Syntomopus Walker: the Nearctic species with a review of known host associations (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

10 Pages·1993·3.7 MB·

by  Steven L Heydon

J.HYM.RES.
2(1),1993pp.107-116
SyntomopusWalker:TheNearcticSpecieswithaReviewof
KnownHostAssociations(Hymenoptera:Pteromalidae)
StevenL.Heydon
BoliartMuseum.DepartmentofEntomology,UniversityofCalifornia,Davis.California95616
Abstract.-SyntomopusWalkerisacosmopolitangenusof13describedspecies.Syntomopusisdefined,itsrelations
tootherpteromalidgeneraarediscussedandahostlistispresentedforthespecies.Knownhostsincludemostly
stem-miningAgromyzidae.butstem-miningLepidoptera.andpossiblyCynipidaearealsohosts.Thespeciesof
theUnitedStatesandCanadaarereviewed.SyntomopusaffinisAshmead,1896issynonymizedwith5.americanus
Ashmead.1894andanewNearcticspecies,S.arpedes,n.sp.,isdescribed.
SyntomopusWalkercontains13describedspe- GenusSyntomopusWalker
cies:5.shakespearei(Girault),1913fromtheAus-
tralian region; S. agromyzae Hedqvist, 1972, 5. Syntomopus Walker, 1833:371, 372. (Type spe-
incisusThomson,1878,5.incurvusWalker,1833, cies:SyntomopusthoracicusWalker,1833;sub.
S. oviceps Thomson, 1878, S. pallipes Rudow, desig. by Westwood, 1839:69; examined).
1886, and S. thoracicus Walker, 1833 from the Forster. 1856:52, 56. Thomson, 1878:17, 23.
Palearcticregion;5.fuscipesHuang,1991fromthe Ashmead, 1904:330, 331. Schmiedeknecht,
Orientalregion;S.gracilisDeSantis,1976(inDe 1909:374, 375, 376-377. Nikol'skaya,
Santisetal., 1976),S.incidoideusHoward, 1896. 1963:247-248. Peck, Boucek, and Hoffer,
andS.parsiiDeSantis,1976fromtheNeotropical 1964:40.Graham,1969:124,137-140.Hedqvist,
region; and S. affinis Ashmead. 1896 and S. 1972:210-215.Dzhanokmen, 1978:76,79-80.
americanusAshmead, 1894fromtheNearcticre- Burks,1979:787.Boucek. 1988:238,466.
gion.Inthispaper,IsynonymizeS.affiniswithS. Merismorella Girault, 1926:1. (Type species:
americanusanddescribeanewNearcticspecies,S. MerismorellashakespeareiGirault;monotypy:
arpedes,n.sp. notseen).Boucek, 1988:466(synonymy).
TerminologyinthispaperfollowsthatofGra- —
ham (1969), exceptthatgenal concavity is used Description. Head, mesosoma,coxae,peti-
insteadofgenalhollowandclubisusedinsteadof ole,gastermetallicdarkblueorgreen;scapemetal-
clava.Inaddition,thegastraltergaarenumbered licornonmetallic.Headwithclypeushavingthree
TI-T7 beginning with the first tergite after the broad symmetrically arranged clypeal denticles
petiole.Thefollowingabbreviationsareused;the (Fig. 1); lateral partofmouth marginwith short
medianocellardiameterisMOD,theocellar-ocu- genalconcavity;antennaltorulusdistinctlyabove
lardistanceisOOL.theposteriorocellardistanceis LOcL.Antennawithscapecylindrical,5Xaslong
POL, the lateral ocellar distance is LOL, the aswide;flagellumcompact,withsegmentscylin-
multiporous plate sensilla are MPP sensilla, the dricalandtypicallytransverseinfemales(quadrate
lowerocularlineisLOcL,andtheantennalfunicular inS.agromyzae);MPPsensillainsinglerow;club
