T-Cell Paradigms in Parasitic and Bacterial Infections

161 Pages·1990·5.804 MB·English

by  C. Auriault, I. Wolowczuk, M. Damonneville, F. Velge-Roussel, V. Pancré, H. Gras-Masse (auth.), Professor Dr. Stefan H. E. Kaufmann (eds.)

Current Topics in
Microbiology
155 and Immunology
Editors
R. W. Com pans, Birmingham/Alabama· M. Cooper,
Birmingham/Alabama . H. Koprowski, Philadelphia
I. McConnell, Edinburgh . F. Melchers, Basel
V. Nussenzweig, New York· M.Oldstone,
La lolla/California . S. Olsnes, Oslo· H. Saedler,
Cologne· P. K. Vogt, Los Angeles· H. Wagner,
Munich· I. Wilson, La lolla/California
T -Cell Paradigms in
Parasitic and Bacterial
Infections
Edited by S. H. E. Kaufmann
With 24 Figures
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong
Professor Dr. STEFAN H. E. KAUFMANN
Dept. of Medical Microbiology and Immunology,
University of Ulm
A.-Einstein-Allee 11, D-7900 Ulm
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-74985-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-74983-4
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-74983-4
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Preface
It has been said that the development of vaccines against a
variety of infectious diseases is among the greatest triumphs of
immunology. Indeed, several pathogens have lost their horror
through the availability of effective vaccination measures.
Unfortunately, this does not hold true for the pathogens dealt
within this volume. Malaria, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis,
leprosy, and tuberculosis together are prevalent in more than
100 countries, and over 400 million persons suffer from these
diseases. It is becoming increasingly clear that the failure to
control these infections in a satisfactory way is directly related
to the complexity oftheir interactions with the immune system.
These agents have lived with their hosts for long enough to
give both-host and parasite-ample opportunity to develop
a highly sophisticated interrelationship.
The central role of T lymphocytes both in acquired
resistance to and pathogenesis of these microbes is well
appreciated. In the beginning it may have been thought that
acq uired resistance against infectious agents is nothing but
another aspect of the immune response, studied with soluble
and particulate antigens. This simple concept has gradually
changed, and it has become clear that the viability not only
of the immune cells but also of the 'antigens' adds another
dimension to the game. Several achievements in cellular
immunology and molecular biology have now made it possible
to better understand at least some mechanisms in this intricate
interplay. It is my belief that the successful development of
effective vaccines against diseases such as malaria, schisto
somiasis, leishmaniasis, and leprosy will not be achieved before
we thoroughly understand the complex relationships between
host and predators. At the same time it appears that the study
of such 'experiments of nature' can also provide information
of general interest for the immunology community. It is the
purpose of this volume to summarize in a paradigmatic way
various T-cell mechanisms which contribute to resistance
against and pathogenesis of these diseases. The topics include:
(a) the wide array of effector mechanisms that are controlled
VI Preface
by T cells; (b) the relative contribution of THl and TH2
lymphocytes to resistance and susceptibility; (c) the relevance
of cytolytic T lymphocytes to protection; (d) the possible
linkage of anti-infectious and autoimmune reactions by
heat-shock proteins; (e) the in situ analysis ofT-cell phenotypes
and functions; and (f) the definition of T-cell epitopes and the
design of recombinant carriers for vaccine development.
It is hoped that this collection is a fascinating one which
is not only of interest for the scientist studying anti-infectious
immunity but also of help for the pure immunologist. If so, it
may aid in keeping immunology in close contact with reality.
Stefan H. E. Kaufmann
DIm, Germany
August 1989
Contents
Schistosoma
C. AURIAULT, I. WOLOWCZUK, M. DAMONNEVILLE,
F. VELGE-RoussEL, V. PANCRE, H. GRAS-MASSE,
A. TARTER, and A. CAPRON:
T-Cell Antigens and Epitopes in Schistosomiasis 3
S. L. JAMES, and A. SHER:
Cell-Mediated Immune Response to Schistosomiasis 21
Protozoa
P. SCOTT:
T-Cell Subsets and T-Cell Antigens in Protective
Immunity Against Experimental Leishmaniasis 35
F. Y. LIEw:
