Systems Biology of Free Radicals and Antioxidants

61 Pages·2014·0.32 MB·English

Systems Biology of Free Radicals and
Antioxidants

Ismail Laher
Editor
Systems Biology of Free
Radicals and Antioxidants
With489Figuresand117Tables
Editor
IsmailLaher
DepartmentofPharmacologyandTherapeutics
UniversityofBritishColombia
Vancouver,BritishColumbia,Canada
ISBN978-3-642-30017-2 ISBN978-3-642-30018-9(eBook)
ISBN978-3-642-30019-6(printandelectronicbundle)
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-30018-9
SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014932045
#Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2014
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Preface
Theabsoluteroleofoxygenforcellviabilitycomeswiththeburdenofcoincidental
generation of free radicals (McCord 2000). It is increasingly recognized that
managing the damage that free radicals can inflict on biomolecules plays an
important roleinevolutionandthatatleastsomeofthevariationinorganismlife
histories reflects different resolutions of the cost-benefit trade-offs involved
(McCord 2000). We need to understand better why there is biodiversity in the
processesandoutcomesoffreeradical management andtheadaptivevalueofthe
differencesthatweseeamongorganisms.Thiswillprovideimportantinsightsinto
thefactorsthatregulatefreeradicalgenerationandtheconsequencesthereof.Free
radicals are not all bad – they play important roles in normal cell signaling, cell
survival,andimmunedefenses(Dro¨ge2002;Valkoetal.2007).However,wenow
knowthataugmentedfreeradicalgenerationoccursinseveraldiseases,particularly
inanexperimentalsetting,thusleadingmanytoconsidertheuseofantioxidantsin
either a preventive manner or even as a treatment for a wide variety of diseases
(Briegeretal.2012;Olshanskyetal.2002).However,therecontinuestobeadebate
abouttherelativebenefitsofantioxidanttherapy,particularlyinotherwisehealthy
individuals (Bast and Haenen 2013; Gutteridge and Halliwell 2010). Recent
reviews also draw attention to the use of antioxidants in a possibly misguided
wayintryingtoslowtheageingprocess(Moyer2013).
Thereisnoshortageofexcellentreferenceguidesforabetterunderstandingof
the detection and analysis of free radicals, particularly in isolated cell systems.
ReferenceworksbyProfessorBarryHalliwellabound,inparticularFreeRadicals
in Biology and Medicine published by Oxford University Press, first produced in
1985andnowinitsfourthedition,publishedin2007,whichimmediatelycomesto
mind and is justifiably considered the premiere textbook in this area. Free radical
biologymustalsobeconsideredinabiomedicalcontext,sothatcommonmecha-
nisms and applicability to model organisms/humans can be better understood.
Tothatend,weneedabettergraspoftheunderlyingbiodiversityintheseprocesses
and the adaptive value of the differences among organisms. The chapters in this
collection,writtenbyexpertsintheirrespectivefieldsaimtoaddressthesegoals.
Therealizationthatfreeradicalsparticipateinthemalfunctionofalmostevery
body system, and the evidence garnered from the increasing use of molecular
techniques, has spurred leading experts to contribute to this collection of review
articles on the importance of free radicals to organism function and on their
v
vi Preface
biological effects in disease pathology of body systems. This systems biology
approach focuses on the biological role of free radical generation during disease
progression, stimulating the search for newer and more effective antioxidants
(Murphy 2013). The increasing appreciation of the importance of free radicals in
biology and disease mechanisms has also led to the suggestion that this subject
shouldbeincludedinmedicalandgraduatestudentcurricula(Kalyanaram2013).
One interesting trend is that many antioxidant-rich food products are now
gaininginpopularity,particularlyinJapan,theUSA,andChina,wheretotalsales
ofsuchproductsexceeded$32billionin2009(TheWallStreetJournal).Accord-
ingly,itisnottoosurprisingthatsomeestimatethatnearlyhalfthepopulationinthe
USAconsumesantioxidantsupplementsonadailybasis.Infact,NorthAmerican,
WesternEuropean,andAsiaPacificcountriesarethoughttoaccountformorethan
90%ofantioxidantconsumption,andtheprojectedgrowthinemergingmarketsis
thoughttobeabout7%peryear.Recentmarketresearchsuggeststhataboutathird
of US consumers buy grocery products that claim to have benefits related
to antioxidant capacity. The question remains: Is this a beneficial, fruitless, or
dangerousdevelopment?
Twoormorecontentexpertshaveindependentlyreviewedeachchapterinthis
collection;mysincereappreciationgoestothesereviewers.IwouldberemissifI
failedtoexpressmyheartfeltgratitudeforthetirelesseffortsofalltheauthorsand
their colleagues in producing these illustrated chapters. They have opened new
avenues for interested graduate students, foundational scientists, and clinicians
interestedinfreeradicalbiologyinmanybodysystems.
There are many topics that have not been included in this collection, and with
that oversight comes the omission of the contributions of many content experts
fromvariouspartsoftheworldthatalsoshouldhavebeenpartofthiscollection.In
choosing the topics and chapters herein, deliberate efforts were made to be inclu-
sive of the widest range of subject matters and geographical locations, so
representingtheglobalinterestinfreeradicalbiology.
December2013 I.Laher
Vancouver,BC,Canada
Burlington,VT,USA
References
Bast A, Haenen GRM (2013) Ten misconceptions about antioxidants. Trends Pharmacol Sci
34(8):430–436
BriegerK,SchiavoneS,MillerF,KrauseK-H(2012)Reactiveoxygenspecies:fromhealthand
disease.SwissMedWkly142:113659.doi:10.4414/smw.2012.13659(Published17Aug2012)
Dro¨ge W (2002) Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiol Rev
82(1):47–95
GutteridgeLMC, Halliwell B(2010)Antioxidants: molecules,medicines,andmyths.Biochem
BiophysResCommun393(4):561–564
Preface vii
KalyanaramanB(2013)Teachingthebasicsofredoxbiologytomedicalandgraduatestudents:
oxidants,antioxidantsanddiseasemechanisms.RedoxBiolo1(1):244–257
McCordJM(2000)Theevolutionoffreeradicalsandoxidativestress.AmJMed108(8):652–659
MoyerMW(2013)Themythofantioxidants.SciAm308(2):62–67
MurphyMP(2013)Antioxidantsastherapies:canweimproveonnature?FreeRadicBiolMed.
2014Jan;66:20–3.doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.04.010.Epub2013Apr18.
Olshansky SJ, Hayflick L, Carnes BA (2002) No truth to the fountain of youth. Sci Am
286(6):92–95
TheWallStreetJournal.Researchandmarkets:globalantioxidantsmarket:trends&opportunities
2013–2018.http://online.wsj.com/article/PR-CO-20130704-903204.html
Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MT, Mazur M, Telser J (2007) Free radicals and
antioxidantsin normalphysiological functions andhumandisease. IntJBiochem CellBiol
39(1):44–84.Epub2006Aug4

Acknowledgments
I have been blessed with lasting friendships, inspirational teachers, enduring
colleagues, and a wonderfully loving family that continue to enrich my life.
Many of these people have passed on, but their influences remain. To everyone
who have done so much, with no expectation of anything in return ... this is for
you.
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