segmentsareFlthroughF6.Theunitsofmeasure- offemalewithoutlargepatchofmicropilosity,tip
mentgiveninthedescriptionscanbeconvertedto lackingspine.Maxillaofmalewithpalpslender,
millimetersbymultiplyingby0.02.Theacronyms stipitesunenlarged. Mesosomaflatteneddorsally
forthemuseumsfromwhichspecimenswereex- (Fig. 2) except in S. agromyzae; pronotal collar
aminedaregivenintheAcknowledgments. long,length1/4-1/3itswidth,dorsallevelofcollar
belowthatofvertex,humeralanglessquared,ante-
rior edge rounded; notaulus shallow; scutellum
108 JournalofHymenopteraResearch
typicallyaboutaslongaswide(longerthanwidein marginofthefirstgastral tergum being sinuous
S. agromyzae), lacking anterior median groove, laterallyandusuallyemarginatemedially;Heydon
withtwopairsof lateralsetae,frenalareanearly 1988],Syntomopuscanbedefinedrelativetoother
indistinguishable from remainder of scutellum; relatedgenerabypossessionofthefollowingtwo
dorsellumcrescent-shaped;propodeumwithme- autapomorphies: 1-threesymmetricallyarranged
dianpanelslong(widthabout1.5Xlength),median clypealdenticles(Fig.1)and2-anenlargedpronotal
carina(exceptinS.incisus)andplicaewelldevel- collarwithsquaredhumeralangles(Fig.2).Genera
opedandconnectedposteriorlybyW-shapedca- of relatedgroupssuchastheCyrtogaster-group
rina. Forewingwithrelative lengthsofveinsas (Heydon1989)andNodisoplataGrahamalsohave
follows:submarginal>marginal>postmarginal> threesymmetricallyarrangedclypealdenticles,but
stigmal;costalcellwithatleastonecompleterow thissymmetricalarrangementofclypealdenticles
ofsetae;basalcellbare;basalveinsetoseorbare; isuniqueforSyntomopuswithintheHalticoptera-
speculum developed, open posteriorly. Petiole group.
longerthanwide,cylindrical;withcompletebasal Graham(1969)placedSyntomopusastheclos-
flangecontinuouslaterallyandventrally;without estrelativeofSphegigasterSpinola.Thisrelation
mediancarina;lateralsetaepresent.Gasteroffe- wasechoedbyBoucek(1976)inhisdescriptionof
maleovateacuminate;hypopygiumextendingto Ploskana,whichhedescribedashavingsimilari-
neartipofT7; inbothsexeshindmarginofTl tiestobothoftheformertwogenera.However,a
sinuous laterally, typically emarginate medially close relationship between Syntomopus and
(entireinS.ovi—ceps). Sphegigaster is unlikely since there are no
Discussion. Findingasuiteofcharacterstates synapomorphies supporting such a relationship
todefineSyntomopusiscomplicatedbyintermedi- betweenthem.Characterstatestheyshareincom-
ate forms between it and Thinodytes Graham, monareeitherplesiomorphic,suchastherounded
MaidensGraham,andPloskanaBoucek.Themost anterior edge of the pronotal collar, or
distinctivecharacteristicofmostSyntomopusspe- synapomorphiesbothSphegigasterandSyntomopus
cies is the flattenedmesosoma(Fig. 2), but this alsosharewiththeothergeneraoftheHalticoptera-
characterstateisoflimitedvaluefordefiningthe group, such as the shallow notauli, short
genus.Flattenedthoraces,similartothoseofmost postmarginalvein,obliteratedfrenalsulcus,long
Syntomopus species, occur throughout the reticulatepetiole,andsinuouslateralmarginofT1.
