ebook img

Synthesis of Schiff Bases of 4-Amino-3-Mercapto-5-Pyridin PDF

135 Pages·2012·5.44 MB·English
by  
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview Synthesis of Schiff Bases of 4-Amino-3-Mercapto-5-Pyridin

4&vehuks&3&ejdSIVks&5&fijhMhu&4&by&4&,p&1]2]4&Vªkb,tksy fÓQ cslksa dk la'ys"k.k ,oa mudk izfrjks/k mRizsjd o dodjks/kh ds :Ik esa ijh{k.k Synthesis of Schiff Bases of 4-Amino-3-Mercapto-5-Pyridin- 4yl-4H-1,2,4-Triazole and Their Evaluation as Resistance Inducers and Antifungal Agents By SUJAN MAJUMDER DIVISION OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE NEW DELHI – 110 012 2013 Synthesis of Schiff Bases of 4-Amino-3-Mercapto-5-Pyridin- 4yl-4H-1,2,4-Triazole and Their Evaluation as Resistance Inducers and Antifungal Agents By SUJAN MAJUMDER A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Post-Graduate School, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi in partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS 2013 Approved by: Chairperson: [Dr. R.L. Gupta] Members: [Dr. Rajesh Kumar] [Dr. Aditi kundu] [Dr. H. K. Sharma] [Dr. Bishnu Maya Bashyal] Division of Agricultural Chemicals, Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi-110 012, India Dr. R. L. Gupta Principal Scientist CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Synthesis of Schiff Bases of 4-Amino-3- Mercopto-5-Pyridin-4yl-4H-1,2,4-Triazole and Their Evaluation as Resistance Inducers and Antifungal Agents” submitted to the Faculty of the Post-Graduate School, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, in partial fulfillment of Master of Science in Agricultural Chemicals, embodies the results of bona fide research work carried out by Mr. Sujan Majumder, Roll No. 20115 under my guidance and supervision, and that no part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree or diploma. The assistance and help availed during the course of investigation as well as source of information have been duly acknowledged by him. Place: New Delhi (Dr. R.L. Gupta) Dated: June 29, 2013 Chairman Advisory Committee DEDICATED TO MY P ARENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my deepest sense of gratitude and indebtedness to Dr. R. L. Gupta, Principal Scientist, Division of Agricultural Chemicals, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi and chairperson, advisory committee for his invaluable guidance, constant encouragement, cooperative attitude, immense patience, useful discussions and peerless criticism during the course of investigation and preparation of the manuscript. He has been a consistent source of inspiration, towards the completion of this work. It is my privilege to express profound sense of gratitude to Dr. Rajesh Kumar, Senior Scientist and Dr. Aditi Kundu, Scientist, Division of Agricultural Chemicals and members of my advisory committee for their constructive and valuable suggestions. I take pleasure to convey my heartfelt thanks to Dr. Bishnu Maya Bashyal, Scientist, Division of Plant Pathology, IARI, and member, advisory committee for her invaluable advice and encouragement endowed during the research work. I implore my feeling of gratitude to Dr. H. K. Sharma, Principal Scientist, Division of Nematology, IARI and member advisory committee for his cordial behavior and guidance. My sincere thanks are to Dr. V. T. Gajbhiye, Head, Division of Agricultural Chemicals, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, for encouraging me and providing facilities throughout this study. My heartiest thanks are to Mrs. Renu Thukral, for her technical assistance in lab and untiring help in antifungal study. I convey my heartiest thanks to Mr. Yajulu, Shri P. K. Singh and Dr. R. S. Tanwar, for their help during the entire span of study. The unceasing affection and support of seniors Anirban da, Suman da, Tilak da, Prithu da, Abhishek da, Parshant sir and Pradeep sir shall always be in my memory. I extend my heartfelt thanks to my juniors Vikas and Liton for their special