Synthesis and Characterization of Biodegradable Polymers A Thesis Submitted to The University of Pune for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (IN CHEMISTRY) by Asutosh Kumar Pandey Polymer Science and Engineering Division National Chemical Laboratory PUNE - 411 008, INDIA. March 2009 DEDICATED TO MY FAMILY Acknowledgements I convey my deep sense of gratitude to my supervisor Dr. (Mrs). Baijayantimala. Garnaik for her constant guidance and her valuable advices that has enabled me to complete my research work successfully. I consider myself fortunate for having a chance of working with a person like her, who is a rare blend of many unique qualities. The tremendous faith on her students sets her apart from others. I take this opportunity to thank Dr. (Mrs). B. Garnaik for her tremendous help and cooperation throughout my research tenure. I have learnt from her the necessity to be hard- working and sincere, to be honest and critical, and in order to be an accomplished scientist. I am grateful her for all her contribution towards my research work. I am thankful to all my lab-mates, Smita, Balaji, Rahul Jadhav, Dnyaneshwar, Taiseen, Edna Joseph, V.K. Rana and special thanks to lab assistant S .S. Jadhav, Zine, Shelar and Mahesh for their extensive help and cooperation through the entire period of my research at NCL. I also convey my sincerest thanks to Dr. R. P Singh, Dr .B. B. Idage, Dr. C. V. Avadhani, Dr. P.P. Wadgaonkar, Dr D. R. Sani, Mr. Menon and Mrs. D. A. Dhoble for their helpful attitude at all times of need. I am also thankful to all members of Polymer Science and Engineering Division, NCL, for maintaining a warm and friendly atmosphere that helped me to overcome the pain of staying away from all the near and dear ones of my family. My special thanks to Dr. P. Rajmohan for NMR facility, NCL, for his prompt help, whenever sought for. I thank all my friends, Manish Singh, Chandrmaulli Jha, Ananad Chubay, Shrikant Singh, Suraj Agrawa, Chitrasen Gupta and many more, for their friendship, love and cooperation. I am at a loss of words while expressing my feeling of gratitude towards my family brother (Nishitosh kumar Pandey), sister (Anupama Pandey), mother (Smt. Usha Pandey), father (Shri.Dinesh kumar Pandey), son (Yash Pandey) and my wife (Nidhi Pandey) and special thanks to Dr. Gyanandra Prakesh and Shikhar C. Bapna. The patience and encouragement of my parents has been a major driving force for me during the last few years of my research career. I am equally indebted to my wife, who had been a constant source of inspiration for me that gave me the moral boost to win against odds. I am thankful to all other members of my family for their affection and faith they have been keeping on me since years. Finally I thank UGC for the junior and senior research fellowship and the Director (Dr. S. Sivaram) NCL for allowing me to carry out this in the form of a thesis to the University of Poona, to whom again I am grateful for my registration towards the eligibility of a dissertation. (ASUTOSH KUMAR PANDEY) DECLARATION Certified that the work incorporated in this thesis “Synthesis and Characterization of Biodegradable Polymers” submitted by Mr. Asutosh Kumar Pandey was carried out by the candidate under my supervision. Such materials as have been obtained from other sources have been duly acknowledged. (Baijayantimala Garnaik) Research Supervisor A B S T R A C T The thesis highlights the results of dehydropolycondensation of L-lactic acid in to poly (L-lactic acid) (PLA oligomers) followed by post polymerization in presence of various zeolites i.e. ZSM-5, ZSM-12 and β-zeolites. The dehydropolycondensation was achieved under various reaction conditions of temperature, solvents and using various Lewis acid catalysts. The oligomeric product of such dehydropolycondensation were characterized for their thermal and crystalline properties as well as for molecular weight and end groups, using SEC, DSC, powder XRD, NMR and MALDI-ToF spectroscopy. It has been observed that properties of PLA oligomers as well as molecular weights can be controlled by varying these reaction parameters. The analysis of end groups is of importance for the successes of any post polymerization process. Formation of macrocyclic oligomers was identified by MALDI-ToF at higher temperature. The probability of macrocyclic compounds formation were found to increase with increasing temperature and with the use of solvent in performing the dehydropolycondensation reaction temperature and the use of solvent in performing dehydropolycondensation reaction. The reaction done at temperature ~ 145 0C or at high temperature but with out solvent were found to result in linear oligomers with both hydroxyl and carboxyl end groups. PLA oligomers which posses both hydroxyl and carboxylic end groups and which are semicrystalline were subjected to post polymerization using dehydropolycondensation techniques. The post polycondensation was carried out under different reaction condition such as temperature, solvents and using different Lewis acid catalysts. It was found that the molecular weight increased thirteen folds using decaline as a solvent and SnCl .2H O as 2 2 a catalyst in 5h. The results obtained using β-zeolite was promising in comparison with other zeolites such as ZSM-5 and ZSM-12. The sequence determination of resulting polymers showed hexad using 13C quantitative NMR (125 MHz). The sequence results obtained from carbonyl (C=O) and methine regions conform the presence of recemization and transesterification reactions respectively. Poly (aleuritic acid) and L-lactic acid-co-aleuritic acid were prepared by dehydropolycondensation using protection and deprotection method. A linear poly i (aleuritic acid) with ⎯M =12,000 was prepared. Aggregation behavior of PAA showed w micelle type structure in various solvents. The