PteromalidaeinmanygeneraincludingPloskana, Sphegigasterlackscharacterstatesthatdefinethe
KsenoplataBoucek,andAnogmusForster.Some Halticoptera-groupsuchastheW-shapedcarina
Syntomopus species, such as S. agromyzae and connectingthemediancarinaandplicae,andthe
someundescribedNeotropicalspecies,haveanor- medianemarginationofthefirstgastraltergum.In
mally arched mesosoma. As noted by Boucek Sphegigaster,specieslackalltracesofpropodeal
(1988),thepronotalcollarofSyntomopusislarge, carinae,and—thehindmarginofT1isentiremesally.
being1/4to1/3aslongaswideandrectangularin Biology. Syntomopusisexceptional among
dorsalview(Fig.2).ThepronotumofPloskanais thePteromalidaebecausehostsareknownformany
similarlylengthened,butitisdistinctlynarrowing ofthe described species (Table 1). Syntomopus
anteriorly(seefig.3,Boucek1976).Besideshav- speciesareparasitoids,emergingfromthepup—al
ingthecharacterstatesdefiningtheHalticoptera- stadium ofinsects boring the stems ofplants
group[thosemiscogasterinegeneracharacterized commonly Asteraceae. Their hosts are mostly
byareticulatelysculpturedbody,acarinatepronotal Diptera, but S. arpedes, S. americanus, and S.
collar,weaklydevelopednotauli,weaklydelimited incurvushavebeenrearedfromlepidopteranstem
frenum,propodeumwithsharpmediancarinaand borers,andS.incisushasbeenrearedfromacynipid
plicaeconnectedposteriorlybyW-shapedcarina, gall.
petiolewithabasalbracingconsistingofananteri- From the illustration, it is clear that the two
orlydirectedlateralandventralflange,andthehind pteromalid parasitoids identified as Syntomopus
Volume2,Number1,1993 109
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Volume2,Number1,1993 111
speciesinBruzon,Martinez,andCalderon(1968) plusflagellum0.79Xheadwidth(29.0:36.5);ratio
arenotSyntomopus. oflengthsofscape,pedicel,annelli,Fl-6,clubas
11.0:4.0:1.0:3.0:2.5:2.5:2.5:2.5:2.5:8.0;widthsof
SyntomopusarpedesHeydon.newspecies F1,F6,clubas3:4:4;clubwithpatchofmicropilosity
Figs.2,3 ventrally on terminal segment. Mesosoma flat-
— tened dorsally (Fig. 2). length 1.9X width
Holotype, female. Color: Anteriorofhead, (60.0:31.5), width 2.IX height (31.5:15.0);
dorsumofmesosomadarkgreen,faceandscutel- pronotumwithsidesweaklyconvergentanteriorly,
lum more blue; occiput, neck, pleural regions, humeral angles squared, length 0.35X width
coxae,petioledarkblue;gasterdarkbrownwith (9.5:27.0); propodeum in same plane as rest of
metallicreflectionsonTl.Antennawithscapeand mesosoma, median carina complete but weakly
pedicelyellow-brownwithstrongmetallicgreen developed,plicaesharpbutfadingoutjustatante-
reflections;remainderbrown.Legswithtrochant- riormarginofpropodeum,nuchaacarinateanteri-
ersandfemorabrownwithstronggreenreflections; orly.Forewinglength2.2Xwidth(85:39);ratioof
tibiaeyellowishbrownmesally,palerattips;fore lengths ofsubmarginal, marginal, postmarginal,
tarsusyellow-brown;middleandhindtarsiwhite. stigmalveinsas37:20:13:8;costalcellwithsingle
Wingveinspaleyellow-brown,parastigmamore completerowofsetae:basalcellwithsinglesetain
reddishbrown—. rightwing,withoutsetainleftwing;basalveinwith
Sculpture. Clypeus smooth with fine striae foursetaeinleftwing,twoinright.Petiolelength
laterally; frenum coriaceous; dorsellum smooth; 1.6X width (12.5:8.0); with fourpairs oflateral
Tl-6smooth;—T7coriaceous. setaedirectedanteriolaterally.Gasterlength 1.4X
Structure. Bodylength2.3mm.Headovatein width (38:27); hind margin of Tl emarginate
anteriorview;width1.2Xheight(36.5:31.0),2.8X mesally;hypopygi—umextendingtoendofT7.
length(36.5:13.0)(Fig.3);frontofheadflat,scrobes Allotype, male. Color: Similarto holotype
absent;lateral teethofclypeusveryweak;genal exceptallmetallicareasdarkblue.Structure:Body
concavityextending1/3malardistance;eyeheight length 1.8mm. Headwidth2.4Xlength(31:13).