concerns. I extend my heartfelt thanks to my friends Shailesh, Chandrika, Ali, Ashish, Sam, Srikanta and Soumya enabled me to pursue my goals and never admit defeat. The endless love, affection, sacrifice and constant inspiration from parents have enabled me to reach the foothills of my long cherished aspiration. I would like to mention the selfless love and emotional support of Moumita who changed my life forever. Also I would like to convey my love and respect to Mej da and Satya da who gave me immense support throughout. Finally, the financial assistance provided by the institute in the form of IARI fellowship during the tenure of research is gratefully acknowledged. Place: New Delhi Sujan Majumder Dated: June 29, 2013 CONTENTS S. No. Chapter Page No. 1 Introduction 1 2 Background 4 3 Materials and Methods 23 4 Research Paper I 43 5 Research Paper II 63 6 Research Paper III 74 7 General Discussion 80 8 Summary and Conclusion 82 9 Abstract (English and Hindi) 10 Bibliography i-vi 11 Appendix I. 1H NMR spectra 12 Appendix II. 13C NMR spectra 13 Appendix III. IR spectra LIST OF TABLES Table Title Page No. No. 4.1 4-Arylidenamino-3-mercapto-5-pyridin-4-yl-4H-1,2,4-triazoles 46 synthesized 4.2 Preparation and yield data of 4-Arylidenamino-3-mercapto-5- 47 pyridin-4-yl-4H-1,2,4-triazoles using conventional method 4.3 Preparation and yield data of 4-Arylidenamino-3-mercapto-5- 48 pyridin-4-yl-4H-1,2,4-triazoles using Microwave-induced Organic Reaction Enhancement [MORE] method 4.4 Melting point and TLC data of 4-Arylidenamino-3-mercapto-5- 50 pyridin-4-yl-4H-1,2,4-triazoles 4.5 Elemental analysis data of 4-Arylidenamino-3-mercapto-5- 51 pyridin-4-yl-4H-1,2,4-triazoles 4.6 1H NMR data of 4-Arylidenamino-3-mercapto-5-pyridin-4-yl-4H- 52 1,2,4-triazoles 4.7 53 13C NMR data of 4-Arylidenamino-3-mercapto-5-pyridin-4-yl- 4H-1,2,4-triazoles 4.8 IR data of 4-Arylidenamino-3-mercapto-5-pyridin-4-yl-4H-1,2,4- 55 triazoles 5.1 Resistance inducing effect of 4-Arylidenamino-3-mercapto-5- 68 pyridin-4-yl-4H-1,2,4-triazoles on rice plants (var. Pusa basmati- 1) at 500 ppm concentration 5.2 Effect of potential resistance inducing 4-Arylidenamino-3- 69 mercapto-5-pyridin-4-yl-4H-1,2,4-triazoles on rice plants (var. Pusa basmati-1) at 250 ppm concentration 5.3 Effect of potential resistance inducing 4-Arylidenamino-3- 69 mercapto-5-pyridin-4-yl-4H-1,2,4-triazoles on rice plants (var. Pusa basmati-1) at 500 ppm concentration 5.4 Effect of potential resistance inducing 4-Arylidenamino-3- 69 mercapto-5-pyridin-4-yl-4H-1,2,4-triazoles on rice plants (var. Pusa basmati-1) at 1000 ppm concentration 5.5 Quantitative changes in polyphenol content in rice plants treated 70 with 4-(Arylideneamino)-3-mercapto-5-pyridin-4-yl-4H-1,2,4- triazoles 5.6 Quantitative changes in phenyl alanine ammonia Lyase (PAL) 71 content in rice plants treated with 4-Arylidenamino-3-mercapto-5- pyridin-4-yl-4H-1,2,4-triazoles 5.7 Quantitative changes in peroxidase content in rice plants treated 72 with 4-Arylidenamino-3-mercapto-5-pyridin-4-yl-4H-1,2,4- triazoles 6.1 Fungicidal activity of 4-Arylidenamino-3-mercapto-5-pyridin-4yl- 77 4H-1,2,4-triazoles against Rhizoctonia solani 6.2 Fungicidal activity of 4-Arylidenamino-3-mercapto-5-pyridin-4yl- 78 4H-1,2,4-triazoles against Fusarium moniliforme 8.1 Comparisons of microwave and conventional methods involved in 84 the synthesis LIST OF FIGURES Figure Title Page No. No. 4.1 IR spectra of 4-(4-Methylbenzylidenamino)-3-mercapto- 59 5-pyridin-4-yl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (GS10) 4.2 1H NMR spectra of 4-(4-Methylbenzylidenamino)-3- 60 mercapto-5-pyridin-4-yl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (GS10) 4.3 13C NMR spectra of 4-(4-Methylbenzylidenamino) -3- 61 mercapto-5-pyridin-4-yl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (GS10) 4.4 Thiol-thione forms of 4-Arylidenamino-3-mercapto-5- 62 pyridin-4-yl-4H-1,2,4-triazoles 5.1 Sheath blight symptoms at 5 days after inoculation 65 5.2 Polyphenol