J. B. ROTHBARD, and J. R. LAMB: Prediction and Identification of Bacterial and Parasitic T-Cell Antigens and Determinants. 143 W. R. JACOBS JR., S. B. SNAPPER. L. LUGOSI, and B. R. BLOOM: Development of BCG As a Recombinant Vaccine Vehicle. 153 List of Contributors You will find their addFesses at the beginning of the respective contribution AURIAULT, C. MILLER, L. H. BLOOM, B. R. MODLIN, R. L. CAPRON, A. MORRISON, W. I. DAMONNEVILLE, M. MUNK, M.E. DE VRIES, R. R. P. OTTENHOFF, T. H. M. GODDEERIS, B. M. PANCRE, V. GOOD, M. F. ROTHBARD, 1. B. GRAS-MASSE, H. SCHOEL, B. JACOBS JR., W. R. SCOTT, P. JAMES, S. L. SHER, A. KAUFMANN, S. H. E. SNAPPER, S. B. KOGA, T. STEINHOFF, U. LAMB, J. R. TARTAR, A. LIEW, F. W. VELGE-ROUSSEL, F. LUGOSI, L. W AND-WURTTENBERGER, A. MEHRA, V. WOLOWCZUK, I. Schistosoma T-Cell Antigens and Epitopes in Schistosomiasis* c. AURIAULT!, I. WOLOWCZUKI, M. DAMONNEVILLEI, F. VELGE-ROUSSELI, V. PANCREI, H. GRAS-MASSE2, A. TARTAR2, and A. CAPRON! 1 Introduction An ideal vaccine must duplicate the stimulus of natural infection and minimize the side effects that can interfere with its efficiency. New approaches to vaccine development using protein subunits or synthetic polypeptides must consider the problem of designing vaccines in such a way as to obtain optimal T-cell activity. Indeed, one characteristic feature of T-Iymphocyte recognition is that foreign antigens are recognized by the T-cell receptor as peptidic fragments associated with class I or II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins. Thus, knowledge of the T-cell repertoire in relation to the haplotype expressed is of primary importance in selecting, among the various mechanisms involved in the immune response, those leading to the more efficient protection against the infectious agents. In recent years, immunological studies on parasitic models have clarified some of the components of the host-parasite interface, revealing it to be the result of a permanent and delicate balance between the parasite mechanisms of survival and the host factors of immunity. Although parasite models appear in many respects as relevant systems for the investigation of immunoregulatory mechanisms, the development of safe and protective vaccines against the major parasitic diseases has hitherto failed because of the complexity of the host-parasite relationships, an association that allows survival of both organisms. This is notably true in schistosomiasis, a metazoan infection that affects 200 million persons in the world, and that can be studied in various animal models (SMITHERS and TERRY 1965). Schistosoma mansoni infection is characterized by the presence of adult worms in the portal and mesenteric veins as the result of a complex migratory cycle initiated by cutaneous penetration of infective larvae (cercariae) living in water that transform into schistosomula under the skin of an appropriate host. The combined use of rodent models such as the mouse and the rat and of schistosomula in vitro culture during the past decade has made possible precise analysis of the immune * The research described here was supported in large part by CNRS 624~Inserm U167; Financial assistance was also received from the UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme For Research and Training in Tropical Diseases 1 Centre d' Immunologie et de Biologie Parasitaire, Unite Mixte Inserm UI67-CNRS 624, Instltut Pasteur, 59019 Lille Cedex, France 2 Laboratoire de Chimie des Biomolecules, Institut Pasteur, 59019 Lille Cedex, France Current TopICS m MicrobIOlogy and Immunology, Vol 155 © Spnnger-Verlag BerlIn HeIdelberg 1990

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