Systems Engineering in the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Big Data, Novel Technologies, and Modern Systems Engineering PDF
Preview Systems Engineering in the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Big Data, Novel Technologies, and Modern Systems Engineering
(cid:2) Whatpeoplesayaboutthebook Engineerswillfindthisbookinsightfulinaddressingtheenormouschallenges of our future world dominated by data, complexity and increasing connect- edness.Handlingthevelocityofchangerequiressuchabookforresearchers, students, and practitioner’s alike. – Kerry Lunney, Engineering Director, ThalesAustraliaandINCOSEPresident2020-2021 We are on the path of conceptualizing and building multifaceted systems in different levels of implementation that entail complex logic with many levels of reasoning in intricate arrangement, organized by web of connections and demonstrating self-driven adaptability which are designed for autonomy and exhibiting emergent behavior that can be visualized. System engineering researchandpracticeneedtorejuvenateitselftocopewiththesechangeswith anewperspective.Thisbookprovidesanswerstonewquestionsthatweface anddirectionstofollowincreatingnewsystemsengineeringpracticesfordig- italindustrialrevolutionwrittenbyinternationalauthorsofpracticingsystems engineeringandacademicians.Itisagreatbooktoreadforunderstandingnew systemsengineeringvision.–Prof.CihanDagli,DoDSystemsEngineering Research Center-UARC, Founder and Director Systems Engineering (cid:2) GraduateProgram,USA (cid:2) This is a useful and timely book. The topics are well chosen and they helped me to understand better the ongoing industry transformation and the role of analytics in it. I highly recommend it. – Dr. Emmanuel Yashchin, IBM ThomasJ.WatsonResearchCenter,USA In this era of increasingly complex systems, processes, and data, a systems engineering perspective can serve us well to overcome the challenges and pursuethebestopportunitiesaffordedusinthisfourthindustrialrevolution. This book compiles useful materials for dealing with complex systems with multidisciplinary and data-based approaches. The need for a systems engi- neering perspective is underscored by the fact that Industry 4.0 is disruptive to every industry that uses data. Still, some things remain the same – the importance of data in context, the usefulness of applied examples, the need to better anticipate the future to take best actions versus merely reacting to events as they occur, and the ability to build on our knowledge to further understandourworld.–JohnSall,Co-Founder&ExecutiveVicePresident, SASInstituteandJMPBusinessDivision,USA The book clarifies many questions and concerns that I personally had when workingwithdozensofmanufacturingindustrycollaborators,suchastherole ofhumanandhumanfactorinfuturemachine-learning-dominatedindustrial (cid:2) (cid:2) environments. This volume will be very valuable for readers, especially engineers and students seeking to experience the real world, unstructured problems.Itwillequipthemwitheffectivetoolsforsolution.–Prof.RanJin, GradoDepartmentofIndustrialandSystemsEngineering,VirginiaTech, USA This book will certainly enrich our systems engineering (SE) literature col- lection, especially since it is focused upon “Industrie 4.0” the framework for “modern” SE. Modern SE will have to function in many ways different from “classical”SEandneedstoquestionsomeofthe“established”practicesandin particularsomeoftheassociatedprocesses.ItisinthisspiritthatIwelcome thisnewbook,sinceitentersintosomeofthe“Industrie4.0”challengesand provides some SE answers which point in the right direction. – Prof. Heinz Stoewer,SpaceSystemsEngineering,TUDelft,TheNetherlands. Thisbookaddressesanewchallengeofourtime,thedevelopmentofIndustry 4.0, which brings with it the combining of big data, complex objectives for efficiency and effectiveness of industrial systems, all in a context of continuous and rapid change. The chapters of the book lead the reader through understanding the nature of the special challenges of Industry 4.0 (cid:2) and providing guidance on how to do the work required to achieve, and (cid:2) provide