Synthetic Lubricants And High- Performance Functional Fluids, Revised And Expanded PDF
Preview Synthetic Lubricants And High- Performance Functional Fluids, Revised And Expanded
SYNTHETIC LUBRICANTS fiND HIGH-PERFORMANCE FUNCTIONAL FLUIDS Second Edition, Red vEinxspeada nded editedyb Leslie R. Rudnick Infineum USA, L.P. Linden,w eN Jersey Ronald L. Shubkin Albemarle Corporation Baton Rouge, Louisiana MARCEL W YEONR• KB AMSAELRCEL DEKKER, INC . ISBN: 0-8247-0194-1 This boo skip rinte ndoa cid-free paper. Headquarters Marcel Dekker, Inc. 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 te!: 212-696-9000; fax: 212-685-4540 Eastern Hemisphere Distribution Marcel DekkeGrA Hutgass, 4eP ostfach 812, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland tel: 41-61-261-8482; fax: 41-61-261-8896 World WidebeW http://www.dekker.com e pubhlisheTr offern st hdisi osbcoooukn tswhen nbr muolrookdir eeqr ue iFadnnfotirtmie ast.ion, write to Special Sales/Professionale hMheaatdrqk uettaairntge rs address above. Copyrigh© t1 99y bM9 arcel Dekker, Inl lRcA. ights Reserved. Neither the irbsy e pynpbaaarmo rrooot dnk ucer otdr any smnmay e yfinaotbatn r ernmsodi, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permissionn i writing frome ht publisher. Current printing (last digit): 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 32 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA SYNTHETIC LUBRICANTS AND HIGH-PERFORMANCE FUNCTIONAL FLUIDS CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES A Serif eRos eference Bo doTnkeasx tbooks Consulting Editor HEINZ HEINEMANN Berkeley, California 1. Fluid Catalytic Cracking with Zeolite Catalysts, Paul B. Venuto and E. Thomas Hab.irbJ, . 2Ethylene: Kee yPhsett otornotec hemical Industry, Ludwig Kniel, Olaf Winter, and Karl Stork e ChTh e.3misd tnTraye chnologf oyP etroleum, Jame. GSs peight 4. The Desulfurization of Heavy Oils and Residua, James G. Speight 5. Cata flOoysrgi sanic Reactions, y eW. dbMRiitlleoiad sme r 6. Acetylene-Based Chemicals from Coal and Other Natural Resources, Robert J. Tedeschi 7. Chemically Resistant Masonry, Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr. 8. Compressors and Expanders: Selection and Application for the Process Industry, Heinz P. Bloch, Joseph A. Cameron, Frank M. Danowski, Jr., Ralph James, Jr., Juds. oSSnw earind gMneaanr, i. lWyEn eightman . 9Metering Pumps: Selectd iAonanp plication, Jame .PPs oynton 10. Hydrocarbons from Methanol, Clarenc .eDC hang 11. Form Flotation: Theory and Applications, Ann N. Clarke and David J. Wilson 12 eh.TC hemistryd na Technologyf o Coal, James. G Speight 13. Pneumatic and Hydraulic Conveying of Solids, O. A. Williams 14. Catalyst Manufacture: Laboratory and Commercial Preparations, Alvin B. Stiles 15. Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalysts, edited by Francis Delannay 16. BASIC Progrr aComhfse mical Engineering Design, Ja. mWHees ber 17. Catalyst Poisoning, L. Louis Hegedus and Robert W. McCabe 18. Catalysis of Organic Reactions, edited by John R. Kosak 19. Adsorption TechnologA yS: tep-by-Step Approao cPth rocess Evaluadtnioan Application, editey Fbd ran. LSk lejko . 0D2eactivat diPnoano isoninf ogC atalysts, edite ybJda cques Oud dnHaare nry Wise 21. Catalysis and Surface Science: Developments in Chemicals from Methanol, Hydrotreating of Hydrocarbons, Catalyst Preparation, Monomers and Polymers, Photocatalysis and Photovoltaics, edited by Heinz Heinemann and Gabor A. Somorjai .2C2atalyf Osoisr ganic Reactions, edy itRebod b. eALru tgustine 23. Modern Control Techniques for the Processing Industries, T. H. Tsai, J. W. Lan. eCS dn,a, ni.L 24. Temperature-Programmed Reduction for Solid Materials Characterization, Alan Jones and Brian McNichol 25. Catalytic Cracking: Catalysts, Ched mnKisaitnrye ,ti-cosW, B o.hWdan jciechowski and Avelino Corma 26. Chemical Reaction and Reactor Engineering, edited by J. J. Carberry and A. Varma . 