2l.enIgXthle3n.g0tXht(1e9m:p9l)e, l2e.n4gXthm(a9l:a3r);driasttiaoncoef(M19O:D8),, hAenatdenwnidatwhi(t3h5l:3e1n)g;thraotfiopoedfilceenlgtphlsusoffslcaagpeel,lpuemdi1c.e1lX,
OOL,POL,LOLas3:6:9:4;torulusIXowndiam- annelli,Fl-6,clubas10.0:3.0:1.0:4.0:4.0:3.5:4.0:
eteraboveLOcL.Antennawithlengthofpedicel 3.5:3.5:8.5;widthsofFl,F6,clubas3:3:3;MPP
Figures1-2. Syntomopusspecies. 1,americanus,femaleclypeus.2,arpedes,femalehabitus.
112 JournalofHymenopteraResearch
sensilla short, extending less than 1/2 length of paratypes (CMNH, USNM) were reared from a
funicular segments, only one ortwo visible per Zinnia stem borer in September 1940 by R. M.
segment at atime; flagellarpilosity dense, fine, BohartinWestwoodHills,LosAngelesCounty,
semierect.Petiolelength1.8Xwidth(11:6).Gaster California. Anadditional 14paratypeswerecol-
length 1.1Xw—idth(20:18). lectedasfollows(INHS,UCDC,USNM):United
Variation. Thebodycolorofthemalesvaries States.ALABAMA: 19.CALIFORNIA:5miw.
fromblue,likeintheallotype,togreen,likeinthe YubaCity,5& 11.II.1971 [rearedfromXanthium
holotype. Thebody lengthofthefemales varies strumarium (Asteraceae)], 49, 26; Needles.
from 1.7to2.3mm,andthebodylengthofmales 30.1.1977, 19; southern California, 11.IX.1950
variesfrom1.8to2.1mm.Theratioofheadwidth (Zinniaplants),16.ILLINOIS:UniversityofIlli-
divided by length averages 2.62±(S.E.=)0.029 nois South Farms (nr. Champaign), 27.VI.1981,
(n=ll,range=2.5-2.8)forfemalesand2.5±0.023 19. MARYLAND: Eldorado, 17.IX.1930 [ex.
(n=8,range=2.4-2.5)formales.Twoof12females Epiblema strenuana infested Ambrosia
have setae on thebasal vein and three ofseven (Asteraceae)], 19.TEXAS:Alpine,30.VIII.1971
malesdo, butonly oneortwosetaeareusually [Happlopapus (=Machaeranthera) gracilis
present. — (Asteraceae)],19.Mexico.NUEVOLEON:9mi
Discussion. This species is similar to S. s. Monterrey, 11.VIII.1972, 19; in car from
americanus,butthedifferenceintheheadshape, GuaymasatNo—gales,22.IX.1950, 16.
particularlyofthefemales,isquitedistinct(com- Etymology. The species name is from the
pareFigs.3&4).Theratioofheadwidthtolength Greekarpedes,meaningevenorflat,andrefersto
varies from2.5-2.8 forfemales and 2.4-2.5 for theflathead—ofthisspecies.
malesofS.arpedes,butfrom2.2-2.4forfemales Biology. The only determined host of S.
and2.1-2.4formalesofS.americanus.Inaddition, arpedes is a tortricid lepidopteran, Epiblema
the vertex ofS. arpedes females has a pinched strenuana (Walker) infesting Ambrosia
appearance, while the vertex of S. americanus (Asteraceae).Syntomopusarpedeshasbeenreared
femalesismoreevenlyroundedanterioposterior^. inassociationwithanumberofAsteraceae,includ-
FromthedescriptionsinDeSantisetal.(1976),S. ing Zinnia stem-borermaterial from Westwood
arpedesmostcloselyresemblesS.parisiiinhaving Hills, California, Xanthium strumarium L. from
thedorsumofthethoraxveryflatandthepronotum near Yuba City, California, and from
withthehumeralanglessquared.S.arpedesdiffers Machaeranthera gracilis (Nuttall) Shinners in
fromS.parisiiinhavingthescapemetallictothe Texas.
base andthe side denticlesoftheclypeus much
reducedcomparedtothecentraldenticle.S.parisii SyntomopusamericanusAshmead
hasthescapeyellowandthemiddledenticleofthe Figs.1&4
clypeusonlyalittlelargerthanthelateraldenticles.