assurance of achieving, the most desirable outcomes. The authors build on the existing tradition of systems engineering and lead the reader to understandhowtheexistingmethodsofsystemsengineeringcanbeadapted to enable achievement of the goals of Industry 4.0. – DrTimFerris,Centre for Systems Engineering, Cranfield Defence and Security, Cranfield University,UK SystemsEngineeringintheFourthIndustrialRevolutionprovidesanimportant andtimelyperspectiveonhowsystemsengineeringmustadapttoaddressthe needsofevolvingsystems andtechnologies. Thisbook explainshowtechno- logicaldriverssuchastheInternetofthings(IoT)andbigdatafundamentally changethenatureofsystems,andhowwemustrethinkhowtoengineerthese systemstoaddressconcernssuchasresilience,safety,andsecurity.–Sanford Friedenthal,SAFConsulting,formerseniorsystemsengineeratLockheed MartinandHughesAircrafts,USA Readingthisuniquebook,theoryandpracticalexampleswillenablethosein the advanced fields to understand and recognize the new tools required in themodernengineeringworld.Insightsrelatedtodevelopment,maintenance, manufacturing,reliability,andsafetyareneededforthosewhosharethenew world.–Prof.(Ret.B.Gen)JacobBortman,MEDepartment,BenGurion UniversityofTheNegev,Israel (cid:2) (cid:2) The book offers a diverse set of chapters covering topics related to various aspects of “systems engineering meets big data.” This provides a wealth of information that will be useful not only to those in systems engineering but also to researchers and practitioners in other big data fields. – Prof. Galit Shmueli,InstituteofServiceScience,CollegeofTechnologyManagement, NationalTsingHuaUniversity,Taiwan We live in an increasingly interdependent world of ecosystems. Yet policy makerslackeffectivetoolsfortwenty-firstcenturysystemsthinking.Thisbook, in 22 fascinating chapters, shows how data and technologies are impacting thosewhotrulyunderstandandapplysystemsthinking–systemsengineers. –Prof.ShlomoMaital,TheSamuelNeamanInstitute,Technion,Israel Thebookoffersanimpressivevarietyoftwenty-firstcenturytopicsforinter- connectedsoftwaredominantsystems,writtenbygloballeadersinthesefields. I especially like that systemic concepts are first explained and then shown graphically along with tools that support their exploration, such as system thinkingandtheConceptagon.–SarahSheard,TheSoftwareEngineering Institute(SEI),CarnegieMellonUniversity,USA (cid:2) (cid:2) The book presents a multiperspective insight unveiling the fundamental changeinthecontemporarynatureoftheterm“system.”Sucharevolutionary approachisneededtocopewithboththecomplexstructureofcomponents, subsystems,systems,andsystemsofsystems;and,aboveall,thevastamount ofdata.–Prof.ArieMaharshak,President,ORTBraudeAcademicCollege ofEngineering,Karmiel,Israel ExcitingbookaboutFourthIndustrialRevolutioneraandchangesaroundus. Kenettetal.areconnectingseveralaspectsofIndustry4.0,challenges,opportu- nities,benefits,andefforts.Thebookispointingouttothecomplexityandthe needofcollaborativeeffortsofallstakeholdersofglobalpolicytoimplement newandinnovativetechnologies.Thisisaninspiringstate-of-the-artbookfor academiaandindustryaboutsystems,data,engineering,manufacturing,tech- nologies,andhumanaspects.–Dr.JulitaPanek,SiemensDigitalIndustrie PharmaCentralandEasternEurope Thebookrepresentsapioneeringmovementwhichaddressesaudienceswho arefamiliarwiththesystemsengineeringareaandareinterestedtodoa“leap jump”,andtobeexposedtofascinatingperspectivewhichisdealingwiththe systems challenges of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. – Giora Shalgi, The SamuelNeamanInstitute,TechnionandFormerCEOofRafael,Israel (cid:2) (cid:2) Thebookexploresandclarifiesmanyimportanttopicsforthefourthindustrial revolution,includingwhythisisdrivingchangeinthefocusareasforSystems Engineering. In particular, the book highlights the importance of Applied SystemsThinkingasawayofbringingtogetherdifferentmethodstoimprove the probability of a successful outcome. – Dr. Andrew Pickard, Systems Engineering,Rolls-Royce,USA This must read edited book highlights the essential elements of Industry 4.0 through a renewed look at the Systems Engineering discipline by leveraging theknowledgeofadiversifiedgroupofleadingscientists.Thevariouscontri- butionsarewellorganized,insightful,presentthecurrentstateoftheartand transcendinternationalboundariescompletely.