Systematics of Kimia, a new genus of sabethini (Diptera: Culicidae) in the oriental region

2007·9.5 MB·

by  Ralph E Harbach

PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH.
109(1), 2007, pp. 102-120
SYSTEMATICS OF KIMIA, A NEW GENUS OF SABETHINI (DIPTERA:
CULICIDAE) IN THE ORIENTAL REGION
Ralph E. Harbach, Vu Due Huong, and Ian J. Kitching
(REH, UK) Department ofEntomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell
Road, London SW7 5BD, U.K. (e-mail: [email protected]); (VDH) Department
of Entomology, National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology,
Luong The Vinh Street, BC10.200 Tu Liem, Hanoi, Vietnam
—
Abstract. Kimia Vu Due Huong and Harbach, n. gen., a small homogeneous
group ofmosquitoes of tribe Sabethini from eastern areas ofthe Oriental Region, is
described and diagnosed based on shared morphological features observed in the
adult, larval, and pupal stages offive species, all ofwhich were previously included in
subgenus Suaymyia Thurman of genus Topomyia Leicester. Generic status ofKimia
is supported by a cladistic analysis of morphological data, as well as data not
included in the analysis, that indicate a relationship with New World Trichoprosopon
and Old World Tripteroides. Salient differences that distinguish Kimia and Topomyia
are contrasted. Nominal species belonging to Kimia include Topomyia decorabilis
Leicester, Topomyia imitata Baisas, Topomyia miyagii Toma, Topomyia nemorosa
Gong, and Topomyia suchariti Miyagi and Toma. The lectotype of the type species,
Km. decorabilis, is designated. The adults, pupa, and unique larva ofthe type species
are described and its male genitalia, pupa, and larva are illustrated. The systematics,
bionomics, and distribution of the genus and type species are discussed.
Key Words: Kimia decorabilis, imitata, miyagii, nemorosa, suchariti, mosquitoes, new
genus, phylogeny, Sabethini
Tribe Sabethini includes 414 currently Topomyia, and Maorigoeldia, ...are
recognized species that occur principally placed in the rather generalized genus
in tropical and subtropical areas of the Tripteroides.'" Of the Old World species,
world. The species are placed in 13 12 are placed in genus Malaya Leicester,
genera, nine in the New World (221 one in genus Maorigoeldia Edwards, 57
species) and four in the Old World (193 in genus Topomyia Leicester, and 122 in
species). Although the tribe as a whole genus Tripteroides Giles. Five of the
has received relatively little attention, the species placed in Topomyia clearly rep-
imbalance in the number of genera resent a separate phyletic line based on
recognized in the two hemispheres sug- unique characteristics of the larval and
gests that the sabethine fauna of the Old pupal stages, as well as features of the
World has been neglected in comparison male genitalia, and are herein recognized
with that ofthe New World. As noted by as constituents of a new genus. These
Belkin (1962), the majority ofOld World species include To. decorabilis Leicester,
species, "except for the few aberrant and To. imitata Baisas, To. miyagii Toma,
specialized forms placed in Malaya, To. nemorosa Gong, and To. suchariti
VOLUME NUMBER
109, 1 103
Miyagi and Toma. It is interesting to The phylogenetic relationships of Ki-
note that Edwards (1922) found theaduUs mia with other sabethine genera were
of To. decorabilis "so distinct from the examined by including character data for
others [other species of Topomyia] that it Kimia in the data set of Harbach and
might almost be placed in a separate Kitching (1998), as modified by Harbach
genus." The immature stages of mosqui- and Peyton (2000) to include genus
toes were either unavailable or largely Onirion Peyton and Harbach, and then
neglected by taxonomists prior to World subjecting the combined data set to an
WarII, but had Edwards studied the larva implied weights parsimony analysis using
and pupa of To. decorabilis he probably PIWE version 3.0 (for Windows) (Go-
would have proposed a new genus for this loboff 1997). Forty-four genera (42 of
species. The new genus established below Harbach and Kitching + Onirion and the
is typified by To. decorabilis and sup- new genus described herein) were coded
ported by a cladistic analysis of morpho- for 73 characters (Appendix). Genera that
logical data, as well as diagnostic features were polymorphic for different states of
not included in the analysis. a character were explicitly coded as
possessing all those states. All multistate
Materials and Methods characters were treated as unordered. The
Morphological structures were exam- PIWE commands amb-, hold 100,000,
ined in the adult, pupal, and fourth- hold/50, mult*5,000 were used and the
instar larval stages. The principal mate- concavity constant was set to 1 to down
rial examined, including the type speci- weight the mosthomoplasticcharacters as
mens of To. decorabilis, are deposited in much as possible, in line with previous
The National History Museum (NHM), analyses. It was not found necessary to
London. Some specimens collected by swap further the cladograms found by
Vu Due Huong and colleagues in various "mult" by using the command max*.