TxpeMaterial.—Theholotype(USNM),allo- Syntomopus americanus Ashmead, 1894:51-52.
type (USNM), and six female and three male Webster, 1894:36. Dalla Torre, 1898: 167.
Figures3-4. Syntomopusspecies.3,arpedes,femalehead,dorsalview.4,americanus,femalehead,
dorsalview.
Volume2,Number1,1993 113
Nason, 1906:152.Schmiedeknecht. 1909:376. between2.3and2.5timesinS.incurvus.Females
Girault, 1918:128.Glick, 1939:46.Hansberry. ofS.americanushavepalecoloredtibiae,notblack
1940:199, 711. Shread, Brigham. and Smith, likethoseofS.thoracicus.Theratioofheadwidth
1941:495^96.Lange,1944:394-395.Cassidy. divided by length averages 2.27±(S.E.=)0.025
Romney, Buchanan, andYork, 1950:7. Peck, (n=10,range=2.2-2.4)forfemalesand2.27±0.020
1951:538.Peck,1963:610.Burks, 1979:787. (n=10,range=2.1-2.4)—formalesofS.americanus.
Syntomopus affinis Ashmead, 1896:228, syn. n. Materialexamined. Syntomopusamericanus
Dalla Torre, 1898:167. Nason, 1906:152. isamongthemostcommonlycollectedspeciesof
Schmiedeknecht,1909:376.Girault. 1918:128. miscogasterinepteromalids, and Iexamined224
Peck, 1951:538. Peck, 1963:609-610. Burks, specimensfromthefollowingU.S.statesandCa-
1979:787. nadian provinces and territories (ICCM, CNCI,
FSCA, INHS, SEMC, UCDC. UCRC, USNM):
Ashmead(1896)gavethefollowingdifferences Arizona.California.Colorado,Delaware,Florida,
between S. americanus and his new species S. Illinois, Iowa, Idaho, Maryland, Massachusetts,
affinis: 1. Fl-5 elongate and F6 quadrate in S. Michigan.Minnesota,Missouri,NewYork,Ohio,
americanus.whileallthefunicularsegmentstrans- Oregon,Pennsylvania,SouthCarolina,Tennessee,
verseinS.affinis. 2.Allthetibiaepalecoloredin Texas,Utah.Virginia,Washington,Alberta,Brit-
S. americanus. while the middleandhindtibiae ishColumbia,Manitoba.Ontario.Quebec,Nova
darkin5.affinis.3.ThemedianemarginationofTl Scotia,Yuk—onTerritory.
deepinS.americanus.butrunningalmosttothe Biology. Syntomopusamericanus has been
baseofthefirstterguminS.affinis.ThetypeofS. reared from a number of stem-mining Diptera,
americanuswasmisidentifiedasafemale;how- mostlyAgromyzidae,butthereisonerecordfrom
ever, and the differences listed above are those astem-boringcochylidlepidopteran.Thereisalso
commonlyfoundbetweenmalesandfemalesofa a possible record from a cynipid gall on white
singlecommonNearcticSyntomopusspecies.The poplar,butIbelieve thatthegall ofthepoplar-
deeplycleftT1musthavebeenanerrorinobserva- gallingagromyzid,HexomyzaschineriGiraud,was
tionbecausethisstatewasnotseenbymeonthe mistakenforacynipidgall.Thefollowingisalist
typeoranyotherspecimenofNearcticSyntomopus. ofhostrecordsfromspecimensexamined:United
Onthebasisofmyreexaminationofthetypesof States. CALIFORNIA: Salinas, 20.X.1943,
thesetwospeciesandacomparisonofthevariation Agromyza (=Melanagromyza) virens Loew
betweenthetypesandvariationobservedinother (Diptera: Agromyzidae)(USNM). DELAWARE:
NearcticSyntomopusmaterial,Iamsynonymizing Newark, 6 & 7.V.1935. ragweed borer
S.affiniswithS—.americanus. material(USNM). MICHIGAN: Gogebic Co..