–Prof.EmeritusEhudMeni- paz,DepartmentofIndustrialEngineeringandManagement,BenGurion University,Israel With the Fourth Industrial Revolution, “a storm is coming.” It implies an enormous challenge for all engineering disciplines, especially for Software EngineeringandSystemsEngineering.Tobeabletodealwiththesechallenges, thisbookprovidesthereaderwithaseriesofover20perspectivestoconsider. These perspectives range from Systems Thinking to Organizational Aspects, (cid:2) eachwrittenbyaspecialistorspecialistsinthatfield.Readingthisbooksurely (cid:2) givesyouinsightsfortransformingyourSystemsEngineeringefforts,soyou’ll get ready to deal with the fourth industrial revolution challenges. – Paul Schreinemakers,INCOSETechnicalDirector,USA Thebook“SystemsEngineeringintheFourthIndustrialRevolution”isafresh collectionofchaptersprovidingawindowtoaneweraofsystemsengineering. Incontrasttothepast70years,wherethepaceoftechnologydisruptionwas manageable by the adjustment of systems engineering tools, the pace in the last 10 years has called for revolutionary changes. The chapters in the book introduceavarietyofissues,includingmethods,tools,andperspectives,that underlie this revolution. The book is an important introduction to this new eraforeverysystemengineerorthoseinterestedinthesubject.–Prof.Yoram Reich, Faculty of Engineering, Head, Systems Engineering Research Initiative,TelAvivUniversity,Israel. (cid:2) (cid:2) SystemsEngineeringintheFourthIndustrialRevolution:BigData, NovelTechnologies,andModernSystemsEngineering (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) Systems Engineering in the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Big Data, Novel Technologies, and Modern Systems Engineering FirstEdition Editedby RonS.Kenett TheKPAGroup, Ra’anana,Israel and (cid:2) TheSamuelNeamanInstituteforNationalPolicyResearch, (cid:2) Technion,Israel RobertS.Swarz WorcesterPolytechnicInstitute, Worcester,MA,USA AvigdorZonnenshain TheGordonCenterforSystemsEngineeringandSamuelNeamanInstitutefor NationalPolicyResearch, Technion,Israel (cid:2) (cid:2) Thiseditionfirstpublished2020 ©2020JohnWiley&SonsInc Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,or transmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingor otherwise,exceptaspermittedbylaw.Adviceonhowtoobtainpermissiontoreusematerialfrom thistitleisavailableathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. TherightofRonS.Kenett,RobertS.Swarz,andAvigdorZonnenshaintobeidentifiedasthe editorsofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewithlaw. RegisteredOffice JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA EditorialOffice 111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,customerservices,andmoreinformationaboutWiley productsvisitusatwww.wiley.com. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformatsandbyprint-on-demand.Some (cid:2) contentthatappearsinstandardprintversionsofthisbookmaynotbeavailableinotherformats. (cid:2) LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty Whilethepublisherandauthorshaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparingthiswork,theymakeno representationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthis workandspecificallydisclaimallwarranties,includingwithoutlimitationanyimpliedwarranties ofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedby salesrepresentatives,writtensalesmaterialsorpromotionalstatementsforthiswork.Thefact thatanorganization,website,orproductisreferredtointhisworkasacitationand/orpotential sourceoffurtherinformationdoesnotmeanthatthepublisherandauthorsendorsethe informationorservicestheorganization,website,orproductmayprovideorrecommendationsit maymake.Thisworkissoldwiththeunderstandingthatthepublisherisnotengagedin renderingprofessionalservices.