Regulation of Cell-Mediated Immunity in
Leishmaniasis . . . . . . . . . . 53
M. F. GOOD, and L. H. MILLER:
T-Cell Antigens and Epitopes in Malaria Vaccine
Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
W. I. MORRISON, and B. M. GODDEERIS:
Cytotoxic T Cells and Immunity to Theileria parva
in Cattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 79
Bacteria
V. MEHRA, and R. L. MODLIN:
T-Lymphocytes in Leprosy Lesions 97
T. H. M. OTTENHOFF, and R. R. P. DE VRIES:
Antigen Reactivity and Autoreactivity: Two Sides of
the Cellular Immune Response Induced by
Mycobacteria . . . . . . . . . . . .. 111
VIII Contents
Antigens and Carriers
S. H. E. KAUFMANN, B. SCHOEL,
A. WAND-WURTTENBERGER, U. STEINHOFF,
M. E. MUNK, and T. KOGA:
T Cells, Stress Proteins, and Pathogenesis of
Mycobacterial Infections . . . . 125
J. B. ROTHBARD, and J. R. LAMB:
Prediction and Identification of Bacterial and Parasitic
T-Cell Antigens and Determinants. 143
W. R. JACOBS JR., S. B. SNAPPER. L. LUGOSI,
and B. R. BLOOM:
Development of BCG As a Recombinant Vaccine
Vehicle. 153
List of Contributors
You will find their addFesses at the beginning of the respective
contribution
AURIAULT, C. MILLER, L. H.
BLOOM, B. R. MODLIN, R. L.
CAPRON, A. MORRISON, W. I.
DAMONNEVILLE, M. MUNK, M.E.
DE VRIES, R. R. P. OTTENHOFF, T. H. M.
GODDEERIS, B. M. PANCRE, V.
GOOD, M. F. ROTHBARD, 1. B.
GRAS-MASSE, H. SCHOEL, B.
JACOBS JR., W. R. SCOTT, P.
JAMES, S. L. SHER, A.
KAUFMANN, S. H. E. SNAPPER, S. B.
KOGA, T. STEINHOFF, U.
LAMB, J. R. TARTAR, A.
LIEW, F. W. VELGE-ROUSSEL, F.
LUGOSI, L. W AND-WURTTENBERGER, A.
MEHRA, V. WOLOWCZUK, I.
Schistosoma
T-Cell Antigens and Epitopes in Schistosomiasis*
c.
AURIAULT!, I. WOLOWCZUKI, M. DAMONNEVILLEI, F. VELGE-ROUSSELI,
V. PANCREI, H. GRAS-MASSE2, A. TARTAR2, and A. CAPRON!
1 Introduction
An ideal vaccine must duplicate the stimulus of natural infection and minimize the
side effects that can interfere with its efficiency. New approaches to vaccine
development using protein subunits or synthetic polypeptides must consider the
problem of designing vaccines in such a way as to obtain optimal T-cell activity.
Indeed, one characteristic feature of T-Iymphocyte recognition is that foreign
antigens are recognized by the T-cell receptor as peptidic fragments associated with
class I or II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins. Thus, knowledge of
the T-cell repertoire in relation to the haplotype expressed is of primary importance
in selecting, among the various mechanisms involved in the immune response, those
leading to the more efficient protection against the infectious agents.
In recent years, immunological studies on parasitic models have clarified some of
the components of the host-parasite interface, revealing it to be the result of a
permanent and delicate balance between the parasite mechanisms of survival and
the host factors of immunity. Although parasite models appear in many respects as
relevant systems for the investigation of immunoregulatory mechanisms, the
development of safe and protective vaccines against the major parasitic diseases has
hitherto failed because of the complexity of the host-parasite relationships, an
association that allows survival of both organisms. This is notably true in
schistosomiasis, a metazoan infection that affects 200 million persons in the world,
and that can be studied in various animal models (SMITHERS and TERRY 1965).
Schistosoma mansoni infection is characterized by the presence of adult worms in the
portal and mesenteric veins as the result of a complex migratory cycle initiated by
cutaneous penetration of infective larvae (cercariae) living in water that transform
into schistosomula under the skin of an appropriate host. The combined use of
rodent models such as the mouse and the rat and of schistosomula in vitro culture
during the past decade has made possible precise analysis of the immune
* The research described here was supported in large part by CNRS 624~Inserm U167; Financial
assistance was also received from the UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme For Research
and Training in Tropical Diseases
1 Centre d' Immunologie et de Biologie Parasitaire, Unite Mixte Inserm UI67-CNRS 624, Instltut
Pasteur, 59019 Lille Cedex, France
2 Laboratoire de Chimie des Biomolecules, Institut Pasteur, 59019 Lille Cedex, France
Current TopICS m MicrobIOlogy and Immunology, Vol 155
© Spnnger-Verlag BerlIn HeIdelberg 1990