7F2iltration: Prd inPncriapalcetsi ces: Second Edition, ey dMbiteicd .hJae l Mattesond nCa lyderrO 28. Corrosion Mechanisms, editedy bF lorian Mansfeld 29. Catalysis and Surface Properties of Liquid Metals and Alloys, Yoshisada Ogino 30. Catalyst Deactivation, edited by Eugene E. Petersen and Alexis T. Bell 31. Hydrogen Effectsn i Catalysis: Fundamentalsd na Practical Applications, edited byZolta. GnM .PeP ndanoaanl 32. Flow Management for Engineers and Scientists, Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff and Paul N. Cheremisinoff 33. Catalysis of Organic Reactions, edited by Paul N. Rylander, Harold Greenfield, and Robert L. Augustine . 43Powdd enaBr ulk Solids Handling Processes: Instrumentatio dnnaC ontrol, Koichi linoya, Hiroaki Masuda, and Kinnosuke Watanabe . 53Reverse Osmosis Technology: Applicatior noHfs igh-Purity-Water Production, ey dB. PiSbitpeairdn ekh 36. Shape Selective Catalysis in Industrial Applications, N. Y. Chen, William E. Garwood, and Frank G. Dwyer 37. Alpha Olefins Applications Handbook, edited by George R. Lappin and Joseph L. Sauer . 83 Process Modelingd na Controln i Chemical Industries, editedy b Kaddour Najim 39. Clathrate Hydratef osN atural Gases. ED, endy Sloan.rJ, 40. Catalysis of Organic Reactions, edited by Dale W. Blackburn 41. Fuel Sciend cnTea echnology Handbook, editey dbJ ame. GsS peight . 24 Octane-Enhancing ZeoliticC CF Catalysts, Julius Scherzer 43. Oxygn eCin atalysis, Adam Bielad J~nesarkz iy Haber eChhTed m T.ni4sea4tcrhy nolf ooPgey troleum: Second Edition, Redvnisaed Expanded, James G. Speight 45. Industrial Drying Equipment: Selection and Application, C. M. van't Land 46. Novel Production Methods for Ethylene, Light Hydrocarbons, and Aromatics, edited by Lyle F. Albright, Billy L. Crynes, and Siegfried Nowak 47. Catalysis of Organic Reactions, edited by William E. Pascoe 48. Synthetic Lubricants and High-Performance Functional Fluids, edited by Ronald L. Shubkin . 9A4cetis ctDI Aedrnciavida tives, edity ebVd ic. tHoAr grd enJdaoas e.pRh Zoeller 50. Properties and Applications of Perovskite-Type Oxides, edited by L. G. Tejuca and J. L. G. Fierro 51. Computer-Aided Def Csoiagtn aly. sREtso,b eeydrtd bi tCBenda e.rcJamkeo r Pereira . 25 Modelsr of Thermodynamicd na Phase Equilibria Calculations, editedyb Stanley I. Sandier 53. Catalysis of Organic Reactions, edited by John R. Kosak and Thomas A. Johnson 54. Composition and Analysis of Heavy Petroleum Fractions, Klaus H. Altgelt and Mieczyslaw M. Boduszynski 55. NMR Techniques in Catalysis, edited by Alexis T. Bell and Alexander Pines 56. Upgrading Petroleum Residues and Heavy Oils, Murray R. Gray 57. Methanol Producd tUnioasne , edity eWbd u-Hsun Chd eHnnaag ro. HKldu ng 58. Catalytic Hydroprocessing of Petroleum and Distillates, edited by Michael C. Obad Slnltaauh. a SSrh tih 59. The Chemistry and Technology of Coal: Second Edition, Revised and Ex- panded, James G. Speight , 60. Lubricant Base Oil and Wax Processing, Avilino Sequeira, Jr. 61. Catalytic Naphtha Reforming: Science and Technology, edited by George J. Antos, Abdullah M. Aitani, and Jose M. Parera . 2C6atalysf oOis rganic Reactions, edity eMbd i. kGSec ad rMnoaisc ha. eLP lrunier . 36 Catalyst Manufacture, Alvin. B Stilesd naT heodore. A Koch 64. Handbook ofGrignard Reagents, editedy b Gary. S Silverman dna Philip. E Rakita . 