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitable foryoursituation.Youshouldconsultwithaspecialistwhereappropriate.Further,readersshould beawarethatwebsiteslistedinthisworkmayhavechangedordisappearedbetweenwhenthis workwaswrittenandwhenitisread.Neitherthepublishernorauthorsshallbeliableforanyloss ofprofitoranyothercommercialdamages,includingbutnotlimitedtospecial,incidental, consequential,orotherdamages. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataisappliedfor 9781119513896 CoverDesign:Wiley CoverImage:©WillyamBradberry/Shutterstock Setin10/12ptWarnockProbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 (cid:2) (cid:2) ix Contents Preface xvii ListofContributors xxv 1 SystemsEngineering,DataAnalytics,andSystems Thinking 1 RonS.Kenett,RobertS.Swarz,andAvigdorZonnenshain 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 TheFourthIndustrialRevolution 4 (cid:2) 1.3 IntegratingReliabilityEngineeringwithSystemsEngineering 6 (cid:2) 1.4 SoftwareCybernetics 7 1.5 UsingModelingandSimulations 8 1.6 RiskManagement 11 1.7 AnIntegratedApproachtoSafetyandSecurityBasedonSystems Theory 13 1.8 AppliedSystemsThinking 15 1.9 Summary 17 References 18 2 AppliedSystemsThinking 21 RobertEdson 2.1 SystemsThinking:AnOverview 22 2.2 TheSysteminSystemsThinking 24 2.3 AppliedSystemsThinking 25 2.4 AppliedSystemsThinkingApproach 26 2.5 ProblemDefinition:EntryPointtoAppliedSystemsThinking 27 2.6 TheSystemAttributeFramework:TheConceptagon 29 2.7 SoftSystemsMethodology 36 2.8 Systemigram 37 2.9 CausalLoopDiagrams 39 2.10 InterventionPoints 40 2.11 Approach,Tools,andMethods–FinalThoughts 41 (cid:2) (cid:2) x Contents 2.12 Summary 41 References 42 3 TheImportanceofContextinAdvancedSystems Engineering 45 AdamD.Williams 3.1 IntroductiontoContextforAdvancedSystemsEngineering 45 3.2 TraditionalView(s)ofContextinSystemsEngineering 47 3.3 ChallengestoTraditionalView(s)ofContextintheFourthIndustrial Revolution 48 3.4 NontraditionalApproachestoContextinAdvancedSystems Engineering 51 3.5 ContextofUseinAdvancedSystemsEngineering 60 3.6 AnExampleoftheContextofUse:HighConsequenceFacility Security 63 3.7 Summary 70 References 72 4 ArchitecturalTechnicalDebtinEmbeddedSystems 77 AntonioMartiniandJanBosch (cid:2) 4.1 TechnicalDebtandArchitecturalTechnicalDebt 78 (cid:2) 4.2 Methodology 80 4.3 CaseStudyCompanies 81 4.4 Findings:CausesofATD 82 4.5 ProblemDefinition:EntryPointtoAppliedSystemsThinking 85 4.6 Findings:Long-TermImplicationsofATDAccumulation 91 4.7 SolutionsforATDManagement 91 4.8 Solution:ASystematicTechnicalDebtMap 92 4.9 Solution:UsingAutomatedArchitecturalSmellsToolsforthe ArchitecturalTechnicalDebtMap 96 4.10 Solution:CanWeCalculateifitisConvenienttoRefactor ArchitecturalTechnicalDebt? 97 4.11 Summary 100 References 101 5 RelayRace:TheSharedChallengeofSystemsandSoftware Engineering 105 AmirTomer 5.1 Introduction 105 5.2 Software-IntensiveSystems 107 5.3 EngineeringofSoftware-IntensiveSystems 109 5.4 RoleAllocationandtheRelayRacePrinciples 110 5.5 TheLifeCycleofSoftware-IntensiveSystems 110 (cid:2) (cid:2) Contents xi 5.6 Software-IntensiveSystemDecomposition 114 5.7 FunctionalAnalysis:BuildingaSharedSoftware-Intensive Architecture 120 5.8 Summary 127 References 131 5.A Appendix 132 6 Data-CentricProcessSystemsEngineeringfortheChemical Industry4.0 137 MarcoS.ReisandPedroM.Saraiva 6.1 ThePast50YearsofProcessSystemsEngineering 138 6.2 Data-CentricProcessSystemsEngineering 141 6.3 ChallengesinData-CentricProcessSystemsEngineering 149 6.4 Summary 152 References 154 7 VirtualizationoftheHumanintheDigitalFactory 161 DanieleRegazzoniandCaterinaRizzi 7.1 Introduction 162 7.2 TheProblem 163 (cid:2) (cid:2) 7.3 EnablingTechnologies 165 7.4 DigitalHumanModels 168 7.5 ExemplaryApplications 173 7.6 Summary 183 References 185 8 TheDarkSideofUsingAugmentedReality(AR)Training SystemsinIndustry 191 NiritGavish 8.1 TheVarietyofOptionsofARSystemsinIndustry 191 8.2 LookOut!TheThreatsinUsingARSystemsforTraining Purposes 192 8.3 Threat#1:PhysicalFidelityvs.CognitiveFidelity 193 8.4 Threat#2:TheEffectofFeedback 194 8.5 Threat#3:EnhancedInformationChannels 195 8.6 Summary 196 References 197 9 Condition-BasedMaintenanceviaaTargetedBayesian NetworkMeta-Model 203 AvivGruber,ShaiYanovski,andIradBen-Gal 9.1 Introduction 203 (cid:2)
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