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Manufacturing & Industrial Engineering ROBERT CLOUTIER | CLIFTON BALDWIN | MARY ALICE BONE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING “… an essential fundamental review of the principles of systems and systems en- CL O gineering designed to illuminate the subject for a general audience. … will help U T you understand the broad outlines of how systems work, and what systems en- IER | gineers do to design, build, and operate them. It is an indispensable guide to the BA SIMPLIFIED perplexing realities of the twenty-first century.” L D — From the Foreword by Dr. Wilson N. Felder, W IN the Stevens Institute of Technology, and Formerly | B the FAA’s National Research and Test Laboratory O N E “… written by authors well experienced and qualified in the field. … could be on the reading list for students, engineers, and managers for easy reading on the commute to the complex world of design, manufacture, and use in which they interact every day.” S — Brian Peacock, SIM University, Singapore Y S T E Train Your Brain to Think Like a Systems Engineer M S E FEATURES N • Explores why systems engineering is a critical skill for any career G I N • Makes complex concepts easily accessible E • Links systems engineering to increased productivity and on-time production E R • Demonstrates practical applications of everyday systems engineering I N thinking G S I M Designed to give non-engineers an understanding of systems engineering, Sys- P tems Engineering Simplified presents a gentle introduction to the subject and its L I importance in any profession. The book shows you how to look at any system as F I E a whole and use this knowledge to gain a better understanding of where a system D might break down, how to troubleshoot the issues, and then quickly resolve them. And does it all in a way that does not require sophisticated technical training or complicated mathematics K24842 ISBN: 978-1-4987-0668-1 90000 9 781498 706681 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING SIMPLIFIED SYSTEMS ENGINEERING SIMPLIFIED ROBERT CLOUTIER | CLIFTON BALDWIN | MARY ALICE BONE Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20140904 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-0669-8 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents List of Illustrations ...................................................................................................vii List of Tables .............................................................................................................ix Foreword: The Context for Systems Engineering .....................................................xi Preface....................................................................................................................xiii About the Authors ....................................................................................................xv Chapter 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................1 1.1 Overview ...................................................................................1 1.2 Discussion of Common Terminology ........................................3 1.3 The Case for Systems Engineering ...........................................8 1.4 A Brief History of Systems Engineering ...................................9 1.5 System Examples .....................................................................10 1.6 Summary .................................................................................13 Chapter 2 The System Life Cycle .......................................................................17 2.1 Managing System Development—The Vee Model .................19 2.1.1 Concepts and Stakeholder Requirements ...................20 2.1.2 System Requirements .................................................24 2.1.3 System Architecture ...................................................27 2.1.3.1 Functional Architecture ..............................29 2.1.3.2 Physical Architecture ..................................31 2.1.4 Component Design .....................................................32 2.1.5 Procure, Fabricate, and Assemble Parts .....................33 2.1.6 Component Integration and Test ................................33 2.1.7 System Integration and Verification ...........................34 2.1.8 System Demonstration and Validation .......................35 2.2 System Production ...................................................................36 2.3 System Utilization and Support ...............................................37 2.4 System Retirement and Disposal .............................................37 Chapter 3 Other Systems Engineering Development Models.............................39 3.1 Spiral Model ............................................................................39 3.2 Agile Model for Systems Engineering ....................................39 Chapter 4 System of Interest ...............................................................................43 4.1 Abstraction and Decomposition ..............................................43 4.2 Integration ...............................................................................45 v vi Contents Chapter 5 Developing and Managing Requirements ..........................................47 5.1 Cyclone Requirements Management Process .........................47 5.2 Requirements Elicitation .........................................................49 5.3 Requirement Discussion and Analysis ....................................49 5.4 Requirement Negotiation and Commitment ............................51 5.5 Requirement Specification ......................................................51 5.5.1 Requirements Decomposition ....................................52 5.5.2 Requirements Management ........................................53 5.6 Verification ..............................................................................54 5.7 Validation ................................................................................56 Chapter 6 Systems Engineering Management ....................................................59 Chapter 7 Tools Used in Systems Engineering ...................................................63 Chapter 8 Systems of Systems and Their Challenges .........................................65 Chapter 9 Learning More about Systems Engineering .......................................67 References ...............................................................................................................69 List of Illustrations FIGURE 1.1 A 2000 Cadillac Sedan DeVille DTS ................................................2 FIGURE 1.2 A simple hydraulic system. ................................................................2 FIGURE 1.3 The bicycle is a system ......................................................................5 FIGURE 1.4 A stakeholder of a kiosk-based system ..............................................6 FIGURE 1.5 A derailleur on a bicycle may be a subsystem ...................................7 FIGURE 1.6 S eventy percent of the product costs are allocated in the first 10% of the project life cycle ..............................................................9 FIGURE 1.7 Very different systems .....................................................................11 FIGURE 1.8 The Boeing 747, first operated by Pan Am ......................................12 FIGURE 1.9 Pratt and Whitney engine used on the Boeing 747 ..........................12 FIGURE 1.10 The pilot is part of the system .......................................................13 FIGURE 1.11 Mind map representing one perspective of the practice of systems engineering .......................................................................14 FIGURE 1.12 Mind map of the concept of systems .............................................14 FIGURE 1.13 Evolving definitions of a system as defined by NASA, separated by 12 years .....................................................................15 FIGURE 2.1 Cyclical ............................................................................................18 FIGURE 2.2 System life cycle ..............................................................................18 FIGURE 2.3 Dishwasher life cycle .......................................................................18 FIGURE 2.4 The systems engineer must be aware of other engineering discipline issues ...............................................................................19 FIGURE 2.5 The systems engineering Vee model ...............................................20 FIGURE 2.6 The first phase of the Vee ................................................................21 FIGURE 2.7 Man with telescope ..........................................................................22 FIGURE 2.8 Dishwasher operational concept (use case) .....................................23 FIGURE 2.9 The second phase of the Vee ...........................................................24 FIGURE 2.10 Example system requirements specification outline .....................26 FIGURE 2.11 T ypical artifacts created during the building architecting process ...........................................................................................27 vii viii List of Illustrations FIGURE 2.12 Engineer design .............................................................................30 FIGURE 2.13 The IDEF0 diagram .......................................................................31 FIGURE 2.14 Top-level function for a dishwasher ...............................................31 FIGURE 2.15 Example of possible dishwasher subfunctions ...............................32 FIGURE 2.16 Third phase of the Vee...................................................................33 FIGURE 2.17 Communication is key ...................................................................33 FIGURE 2.18 Fifth phase of the Vee ....................................................................34 FIGURE 2.19 Example integration plan ...............................................................34 FIGURE 2.20 Sixth phase of the Vee ...................................................................35 FIGURE 2.21 System integration example ..........................................................36 FIGURE 2.22 Seventh phase of the Vee...............................................................36 FIGURE 3.1 Spiral development model ...............................................................40 FIGURE 3.2 Agile scrum process ........................................................................40 FIGURE 3.3 Storyboard showing how to use a dishwasher .................................41 FIGURE 4.1 System hierarchy levels ...................................................................44 FIGURE 4.2 Abstraction process .........................................................................45 FIGURE 5.1 Cyclone requirements process model, 2-D and 3-D views ..............48 FIGURE 5.2 Requirements hierarchy ...................................................................53 FIGURE 5.3 Validation and verification in the Vee model ..................................54