5S6hape Selective Catalysn iiIsn dustrial Applications: Second Edition, Revidsnead Expa .YCnd h.eeNdn ,, Willia .EGm arwd oFnorada ,n. cGDisw yer 66. Hydrocracking Sci deTnnecace hnology, Juliu. sJG Sr.uAciah dernzaer 67. Hydrotreating Technology for Pollution Control: Catalysts, Catalysis, and Processes, editey dbM ari. oLO cce dnRllai ussell Chianelli . 8C6atalyf oOsisr ganic Reactions, edy itRebud s. sEMe.la rllJz , 69. Synthesis of Porous Materials: Zeolites, Clays, and Nanostructures, edited by Mari .LoO cc deHnlalie nri Kessler 70. Methane and Its Derivatives, Sunggyu Lee 71. Structured Catalysts and Reactors, edited by Andrzej Cybulski and Jacob A. Moulijn 72. Industrial Gases in Petrochemical Processing, Harold Gunardson 73. Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, E. Dendy Sloan.rJ, 74. Fluid Cracking Catalysts, edited by Mario L. Occelli and Paul O'Connor 75. Catalysis of Organic Reactions, edited by Frank E. Herkes ehT .67Chemistrd nya Technologyf o Petroleum: Third Edition, Reviseddna Expanded, James G. Speight 77. Synthetic Lubricants and High-Performance Functional Fluids: Second Edition, Revisedd na Expanded, Leslie. R Rudnickd na Ronald. L Shubkin ADDITIONAL VOLUMES NI PREPARATION Reaction Kind Renteiacas ctor Design: Second Edition, Red vEinsxaepda nded, Joh. BBn utt Preface to the Second Edition e ohbTjecf titohvie s second oepdtrio tsivoiind e up-to-date infe mohramtn aynt iosoyn nthetic lubricants that are available in order to meet the increasingly severe demands placed on them. In additio oitnn cludl iclnahg apter subjects that appe fheirats rtne ied dition, this edition contains w enchaptersn i eac ehht tfo hree parts: fluids, applicationsd n,at rends.n I Parn ot ,fI luids, there are new chapters on poly(internal)olefins, polyphenyl ethers, polymer esters, and highly refined mineral oils. n aopIpn l ,iPcIaaIe trci thohnn atgps oe,tea rr oilse f ihfrrsottm es dbaietiehonn split into automotive gear lubricants and industrial gear oils in this one. There is also a new chapter on refrigeration lubes. In Part III, on trends, the chapter on automotive trends has been separated into four chapters, each representina dg ifferent e rgehglto ifobone : Euroe pUhetn, ited States, Asia, and South America. Because these markets are at different stages of development and are growin tagg reatly different ras itae ptsip, ropriate that these regioe nbesv aluated separately. In addition to the textual material, most authors of the fluids chapters have included a list of commercially available fluids relateo dtth eir chapter, givie nphgtr open sri todinmeas e cases performance data for the fluids described. The last chapter of this second edition is a compilation of lubricant-related terms and acro- nymt Isin. clue dahebts breviatiof noms any organizations aroe ughnltdo be e thirnaavt olved raono thyerae .lwuhbrti icn eanntso in dnusitry Finalln yae, xtensive inds eabhxe en includeo dft acilf iott haesituse bn oiao lllklA,. this second edition will be a valuable reference for the status of synthetic lubricants and high- performance functional fle uwai dpsasp roace hhnt ext millennium. Leslie R. Rudnick: I wish to extend thanks to all of my colleagues (and especially Ron Shubkin), who encouraged me to begin and complete this book. This edition is the collection of the efforts and expertise of over 50 contributors recognized as experts in their respective ebee d hsointpf f htwtapnTehs saooobroiprao rsteremaaetc ekua pct ne. snrttwheo ittj iyethc t the many contributors. It is my sincere hope that we will continue to share our areas of interest ti dalong as hfctoerm s tpeht iflhiefsait cevpi.oeear onTp jthleryiocsgt prenrso sjeedct wo uld not been for the excellent guidance and advice received from Rita Lazazzaro and Eric