provinces in northern Vietnam between
Taxonomic Treatment
1979 and 1982 (see Material examined
below) reside in the Culicinae collection Kimia Vu Due Huong and Harbach,
ofthe National Institute of Malariology, new genus
Parasitology, andEntomology(NIMPE), Type species: Topomyia decorabilis
Hanoi. Diagnostic and differential char-
Leicester 1908, Malaysia.
acters were confirmed in all specimens
examined. Observations of adult mos- Topomyia in part ofEdwards 1922: 437
quitoes were made under simulated 440, pi. VIII {decorabilis); Baisas 1946:
natural light. Larval and pupal stages 32-39, 43 {imitata); Edwards 1932:
and male genitalia were studied using 63, 67, 69, 89-91 {decorabilis); Mat-
differential interference contrast micros- tingly 1971: 12, 15, 23, 29, 32,
copy. Unless indicated otherwise, num- (35, unspecified reference to decorabi-
bers in parentheses represent modes of lis, imitata), pi. 9 {decorabilis), pi.
the reported ranges. Morphological ter- 26 {decorabilis?); Rattanarithikul and
minology follows Harbach and Knight Panthusiri 1994: 36, 51; Harbach and
(1980, 1982) and Harbach and Kitching Sandlant 1997; Harbach and Kitching
(1998). Life stages of material examined 1998: 333, 335, 344, 346, 350, 352, 359-
are indicated by the symbols S (male), 361; Harbach and Peyton 2000: 165-
? (female), L (fourth-instar larva), Le 167; Rueda et al. 1998; Huang 2002: 2,
(larval exuviae), and Pe (pupal exuviae). 22; White et al. 2004.
The letter G (genitalia) is used in Topomyia {Suaymyia) in part of Thur-
combination with the male symbol. man 1959: 44-45 {decorabilis, imitata);
—
104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Stone et al. 1959: 95 96 {decorabilis, surface pubescent, with inconspicuous
imitata); Knight and Stone 1977: 310 setae and scales on dorsomesal surface,
{decorabilis, imitata); Tsukamoto et al. basomesal microsetae present; flagellum
1985: 156 (imitata); Ward 1992: 204 moderately verticillate, whorls with 8-10
(suchariti); Harbach and Peyton 1993: setae, longest setae about twice length
2, 4, 8 (imitata); Judd 1996: 132, 137- of corresponding flagellomere. Clypeus
139, 141; Judd 1998: 68-75. without setae and scales, with dense
— covering ofsilvery pubescence. Proboscis
Adults. Sexes essentially identical in straight or slightly bent and slightly
body size and outward appearance. expanded distally, slightly longer than
Medium-sized mosquitoes with broad
antenna, slightly shorter than forefemur;
flat scaling on head capsule, thoracic labellum comprised of 2 sclerites of
pleura, scutellum, coxae and abdomen; similar size, proximal sclerite with scales.
anterior triangular area of vertex, poste- Maxillary palpus short, with 2 palpo-
rior area of antepronotum, median meres. Thorax; Integument brown; setae
longitudinal stripe (acrostichal area) on present on antedorsocentral area, su-
scutum and median anterior area of
praalar area, lateral prescutellar area,
scutellum with metallic silvery white posterior margin of scutellum, anterior
scales; longitudinal silver stripe of scu- surface of antepronotum, posterior mar-
tum comprised of 2 rows of broad gin of postpronotum, and upper proe-
rounded spatulate scales emanating from pisternal, prespiracular, prealar, lower
midline; broad lateral areas of scutum mesokatepisternal and upper mesepim-
with dense covering of dark narrow eral areas; paratergite and mesopostno-
falcate scales that become noticeably tum bare. Lower proepisternum without
larger and intermixed with dark setae scales, scales on upper proepisternum
on supraalar area and at sides of contiguous with scales on ante- and
prescutellar area; lobes ofscutellum with postprocoxal membranes; mesopleuron
dark broad flat scales and several long with scales except on lower anterior
dark stout setae; scales of postgena, margin of mesokatepisternum, posterior
thoracic pleura and coxae metallic silver margin ofmesepimeron and mesomeron;
to gold, mainly gold, similar scales on large patch of scales below spiracle on
pre- and postprocoxal membranes; legs metapleuron, absent on metameron.