content at 3 days after inoculation at 1000 70 ppm 5.3 PAL content at 3 days after inoculation at 1000 ppm 71 5.4 Peroxidase content at 3 days after inoculation at 1000 72 ppm 6.1 Fungicidal activity of 4-(4-Fluorobenzylidenamino)-3- 76 mercapto-5-pyridin-4-yl-4H-1,2,4-triazole against Rhizoctonia solani 6.2 Fungitoxicity of of 4-Arylidenamino-3-mercapto-5- 78 pyridin-4-yl-4H-1,2,4-triazoles against Rhizoctonia solani 6.3 Fungitoxicity of of 4-Arylidenamino-3-mercapto-5- 79 pyridin-4-yl-4H-1,2,4-triazoles against Fusarium moniliforme 1 1. INTRODUCTION Agriculture, as the largest private enterprise in India, has been and will continue to be the lifeline of the Indian economy at least in the forcible future. Despite great agricultural advances in the past, million still go hungry, live under constant threat of famine. So, we have to raise our production to feed the increasing population. Therefore, we should have concentrated on food production up to 250 million tons by utilizing the untapped potentials. We must ensure that the agriculture, which is the mainstay of our livelihood and ecological security, is carried out in such a way that it can produce more but in a sustainable way. There are two ways to improve the output of food production, by increasing the crop productivity through adoption of high yielding variety cultivar and avoiding the crop failure occurrence due to infestation of insect-pests, weeds, disease problem and post-harvest crop losses. The overall crop losses by insect pests, plant diseases, and weeds in spite of modern crop protection measures are as high as 50% (Devakumar and Kumar 2007; Dureja and Gupta 2009). In India, the approximate crop losses due to pests and diseases are about 10- 30%. By taking an average loss of 20% and based on the present gross value of our agriculture produce, the crop losses due to pests and diseases were estimated to be Rs 2,50,000 crores annually. So, we have to control the diseases, weeds, and insects to get increased crop production. Use of plant protection chemicals is one of the most effective control measures to manage the pests. Chemical crop protection therefore, will continue to play an important role in agribusiness in spite of the emergence of novel biotechnological solutions. Scientific progress in chemistry, biology, and molecular biology has revolutionized the way of searching for new agrochemicals over the past decade. The search for and the development of novel agrochemicals with new modes of action, improved safety profiles, and adapted to the changing requirement of the food and feed production chain are more than ever the challenge. Adequate crop protection with green chemicals will contribute in the future to increase the yield per hectare and help to ensure food, feed, and fiber of high quality. Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) was first described as a response to pathogen infection. Subsequently it has been found that treatment of plants with low molecular weight molecules can also induce SAR. Natural signaling molecules SA (salicylic acid), JA (Jasmonic acid), systemin and other elicitors, are the components of biological induction. The use of chemicals to activate SAR provides novel alternatives for disease control in agronomic system as well tools for the elucidation of the SAR signal transduction cascade (Neuenschwander et al., 1995).Various chemicals have been discovered that seems to act at various point in these defense activating networks and mimic all or parts of the biological activation of resistance (Kessmann et al., 1994). To be considered an activator first, the

Description:
Page No. 1. Introduction. 1. 2. Background. 4. 3. Materials and Methods. 23. 4. Research Paper I. 43. 5. Research Paper II. 63. 6. Research Paper III. 74. 7. General Discussion. 80 3.2.1.6 Microwave: A Samsung Bio-air microwave was employed for microwave synthesis. 3.2.1.7 Melting point: Melting
See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.