Stannard of Marcel Dekker, Inc. I would especially like to thank Kelli Swatsworth, who helped with all the correspondence and typing. I would also like to thank my wife, Paula, and my family for their understanding and support while I worked on this book. Ronald L. Shubkin: The preparation of the first edition of Synthetic Lubricants and High- Performance Functional Fluids afforded me an opportunity to meet and get to know one of the finest groupsf o peopleI have evee htr dpah leasureo t work with—the authore sht foi ndividual chapters. For this opportunity, I will always be grateful. Mucs hahc hanw geyf eehetd nai rs since ehot riginal publicatios anww t.I ith great satisfac- tion (and relief) that I was able to coax Les Rudnick into joining me as the coeditor of the Hi iv Preface to the Second Edition second edition nIf. act, siny cmree sponsibilities haw votr aneaff kr eeoe mnhmst y nthetic lubs rianicdhaene tdsse epbahrrLeieteman ,ary force behind this second edition. Thank you, b wo sebjla el ahedn Lo tneIes .. Lesl. iRRe udnick Rona. LlSdh ubkin Preface to the First Edition Whn imlie any applicate iophnrtis mary funa sc ytfinootnh etic flous liniud byrbic astii otni , means the only function. Heat transfer, power transmission, electrical insulation, and corrosion inhibition are only a few of the other tasks that fluids may be expected to perform. In many instancee hstr equiremen ehttt faso sks exceee dhtp erformance capabilitief so natural fluids, and the synthesis of new products to meet the extraordinary demands is necessary. In other cases, synthetic fluids have proven to be more cost-effective than natural products in meeting the requirements of a given application. In still other cases, environmental or toxicological con- sidera ftsiooynn tsh eheatsivceu f umn acentidhoanttael d fluids e,r ewrlahatiicv hely nonntoxii c comparisoo mnt any naturally derived fluids. Synthetic fluids, designeo pdt rovide performance characteristics above and beyond those available from fluids derived from most natural sources, are the subject of this book. The intention of this book is to provide a one-volume overview of the various types and uses of synthetic functional fluids currently available. The first section of the book is devoted to the different fluids. Each chapter is focused on a particular class of compounds and is author- ized by a recognized expert in the field. The fluids covered include all the well-established commercial products as well as some experimental fluids that have the potential of becoming commercialized in the near future. To the extent possible, each chapter includes a discussion of: Historical Development Chemistry Property and Performance Characteristics Manufacture, Marketing, and Economics Outlook The second section of the book deals with applications. These chapters focus on specific application arer oawfs hich synthetic flue iredais ther currently user obd eing seriously consid- r eourefsd e. Age aahiutnt ,e hrroearcs ognized e eahxptpp enlriictsa tion e achrheTaa p.ters cover: Historical Development Synthetic Fluids Appropr oiAattpe plication Comparative Performance Data Current Commercial Practice e htd hTlniarasd t se ebhcott iofookn deals with long-rf oasny engsteuh eterhteitcn ndis fluids in major industries or areas of interest. The authors of these chapters have been chosen because of their ability to take a long-term view. They have been asked to consider not only where their field of interest is today, but where it is headed in the future. They have in effect been aso kbeted come prognosticaf toofurst ure developmen nsitys nthetic functional fluids.
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