dark-scaled, ventral surfaces of femora Wing; Dark-scaled; alula with piliform
narrowly pale-scaled; wing entirely dark- scales on margin; calypters without setae;
scaled, alula with fringe of rather long cell Rt much longer than vein R2+3; anal
piliform scales; abdominal terga primar- vein ends well beyond junction of mcu
ily dark-scaled, lateral margins and and CuA. HaIter; Scabellum bare, in-
sterna with yellow to gold scaling (ster- tegument pale; pedicel and capitellum
num VIII of female dark-scaled). dark-scaled. Legs; Coxae and trochan-
Females. Head; Eyes joined above ters with golden scales, trochanters with
and below. Occiput without transverse dark scales dorsally at apex; femora,
row of erect scales at back of head. tibiae and tarsi dark-scaled, femora nar-
Ocular setae dark, conspicuous, close to rowly pale ventrally. Forefemur slightly
margin ofeye; 2 long, dark, approximat- longer than proboscis, slightly longer
ed interocular setae present. Interanten- than mid- and hindfemora; foretar-
nal ridge incomplete, frontal pit rein- somere 1 shorter than foretarsomeres
forced by cuticular ring associated with 2-5 combined. Ungues small, simple.
postfrontal sutures. Antenna slightly Abdomen; Coloration as noted above,
shorter than proboscis; pedicel large, lateral pale areas ofterga usually round-
— —
VOLUME NUMBER
109, 1 105
ed, especially on more posterior seg- short, usually single or double, inserted
ments; sternum IX without setae and dorsomesal and usually slightly anterior
scales. — to seta 9, 6-VII strongly developed,
Males. Like female except for sexual similar to seta 9, inserted anterior to seta
characters. Legs: Foretarsomere 5 elon- 9; 7-1 slightly if at all longer than seta 6;
gate C-shaped in lateral view, with basal 9-II-VI minute, inserted posterolaterally
inner lobe bearing specialized setae; at very edge of ventral surface, 9-
foreungues unequal, inner unguis larger, VII,VIII very strongly developed, fanlike
with lobe(s) or denticle(s). Genitalia: with aciculate branches, 9-VII inserted
Tergum and sternum IX articulated dorsally near posterolateral corner of
laterally; tergum IX lobes widely sepa- segment, 9-VIII inserted ventrally in
rated, elongate, columnar, each lobe with same location; 10-11 present; 14-III-VIII
short curved bladelike seta at apex and absent; punctures III-V absent. Paddle
group of lanceolate setae on mesal side Short, much shorter than seta 9-VIII
of base, latter setae nearly as long as tapered in distal half, margins spiculate
lobe. Gonocoxite elongate, tapered dis- asymmetrical, outer part broader than
tally, tergomesal surface membranous, inner part; setae 1,2-Pa absent.
sternal and lateral surfaces with setae Larvae, fourth-instars. Head: Slight-
and scales; basal mesal lobe with 2 or ly if at all wider than long, somewhat
more long rodlke or otherwise special- square in dorsal view. Occipital foramen
ized setae. Gonostylus without accessory more or less oval, midventral angle
lobes, with prominent simple setae on extended anterior to posterior tentorial
sternal surface and gonostylar claw at pit (PTP), bounded by ill-defmed collar.
apex. Aedeagus formed of two plates PTP at margin of collar. Hypostomal
with digitiform sternal and tergal arms. suture long but normally ending short of
Proctiger with long slender tapered PTP. Dorsomentum short, triangular,
paraproct and basal sclerotization (ter- median tooth slightly longer than others.