Discussion. Compared with the Palearctic 15.V.1968,ingalleryofSaperdaconcolorLeCNoEntWe
Syntomopusspecies,S. americanusmostclosely (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)(USNM).
resemblesS.incurvusaadS.thoracicus.Ma\esofS. YORK: Ithaca, Winter 1925.1926, Agromyza
americanusdifferfrommalesofthesePalearctic (=Melanagromyza)virens(USNM);21.11.1939,6
speciesbyhavingthefuniculusmoreslender,with & 15.111.1939, Agromyza (=Melanagromyza)
allitssegments,exceptsometimesF6,elongate.All angelicaeFrost(Diptera:Agromyzidae)(USNM).
themalefunicularsegments,exceptFl,aretrans- OHIO: Eaton Mountain, 10 & 14.VI.1934, ex
versein5.thoracicus.whileF4-6aretransversein Agromyza (=Melanagromyza) virens (USNM).
S.incurvus(Graham1969).Syntomopusamericanus PENNSYLVANIA: 19.XI.1939, ex stems of
femalesdifferfrom5. incurvusfemalesbynever Vernonianoveboracensis(L.)Michaux(USNM).
havingtheanteriorcornersofthepronotumpromi- Canada. QUEBEC: St. Romuald, 13.VI.1958,
nentandbyhavingthestigmalveinshorterrelative Agromyza (=Hexomyza) schineri on Populus
tothemarginalvein.Thelengthofthemarginal tremula tremuloides (Michaux) Loeve & Loeve
veinaverages2.2±(S.E.=)0.023(n=10)timesthat (CNCI). MANITOBA:FalconLake, 8.VII.1965,
ofthe stigmal vein in S. americanus, but varies cynipid[?] gall on white poplar (CNCI); Riding
114 JournalofHymenopteraResearch
MountainNational Park,7.VIII.1966,cynipid[?] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
gall on white poplar (CNCI). NOVA SCOTIA:
Simpson Field Station (Rest. Co.), 5.VIII.1960, Iwishtothankthefollowingpersonsfortheloanof
Agromyza (=Hexomyza) schineri (CNCI). materialusedinthisstudy:G.A.P.Gibson.Canadian
ONTARIO:Ancaster,variousdatesinDecember NationalCollection(CNCI);G.C.Eickwort,Cornell
1966andJanuary 1977,Melanagromyzamartini UtinoinveorfsiAtryt(hCoUpIoCd)s;(LF.SAC.A)S;tanGg.e,E.FlWoarildlaacSet,ateCaCronlelgeice-
Spencer (CNCI), 19.XII.1966, Phytomyza MuseumofNaturalHistory(ICCM);W.E.LaBerge.
flavicornisFallen(Diptera:Agromyzidae)(CNCI); Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS); R. Brooks,
VinlandStation,23.V.1936,exPhaloniavoxcana Snow Entomological Collection atthe Universityof
Kft. (Lepidoptera: Cochylidae) in stems of Kansas(SEMC);J.D.Pinto,UniversityofCaliforniaat
Prenanthes alba L.(CNCI); Windsor, 1948, Riverside(UCRC);E. E.Grissell, UnitedStatesNa-
AaSgtmeeryrosimkcyaazlnau?ss]ph.a(isnCNhbCoeIlel)ny.chooIlcnlkec[atdMedediltiainnoanas,gsroSocymianytztiaoomnhoiwcpikutsshi CctioaollnliaeflcotriMnoiunasaoetfuDtmahvei(sBUoiShsNaUMrCt)D.MCu.TshTeehuaamnckrastoantlyhsemoUgunosietvoderbsofiotrthyDtroh.ef
Atachhmneubnsmrefiototsslsil;Laor.waaitgantSwgieWoepeuldbxasanttCtiseS:ttry..,DalaIMfvioaiswldsfaa,ouaOranntidt;aMMreaSiasiol;daie,Hxne,lAatirMaiaSnzsitosonhauau-x;s pRSMo.imrlitlMtehcdrsuGoraininnnidlgaetntyhheePaUorn.sedStsd.eotaDchretecophrSaamrplithtamFhseesenlotlonfoiowaftsnhAhigsiIrpnpisrctoauijnlteutdctutir.toeonffDoorrr.sutDph.-e
City,IowaandLoganCanyon,Utah;Betulaat58
mileseastofDawson,Yukon;andUrticadioicaL. LITERATURECITED
atAncaster,Ontario.
