Systematic review of Southeast Asian longtail macaques, Macaca fascicularis (Raffles, [1821])

224 Pages·11 MB·English

by  Fooden, Jack, 1927-

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FIELDIANA
Zoology
NEW SERIES, NO. 81
Systematic Review of
Southeast Asian Longtail Macaques,
Macaca
fascicularis (Raffles, [1821])
Jack Fooden
ResearchAssociate
DivisionofMammals
DepartmentofZoology
FieldMuseumofNaturalHistory
Chicago, Illinois60605-2496
Accepted January 13, 1995
Published November 30, 1995
Publication 1470
PUBLISHED BY FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
© 1995 Field Museum ofNatural History
LibraryofCongress Catalog CardNumber: 95-61092
ISSN 0015-0754
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OFAMERICA
Table ofContents Subspecies Accounts 70
Macaca
fascicularisfascicularis (Raffles,
[1821]) 70
Abstract 1 Macacafascicularis aurea I. Geoffroy,
Introduction 1 [1831] 77
Geographic Distribution 2 Macacafascicularisphilippinensis I.
Pelage 3 Geoffroy, [1843] 79
General Characterization 3 Macacafascicularis umbrosa Miller,
Sex and Age Variation 11 1902b 79
Geographic Variation 11 Macacafascicularisfusca Miller,
Dorsal Pelage Color Saturation 11 1903a 81
Dorsal Pelage Erythrism 13 Macacafascicularis lasiae (Lyon,
Crown Color 15 1916) 81
Lateral Facial Crest Pattern 18 Macacafascicularis atriceps Kloss,
External Measurements and Propor- 1919c 82
tions 21 Macacafascicularis condorensis Kloss,
Sex and Age Variation 21 1926 84
Geographic Variation 22 Macacafascicularis tua Kellogg,
Head and Body Length 22 1944 86
Tail Length 23 Macacafascicularis karimondjawae
Cranial Characters 30 Sody, 1949 86
Sex and Age Variation 30 Macacafascicularis subspecies undeter-
Geographic Variation 33 mined 87
Molecular Biology and Genetics 35 Evolution and Dispersal 87
Mitochondrial DNA 35 Stage I, > 1 Ma 88
Nuclear DNA 39 Stage II, ca. 160 Ka 88
Multiple Alpha-Globin Genes 39 Stage III, > 18 Ka 90
Highly Repeated Restriction Patterns ... 41 Stage IV, ca. 18 Ka 95
Blood Proteins 42 Stage V, < 18 Ka 95
Blood Groups 45 Stage VI, ca. 4.5 Ka 96
Serum Cholesterol Response 46 Acknowledgments 97
Karyology 47 Literature Cited 98
Diseases 47 Appendix 1: Specimens Examined 120
Malaria 47 Appendix 2: Gazetteer ofNon-Philippine
Simian T-Lymphotrophic Retrovirus, Macaca fascicularis Localities 128
Type 1 49 Appendix 3: Dorsal Pelage Color Satur-
Susceptibilityto Attenuated Polio Virus ... 49 ation in Fringing-Island Samples of
Natural History 49 Macaca fascicularis Compared with
Habitats 49 Saturation in Core-Area Reference
Arboreality/Terrestriality 50 Samples 181
Swimming 51 Appendix 4: Dorsal Pelage Color
Troop Size and Composition 51 Erythrism in Fringing-Island
Home Range, Day Range 51 Samples of Macaca fascicularis
Density 53 Compared with Erythrism in
Diet 54 Core-Area Reference Samples 184
Predators 54 Appendix 5: Crown Color Pattern
Intertroop Behavior 56 Frequency in Samples of Macaca
Interspecific Behavior 57 fascicularis That Include
Reproduction 58 Dark-Crowned Specimens 187
Fossils and Subfossils 63 Appendix 6: Geographic Variation of
Systematics 65 Lateral Facial Crest Pattern in
Subspecific Taxonomy 65 Samples of Macaca fascicularis .... 188
Key to Recognized Subspecies 69 Appendix 7: Headand Body Length in
in
Fringing-Island Samples of Macaca 7. Crown color pattern in dark-crowned
fascicularis compared with head Macacafascicularis 18
and Body Length in Core-Area 8. Infrazygomatic and transzygomatic lat-
Reference Samples Collected at eral facial crest patterns in Macacafas-
Similar Latitudes 190 cicularis 19
Appendix 8: Tail Length in Fringing- 9. Geographicvariationoflateralfacialcrest
Island Samples of Macaca fascicu- patterninsamplesofMacacafascicularis
laris Compared with Tail Length collected in Indochinese Peninsula, Isth-
in Core-Area Reference Samples mus ofKra, Malay Peninsula, and neigh-
Collected at Similar Latitudes 193 boring islands 21
Appendix9:RelativeTailLengthinFring- 10. Latitudinal variation of head and body
ing-Island Samples of Macaca fas- length in adult core-area specimens of
cicularis Compared with Relative Macacafascicularis 24
Tail Length in Core-Area Reference 11. Latitudinal variation of head and body
Samples Collected at Similar length in adult shallow-water fringing-is-
Latitudes 196 land specimens of Macaca fascicularis
Appendix 10: Blood-Protein Allele Fre- compared with that in adult core-area
quencies at Polymorphic Loci in 1 1 specimens 26
Geographic Samples of Macaca 12. Latitudinal variation of head and body
fascicularis 198 length inadultdeep-waterfringing-island
Appendix 11: Monthly Distribution of specimens of Macaca fascicularis com-
Recorded Reproductive Events in pared with that in adult core-area speci-
Natural Populations of Macaca mens 27
fascicularis 200 13. Latitudinalvariationoftaillengthinadult
Appendix 12: Subspecific Variation of core-area specimens of Macacafascicu-
Head and Body Length, Relative laris 29
Tail Length, and Greatest Length 14. Latitudinal variationofrelativetaillength
of Skull in Macaca fascicularis .... 203 in adult core-area specimens ofMacaca
Subject Index 204 fascicularis 30
Index to Scientific Names 206 15. Latitudinalvariationoftaillengthinadult
shallow-water fringing-island specimens
ofMacacafasciculariscomparedwiththat
in adult core-area specimens 31
16. Latitudinalvariationoftaillengthinadult
List of Illustrations deep-water fringing-island specimens of
Macacafascicularis compared with that
in adult core-area specimens 32
1. Known locality records ofMacacafasci- 17. Latitudinal variationofrelativetaillength
cularis 3 in adult shallow-water fringing-island
2. Detail maps ofnon-Philippine localities specimens of Macaca fascicularis com-
ofMacacafascicularis pared with that in adult core-area speci-
A. Northwestern quadrant 4 mens 34
B. Southwestern quadrant 6 18. Latitudinalvariationofrelativetaillength
C. Southeastern quadrant 9 in adult deep-water fringing-island speci-
3. ApproximateextentofdrylandinSouth- mensofMacacafasciculariscomparedwith
eastAsiaduringlastglacialmaximum,ca. that in adult core-area specimens 35
18 Ka 12 19. SkullofadultfemaleMacacafascicularis,
4. Core area, shallow-water fringing islands near topotype 36
anddeep-waterfringingislandsinhabited 20. Skull ofadult male Macacafascicularis,
by Macacafascicularis 13 near topotype 37
5. External characters in Macaca fascicu- 21. Latitudinal variation ofgreatest length of
laris 14 skullinadultcore-areaspecimensofMa-
6. Dorsal pelage color saturation extremes cacafascicularis 40
in Macacafascicularis 15 22. Latitudinal variation ofgreatestlength of