gum X) articulated with tergum IX at Maxilla elongate, maxillary body, hy-
base of tergal lobe; cereal setae absent. postomal sclerite and maxillary palpus
Pupae. Cephalothorax: Dorsal apo- separate components; maxillary brush
tome long, weakly sclerotized medially, represented by an articulated rigid bun-
seta 1-CT strongly developed, long, dle of coalesced spicules (maxillary bun-
usually double; 3,4,7-10-CT usually sin- dle), apical tooth stout, rigid, tapered,
gle. Trumpet: Short, cylindrical; pinna slightly bent mesad, about half length of
essentially absent; supporting tubercle maxillary bundle; laciniarastrum com-
and tracheoid area absent. Abdomen: posed oflong flexible spicules; seta 3-Mx
Seta l-I well developed, moderately long, strongly developed, long, projecting oral-
dendritic, l-II mesal to seta 2, l-III mesal ly. Seta 1-C strongly developed, stout; 4-
or lateral to seta 2, 1-IV-VI lateral to 7,14-C normally single, 4-7-C slender,
seta 2, 1-VII closely associated with and simple, 14-C stout, spineHke; 8-C shghtly
usually mesal to seta 1, 1-IX absent; 2- posterior and 9-C far posterior to 10-C;
II-VII near posterior margin of tergum, 11-13-C close-set near anterior margin
2-IV-VI mesad of other dorsal setae; 3-1 of head capsule adjacent to base of
usually mesal to seta 2, 3-III not longer antenna. Antenna: Short, cylindrical; seta
than 3 on following segments; 5-II,VI, 1-A short, single, borne dorsally about
VII weakly developed, 5-II single, 5- 0.7 from base. Thorax: Seta 0-P mesal to
VI,VII single or multiple-branched, 5- 4-P, near 1-P; 9-P well developed, with
III-V strongly developed, long, normally numerous branches; 8-M absent (seta 13-
M
single; 6-II-VI similarly developed. labelled incorrectly as 8-M in Miyagi
—
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
106
and Toma's (1989) illustration of Km. nearly 40 years. It is befitting that Kim
suchariti); 3-T small, with numerous in old Vietnamese means ''new" or
filamentous branches; 8-T dorsal to plate "present". Kim is also the first syllable
bearing 9 13-T; 13-T inserted mesally on of the old Vietnamese word kim ngan
plate shared with 9 12-T. Abdomen: Seta and the second syllable of bach kim,
l-I weakly developed, mesad ofseta 2, 1- which mean "jewellery" and "platinum",
II-VII progressively more strongly de- respectively. Kimia is a feminine generic
veloped, laterad of seta 2; 2-1 anterola- name. In keeping with the practice
terad of seta 1, 2-II-VII well anterome- initiated by Reinert (1975), the two-letter
sad of seta 1; 3-1 moderately long, 3- abbreviation Km. is recommended for
I-III,V single or branched, 3-IV,VI this genus. —
branched, 3-VII always single, relatively Systematics. Analysis of the data set
longer than others, inserted lateral to under implied weighting generated three
seta 5; seta 5-VII weakly developed, 5-1- most parsimonious cladograms (MFCs)
V normally single or double, 5-VI,VII with fit = 288.0 (29%). The inclusion of
usually double or triple; 6-I-V relatively character data for Kimia in the data set
short, mainly shorter than length of of Harbach and Peyton (2000) did not
segment, 6-I,III-V branched, 6-II,VI alter relationships of the non-sabethine
single, 6-VI very long, much longer than genera, therefore only the Sabethini
others; punctures absent from segments clade from the strict consensus tree of
III-V. Segment VIII: Comb plate absent; the three MFCs is illustrated here
scales in irregular single row, thornlike. (Fig. 1), with Bremer and relative Bre-
Seta 3-VIII strongly developed, multiple mer support values (Fig. lA) and sup-
branched; 4-VIII inserted anterior to 5- porting characters (Fig. IB) indicated on