ThereareseveralhostrecordsforSyntomopus Ashmead,W. H. 1894. Descriptionsofthirteennew
americanusintheliterature.Thisspecieswasreared parasiticHymenoptera,bredbyProf.F.M.Webster.
inthe springfromstemsofAmbrosia trifidaL., JournaloftheCincinnatiSocietyofNaturalHistory
probably from pupaeofAgromyza sp. (Webster 17:45-55.
1894).SyntomopusamericanusemergedinJanu- Ashmead,W.H. 1896.Descriptionsofnewparasitic
aryandFebruaryalongwithadultsofitshostfrom Hymenoptera.TransactionsoftheAmericanEnto-
p(Lu.p)a(eMalivnacsetaeem)s,ionfthheollalby(hHoacnks.beArlrtyha1e94a0)r.oTsheea Ashmomroelatohdge,icSWau.lpeSHro.fcai1m9ei0tl4yy.2C3Cl:haa1sl7sc9ii-fdi2oc3ia4td.ieoan,owfitthhedcehsaclrciipdtfiloiness
ahonsgteliiscageiFvreonst;ashoAwgevreorm,ytzhais(ag^rMoemlyazniadgrisoamysztae)m oSfountehwAsmpeerciiecsaibnythHeerCbaerrntegHi.eSMmuitshe.uMme,mcooilrlesctoefdthien
borerinAngelicaspp.(SpencerandSteyskal1986). CarnegieMuseuml:i-ix,225-551,pis.31-39.
The stem-mining agromyzid of hollyhock is Askew,R.R.1970.Observationsonthehostsandhost
MelanagromyzahicksiSteyskalandthismaybethe food plants of some Pteromalidae [Hym.,
actualhostinthestudyofHansberry(1940).Schread Chalcidoidea].Entomophaga15:379-385.
etal.(1942)reportedSyntomopusamericanusasa Boucek,Z.1976.AfricanPteromalidae(Hymenoptera):
pdrwiamrafryrpaagrwaseietde.ofAdmibprteorsoiuaslaarrvtaeemiisnisateefmoslioaftLh.e ntheewEtnatxoam,oslyongoincyamliSeosciaentdycoofmSboiuntahteironnsA.frJiocuarn3a9l:9o-f
Syntomopusamericanuswasalsogivenasamajor Bou3c1e.k, Z. 1988. Australian Chalcidoidea (Hy-
parasite ofAgromyza (-Melanagromyza) virens menoptera).Abiosystematicrevisionofgeneraof
pupariainstemsofguayule,Partheniumargentatwn fourteenfamilies,withareclassificationofspecies.
Gray(Asteraceae)(Lange1944;Cassidyetal.1950). C.A.BInternational:Wallingford.832pp.
ParasiterecordsofSyntomopusamericanusinthe Bruzon,S.F.,E.G.Martinez,andM.Calderon. 1968.
studiesbyWebster,Hansberry,Lange,andCassidy Algunosaspectossobrelabiologiadelbarrenador
etal.wereverifiedbymethroughexaminationof Melanagromyza n. sp. del tomate Lycopersicum
vouchermaterialincollections. esculentum y de sus dano en al cutivo. Acta
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