copolymers of L-lactic acid and aleuritic acid are soluble in organic and also mixed solvents. The copolymers also assembled micelle like structure in various organic solvents and combination of two solvents at various compositions. The grafting reaction of L-lactic acid, PLA oligomers and L-lactic acid-co-12-hydroxy stearic acid copolymer were on the surface of functionalized MWCNTs using dehydropolycondensation in presence of Lewis acid catalyst. Thermal studies revel that the PLA-g-MWCNTS has the effect of plasticizing the PLA matrix and also suggest the formation of new crystalline domains, which is likely to be induced in the proximity of functionalized MWCNTs. The homogeneous distribution of MWCNTs was observed by AFM and ultimately improves the mechanical and electrical properties of PLA polymers. PLA oligomers with ⎯M 2900-5100 were obtained using ring opening polymerization w in presence of zinc L-prolinate catalyst. A series of linear copolymers of L, L-lactide with ε-caprolactone with ⎯M 9000 to 30,000 were also obtained by ROP using the same w catalyst. Block copolymer of L, L-lactide with ε-caprolactone was prepared by sequential addition of ε-caprolactone and L, L-lactide and ⎯M was found to be 52,000. w 13C NMR results also proved the nature of copolymers were random as well as blocky depending on the comonomer addition during copolymerization reaction. ii GLOSSARY LA Lactic acid L-LA L-Lactic acid PLA Poly (L-lactic acid) TPT Tetraphenyltin ROP Ring opening polymerization AL Aleuritic acid proAL Protected aleuritic acid PAL Protected poly (aleuritic acid) PAA poly (aleuritic acid) PTSA p-Toluene sulphonic acid CNTs Carbon nanotubes MWCNTs Multiwalled Carbon nanotubes 12-HSA 12-Hydroxystearic acid CL ε-Caprolactone PCL Poly (ε-caprolactone) M Number average molecular weight n M Weight average molecular weight w M Viscosity average molecular weight v MWD Molecular weight distribution [η] Intrinsic viscosity T Glass transition temperature g T Melting point m m.p. Melting point (of an organic compound) b.p. Boiling point iii LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Lactic acid production: Global Scenario 4 Table 1.2 PLA vs. other polymers: intrinsic properties 32 Table 3.1 Number average molecular weights of the PLA oligomers 93 synthesized by ROP of L-lactide with water as co-initiator and Sn (Oct) as initiator 2 Table 3.2 Thermal characterization and crystallinity values of PLA 93 oligomers synthesized by ROP of L-lactide Table 4.1 Effect of L-lactic acid polymerization time on various type 101 zeolites Table 4.2 Dehydropolycondensation of L- lactic acid prepolymers 102 using various catalyst concentrations Table 4.3 Effect of catalyst concentration on the 104 dehydropolycondensation of L-lactic acid Table 4.4 Effect of solvent (polar and nonpolar) on the 105 dehydropolycondensation of L- lactic acid Table 4.5 Effect of reaction time on the dehydropolycondensation of 109 L-lactic acid in decaline Table 4.6 13C NMR carbonyl assignments of poly (L-lactic acid) 114 prepared from L-lactic acid in xylene Table 4.7 13C NMR carbonyl assignments of poly (L-lactic acid) 121 prepared from L-lactic acid in decaline Table 4.8 13C NMR carbonyls assignments of poly (L-lactic acid) 125 prepared from L-lactic acid using various solvents Table 4.9 Percentage of transesterification in polymer samples 125 Table 4.10 Experimental relative intensities of various regions in the 129 C=O 13C pattern of PLA stereocopolymers shown in Figure 4.14 to Figure 4.18 Table 5.1 Effect of reaction time on polymerization reactions of 144 proAL iv Table 5.2 Effect of catalyst concentrations on polymerization 148 reactions of proAL Table 5.3 Effect of temperature on polymerization reactions of 150 proAL Table 5.4 Comparison results of PAA and PAL polymers 150 Table 5.5 Properties of L-lactic acid protected aleuritic acid 155 copolymers Table 5.6 Properties of L-lactic acid- protected and deprotected 155 aleuritic acid copolymers Table 7.1 Effect of temperature on ROP of L, L-lactide. 198 Table 7.2 Effect of [M]/[C] ratio on the polymerization (ROP) 199 reaction of L, L-lactide Table 7.3 Effect of reaction time on polymerization (ROP) of lactide 202 Table 7.4 Zinc (L-prolinate) catalyzed homopolymerization and 214 2 copolymerization of L, L-lactide and ε-caprolactone Table 7.5 Comonomer sequence distribution by using 1H NMR 219 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure.1.1 Stereoisomers of lactide. 12 Figure.1.2 Structure of aleuritic acid. 18 Figure.1.3 Different stereo types of poly lactides. 29 Figure.1.4 PLA stereo complexes and stereo blocks. 33 Figure.1.5 A few comonomers that have been polymerized 40 with lactide. Figure.3.1 Coordination-insertion mechanism of ROP of L- 90 lactide. Figure.3.2 13C-NMR spectrum of PLA oligomer 3.1 91 synthesized by ROP of L-lactide: inset showing ester carbonyl region (ester as well as carboxylic acid) as enlarged. Figure.3.3 Thermal characterization (DSC) first and second 92 heating showing T and T , respectively of PLA m g oligomers: (a) 3.1, first heating; (b) 3.2, first heating; (c) 3.1, second heating and (d) 3.2, second heating. Figure.3.4 Powder X ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns of PLA 92 oligomers: (a) 3.1 and (b) 3.2. Figure.4.1 Structure of catalysts (A) tin chloridedihydrate, (B) 98 tetraphenyl tin and (C) dichloride distannoxane. Figure.4.2 Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) elugrams of 106 PLA oligomers (a) PLA-29, (b) PLA-30, (c) PLA- 31, (d) PLA-32, (e) PLA-33 and (f) PLA-34. Figure.4.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 107 thermograms showing melting temperature of PLA oligomers (a) PLA-29, (b) PLA-30, (c) PLA-31, (d) PLA-32, (e) PLA-33 and (f) PLA-34. Figure.4.4 DSC thermogram showing glass temperature of 108 vi
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