VIII. Siphon: Widest at base, gradually the branches.
narrowed to apex; pecten absent; anteri- The inclusion of Kimia in the analysis
or and posterior margins each beset with produced a very different pattern of
2 close-set rows of off-set strongly de- relationships among sabethine genera
veloped setae. Segment X: Saddle rela- than that recovered by Harbach and
tively small, extending to lateral midline Kitching (1998) and Harbach and Pey-
of segment. Setae 1-3-X strongly de- ton (2000). Contrary to the findings of
veloped, 1-X very long, inserted on these authors, and Judd (1996), the New
posterolateral corner of saddle; setae World genera of Sabethini are not re-
2,3,4-X fanlike with numerous simple covered as a monophyletic clade in
branches, 4-X ofopposite sides borne on a derived relationship to the Old World
common ventrocaudal plate. genera. The New World genus Tricho-
—
Eggs. Unknown. prosopon Theobald is paired with the Old
Included species. Kimia decorabilis World Tripteroides in a sister relation-
(Leicester 1908), Km. imitata (Baisas ship with Kimia, and the Old World
1946), Km. suchariti (Miyagi and Toma Malaya, which was sister to Topomyia in
1989), Km. nemorosa (Gong 1996), and previous analyses, is placed as sister to
Km. miyagii (—Toma and Mogi 2003). the New World Limatus (Fig. 1). Al-
Etymology. This genus is dedicated though the depicted relationships are
to Tran Thi Bach Kim, medical biologist generally weakly supported, they are no
and wife of the second author of this less tenable than the relationships re-
paper, Dr Vu Due Huong, who recog- covered in the earlier studies. Although
nized Kimia as a new genus more that the sister-group relationship between
25 years ago. Kim is honored for assist- Kimia + (Trichoprosopon + Tripteroides)
ing her husband's work over a period of is not strong (Bremer support 0.2;
VOLUME 109, NUMBER 1 107
KJmia
Trichoprosopon
-Maorigoeldia
HaFribga.ch1. anTdopPoelyotgoyn o(f20t0h0e).SAa,betShtriincitccloandseenwsiutsh tcrheaeraocftetrhrdeaetaMFfCorsK(iFmiita=in2c8l8u.d0e)doibntatihneeddatfarosmetthoef
analysis ofthe data under implied weights. Bremer support and relative Bremer support values ofeach
clade are indicated above and below the branches, respectively. B, Same with unambiguously optimized
supporting characters mapped onto the branches.
relative Bremer support 10), it is sup- characters that diagnose Kimia, two
ported by a single unique character (12:0, (33:0, absence of pupal setae 14-VIII,
absence of larval seta 8-M) that is not and 39:2, interantennal ridge of females
contradicted. Of the six homoplastic incomplete with frontal pit reinforced by
108 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
a cuticular ring associated with the of Toponiyia from those of Tripteroides
postfrontal sutures) are unique within (e.g., Thurman 1959), and there is no
tribe Sabethini. It should be evident that doubt that these features in Kimia
the characters included in the cladistic resulted in the placement ofthese species
analysis determine the relationships por- in Topomyia. A median longitudinal
ltorgaiyceadl icnhaFriag.cte1r.sAnnoutmbiencrluodfedmoirnphtoh-e sstpreicpieesooffsiTlovperoymysicaaleosr iKsimnioat.uAnisqiumeiltaor
analysis (see below) further corroborate stripe is also present in some species of
the uniqueness of Kiniia and its similar- Malaya. As Belkin (1962) suggested,
ities with Trichoprosopon and Tripter- ''Malaya appears to be an ancient de-
oides. rivative from a generalized sabethine
It is obvious that species ofKimia were stock which also gave rise to Topomyia.^'
placed in genus Topomyia based princi- Malaya species also do not have setae on
pally on the ornamentation of adults. the upper calypter. In contrast, species of
Despite the striking similarity in adult the New World genera mentioned above
habitus, Kimia and Topomyia do not do not have a longitudinal stripe on the
appear to be closely related. The many scutum. Whereas all species ofJohnbelk-
characteristics that distinguish these gen- inia and Shannoniana have setae on the
era are listed in Table 1. The larvae and upper calypter, these setae are absent in
pupae ofthe two genera share a number some species of Trichoprosopon, which is
of features but are quite distinct overall. not inconsistent with a possible affinity
The presence of an oval occipital fora- with Kimia.
men in larvae suggests that Kimia most In some respects, the male genitalia of
likely share affinities with the Old World Kimia bear 3. closer resemblance to those
Tripteroides and the New World Shan- of Tripteroides than to species of Topo-
noniana Lane and Cerqueira, Johnbelk- myia, especially in the shape ofthe basal
inia Zavortink, and Trichoprosopon. The mesal lobe and its association with the
absence of larval seta 8-M in Kimia, gonocoxite. The basal mesal lobes of
Trichoprosopon, and most species of Kimia and Tripteroides {Tripteroides) are
subgenus Tricholeptomyia Dyar and crescent-shaped with the distal part pro-
Shannon of genus Tripteroides suggests duced, not joined to one another, and
a closer relationship between these taxa. incompletely separated from the gono-
In addition to the similar development of coxite. They are similarly shaped but
the occipital foramen and absence ofseta separated from the gonocoxite in John-
8-M in Kimia and Trichoprosopon, the belkinia, Shcmnonicma, and Trichoproso-
larvae of these two genera also lack pon.
a pecten and have seta 13-T inserted on Whereas punctures are present on two
A
a plate with setae 9-12-T. pecten is or three of segments III-V in pupae of
present in Topomyia and Tripteroides Johnbelkinia, Topomyia, and Tripter-
and absent in Johnbelkinia and Shan- oides, they are entirely absent in Kimia,
noniana. The insertion of seta 13-T and Trichoprosopon, and Shannoniana. Seta
setae 9-12-T on a common plate in 6-VII is strongly developed and inserted
Kimia and Trichoprosopon is a unique anterior to 9-VII in pupae of Kimia and
feature among sabethine genera. Malaya. This seta, although not strongly
The absence of setae on the upper developed, is also inserted anterior to 9-
calypter of the wing and the presence of VII in Trichoprosopon and subgenera
a median longitudinal stripe of silvery Polylepidomyia Theobald, Rachionoto-
scales on the scutum have been used as myia Theobald, Rachisoura Theobald,
key characters to distinguish the adults and Tripteroides of genus Tripteroides.
VOLUME NUMBER
109, 1 109
Table 1. Salient anatomical differences that distinguish the adults, pupae, and fourth-instar larvae of
Kimia and Topomyia.
Topomyia
Adult females
Sternum IX Without setae and scales With setae and scalesi
Adult males
Foreungues Inner larger, with lobe(s) or denticles(s) Equal, simple
Foretarsomere C-shaped in lateral view, with basal More or less cylindrical, without basal lobe
5 inner lobe bearing specialized setae
Basal mesal Crescentic, produced distally, Irregularly shaped plaque or lobed
lobe incompletely separated from structure, distinctly separated from
gonocoxite, notjoined with its mate gonocoxite, narrowlyjoined with its mate
Cereal setae Absent Present
Aedeagus Broad, short Narrow, elongate
Pupae
Seta 1-VII Usually mesal to 2-VII Lateral to 2-VII
Setae 2,3-X Highly branched, 3-X not longer than With fewer branches, usually longer than
siphon siphon
Seta 3-1 Usually mesal to 2-1 Lateral to 2-1
Seta 3-III Short, weaker than 5-IV, similar Usually long, similar to 5-IV, more strongly
to 3 on following segments developed than 3 on following segments
Seta 5-III Long, similar to 5-IV,V Short, dissimilar to 5-IV,V
Seta 5-VI Short, much weaker than 5-IV,V, Long, similarto 5-IV,V, muchstrongerthan
similar to 5-VII 5-VII
Seta 6-VII Strongly developed, similar to 9-VII, Weakly developed, much smaller and
inserted far anterior to 9-VII inserted immediately mesal to 9-VII-
Seta 10-11 Present Usually absent
Seta 14-VIII Absent Present
Punctures III-V Absent PresentorabsentofIII,presentonIVandV
Larvae
Occipital More or less oval Transverse, slitlike
foramen
Seta 8-C Slightly posterior to 10-C Anterior to 10-C
Seta 9-C Far posterior to 10-C Level with to shghtly anterior to 10-C
11 13-C Close together near margin More widely separated and removed from
ofhead capsule anterior margin ofhead capsule
Seta 3-Mx Strongly developed, prominent Otherwise
Seta 0-P Mesal to 4-P, near 1-P Posterior to 4-P, far from 1-P
Seta 9-P With numerous branches With fewer branches
Seta 8-M Absent Present
Seta 3-T With numerous branches With fewer branches
Seta 8-T Dorsal to 9-13-T Dorsal to 7-T
Seta 13-T On plate with 9-12-T Not on plate with 9-12-T
Seta 3-VII Lateral to 5-VII Mesal to 5-VII
Seta 3-VIII Strongly developed, with numerous Weaker, with few branches
branches
Seta 4-VIII Anterior to 5-VIII Posterior to 5-VIII
Seta 4-X Highly branched With fewer branches
Seta 6-I-V Short, mainly shorter than length of Long, much longer than length ofsegment
segment
Seta 6-VI Much longer than 6-I-V As long or shorter than 6-I-V
Pecten Absent Present
Siphon setae Numerous, long, highly branched Variable, never as long, numerous or highly
branched
1 Except To. yanbarensis (see Lu Baolin et al. 1997).
2 Except To. malaysiensis where 9-VII is slightly lateral but far anterior to 6-VII.
no PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
It is moderately to strongly developed prey on larvae of Armigeres Theobald
and inserted anterior and lateral to 9-VII and Tripteroides (Miyagi and Toma
in species of Johnhelkinia. The long seta 1989). Larvae of Stegomyia aegypti
5-III and short seta 5-VI distinguish the (Linnaeus) {^Aedes aegypti prior to
pupae of Kimia from those of Topomyia Reinert et al. 2004) were used as a source
and Tripteroides in which 5-III is short of food while rearing the larvae of Km.
and 5-VI is long. These setae, as well as decorahilis that were collected in north-
their homologs on segments VI and V, ern Vietnam in 2005 for the present study
are weak and short on Trichoprosopon (see Bionomics of Km. decorahilis and
pupae. Seta 5-III is well developed in Material exami—ned below).
Johnhelkinia and Shannoniana. Whereas Distribution. Species of Kimia are
seta 14-III-VII is present in Tripteroides, only definitely recorded from China
it is absent in Kimia, Malaya, Topomyia, (Yunnan Province, Km. nemorosa), In-
and the New World Johnhelkinia, Shan- donesia (Flores, Km. miyagii), peninsular
noniana, and Trichoprosopon. The ab- Malaysia (Perak and Selangor states.
sence of pupal seta 14-VIII in Kimia is Km. decorahilis), Philippines (Mindanao,
a unique feature within Sabethini; in fact Km. imitata), Thailand (Chanthaburi
this seta is present in all other Culicidae Province, Km. suchariti), and northern
except for some species of Toxorhynch- Vietnam (Bac Kan, Bac Thai, Ha Son
ites Theobald. Binh, Ha Tuyen, Hoang Lien Son, Thai
Detailed comparative analysis of the Nguyen, and Thanh Hoa provinces. Km.
known species of Kiniia is limited by decorahilis). Edwards (1932), and sub-
a paucity of available specimens. Except sequently Stone et al. (1959) and Knight
for Km. decorahilis (see below), nominal and Stone (1977), indicated that Km.
species ofthe genus are known only from decorahilis also occurs on Borneo, but
a holotype {Km. imitata and Km. suchar- the source ofthis record is unknown and
iti) or a holotype and a number of requires confirmation.
paratypes {Km. miyagii and Km. nemor-
osa) from or near the type locality. Based Kimia decorabilis (Leicester)
on published illustrations of male geni- (Figs. 2^)
talia, it appears that Km. nemorosa may 1908. Topomyia decorahilis Leicester
be a junior synonym ofKin. suchariti. In
1908: 239 (c?, 2). Lectotype S hereby
depth study ofall life stages ofthese two ,
designated to fix the application of
nominal forms is required to determine the specific name, bearing the
whether they represent the same or
following original data: "In jungle/
different speci—es. The Gap [Selangor, Malaysia]/24/4/
Bionomics. Little bionomical infor- 04" (NHM), n. comb. The specimen
mation is available for species of Kimia.
bears a label indicating lectotype se-
Adult and pupal stages have never been
lection by T.J. Zavortink, but the
collected in the wild and are known only intended selection was never formally
from laboratory rearings oflarvae found
fixed by publication.
in bamboo stumps and erect bamboo —
internodes bearing small holes presum- Female. As described for genus.
ably made by beetles. It is uncertain Head: Antenna dark; length about
whether larvae are facultative or obliga- 2.0 mm, slightly shorter than proboscis;
tory predators. The maxillae appear to fiagellomere 1 slightly swollen, with
be modified for grasping. Before reach- some slender scales among setae. Pro-
ing the pupal and adult stages, the boscis slightly bent and slightly expand-
holotype of Km. suchariti was seen to ed distally; length about 2.3 mm, slightly
VOLUME NUMBER
109, 1 111
longer than antenna, about 0.9 length of lateral side of basal mesal lobe, slightly
forefemur; with 2 or 3 basal labial setae. flattened and tapered distally, sternal
Maxillary palpus about 0.1 length of surface lined with short simple setae,
proboscis; dark-scaled. Thorax: Integu- peglike gonostylar claw at apex. Aedea-
ment light brown. Antedorsocentral, gus slightly longer than wide, resembling
antepronotal, supraalar and scutellar a cupped human hand in lateral view,
setae strong, conspicuous, dark; lateral with long slightly tergally curved sternal
prescutellar setae similar but less con- arm (forefinger) and shorter mesally bent
spicuous; antealar area with lateral line tergal arm (thumb), sternal arms well
of golden spatulate scales that partially separated, tergal arms meet at midline.
project over paratergite; prescutellar area Proctiger with long tapered paraproct
small, sometimes with short lateral lines and heavily sclerotized tergum X, tergum
X
of silver spatulate scales contiguous with narrowly fused with base ofparaproct
spot ofsimilar scales on median anterior and articulated with tergum IX at base of
area of scutellum. Postpronotal, upper tergum IX lobe.
—
proepisternal, prespiracular and prealar Pupa (Fig. 2A,B). As described for
setae dark; lower mesokatepisternal and genus; character and positions ofsetae as
upper mesepimeral setae pale. Wing: figured, numbers ofbranches in Table 2.
Length 3.5-4.2 mm; decumbent spatu- Cephalothorax: Moderately tanned, with
late scales on all veins except semierect mottling of slightly darker areas on
fusiform scales on dorsal surface of Rg dorsum. Seta 1-CT usually double,
and M. Legs: Forefemur about 1.1 branches nearly straight, hooked apical-
length o—f proboscis. ly; 3,7,8,10-CT usually single, 4,9-CT
Male. As described for genus; like always single; 13-CT or its alveolus
female except for sexual differences. usually present, single when developed.
Genitalia (Fig. 2C-E): Tergum VIII Trumpet: Moderately tanned, yellow
(ventral in position) (not figured) with compared to brown scutum; abruptly
posterior cluster of long setae that de- expanded at base into broad short
crease in number and length laterally. cylinder; pinna essentially absent; length
Tergum IX lobe with group of 2-5(3) 0.35-0.52 mm (mean = 0.45 mm), width
lanceolate setae at mesal side of base; 0.17-0.23 mm (mean = 0.20 mm), index
sternum IX broadest in middle, pro- 1.96-2.48 (mean = 2.74). Abdomen:
gressively narrowed laterally, posterior Moderately tanned, terga and sterna
margin evenly rounded, without setae progressively paler, especially anteriorly,
and scales. Gonocoxite tapered distally, on successive posterior segments; length
lateral setae strongly developed, a group 4.2-5.0 mm (mean = 4.6 mm). Seta l-II
of relatively long setae distally on mesal frequently double but usually with more
surface near base of gonostylus; basal than 2 branches, 1-III-VI moderately
mesal lobe separated from gonocoxite by developed, frequently with 2 or 3
narrow membranous area for most of branches; setae 6,7-1 relatively long,
length, contiguous with gonocoxite prox- usually with 3 or more branches, in-
imally, apex with 2 long rodlke setae and frequently single; lO-I or its alveolus
a slightly longer thickened or lanceolate present, single when present; 8-II usually
seta that reach beyond apex ofgonocox- absent, occasionally alveolus or single
ite, with group of shorter setae on seta present; 5-II,VI,VII much smaller
tergomesal surface at base of 3 long than 5-III V, 5-III-V about length of
apical setae. Gonostylus short, about following tergum. Genital lobe: Moder-
mm
half length of gonocoxite, bent, slightly ately tanned; length about 0.30 in
mm
twisted and projecting tergomesad over female, about 0.40 in male. Paddle: