Syntax - Theory and Analysis: An International Handbook

1100 Pages·2015·12.35 MB·English

by  Tibor Kiss (editor)

Handbücher zur Sprach- und
Kommunikations- wissenschaft
Handbooks of Linguistics
and Communication Science
Manuels de linguistique et
des sciences de communication
Mitbegründet von Gerold Ungeheuer
Mitherausgegeben (1985–2001) von Hugo Steger
Herausgegeben von / Edited by / Edités par
Herbert Ernst Wiegand
Band 42.2
De Gruyter Mouton

ISBN 978-3-11035866-7
e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-036370-8
e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11039316-3
ISSN 1861-5090
e-ISBN (EPUB) 9783110393163
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the
Library of Congress.
Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche
Nationalbibliothek
The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the
Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are
available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de.
© 2015 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Munich/Boston
Cover design: Martin Zech, Bremen
www.degruyter.com
Epub-production: Jouve, www.jouve.com
This handbook is dedicated to the memory of our dear friend
Ursula Kleinhenz (1965–2010).
The light that burns twice as bright burns half as long.
Table of Contents
Handbücher zur Sprach-und Kommunikations-wissenschaft
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
IV. Syntactic Models
24. Minimalism
1. The nature of the program
2. Merge and the Edge Feature
2.1. Bare phrase structure
2.2. The Extension Condition
2.3. Empirical advantages: Copy deletion and Spell-Out
3. Agree and uninterpretable features
3.1. Probe-Goal
3.2. Empirical advantages
4. Transfer and phases
4.1. The cyclicity of Agree
4.2. Conceptions of phases
4.3. Empirical advantages
5. Outlook
6. References (selected)
25. Lexical-Functional Grammar
1. Introduction
2. LFG basics: c-and f-structure
3. Syntactic phenomena
3.1. Long-distance dependencies
3.1.1. Functional control: Equi and raising
3.1.2. Functional uncertainty
3.1.3. Anaphoric control
3.2. Modifiers
3.3. Coordination
3.4. Agreement
3.5. Case
4. Argument structure
4.1. Standard LFG Mapping Theory
4.2. Argument alternations and complex predicates
4.3. Incorporation of Proto-Roles
4.4. Lexical rules
5. Interfaces/other projections
5.1. Morphology-syntax interface
5.2. Information-structure
5.3. Prosodic-structure
5.4. Semantic-structure
5.5. The overall LFG projection architecture
6. OT-LFG
6.1. OT basics
6.2. Optimality Theory and LFG
7. Computational issues and resources
8. Psycholinguistic research
9. Conclusion
10. References (selected)
26. Optimality-Theoretic Syntax
1. Model of grammar
2. Evidence for OT analyses in syntax
2.1. Constraint conflict
2.2. Repair phenomena
2.3. Default contexts
2.4. Cross-linguistic variation
3. Problems for OT analyses in syntax
3.1. Complexity
3.2. Ineffability (absolute ungrammaticality)
3.2.1. The generator
3.2.2. Empty outputs
3.2.3. Bad winners
3.2.4. Repair
3.2.5. Neutralization
3.3. Optionality
3.3.1. Pseudo-optionality and neutralization
3.3.2. True optionality
3.3.3. Ties
3.3.4. Stochastic Optimality Theory
4. Optimization domains
4.1. Background
4.2. Clauses as optimization domains
4.3. Derivational steps as optimization domains
4.4. Problems for local domains for competition
resolution
5. Conclusion
6. References (selected)
27. HPSG – A Synopsis
1. Formal foundations
2. Valence and constituent order
2.1. Valence
2.2. Constituent structure
2.3. Constituent order
2.4. Free constituent order languages
2.5. Heads and projection of head features
3. Semantics
4. Nonlocal dependencies
5. Lexical rules
6. Idioms and phrasal lexical items
7. Generalizations
8. Convergence of theories and differences
9. Conclusion
10. References (selected)
28. Construction Grammar
1. Introduction
1.1. Conceptual underpinnings
1.2. Basic assumptions, methods, research goals
1.3. Frame Semantics
1.4. Construction Grammar(s) and related models of
language
2. Basic notions
2.1. Constructions and constructs
2.2. Constructional meaning
2.3. Rules vs. constraints
2.4. Networks of grammatical patterns
3. Notational conventions
3.1. Structural relations
3.2. Feature structures
3.3. Valence
3.4. Instantiation principles
3.5. External vs. internal properties of constructions
4. Explanatory potential beyond traditional syntactic
analyses
4.1. Corpus and text linguistics
4.2. Language variation and change
4.3. Typology
4.4. Language acquisition
4.5. Computational applications
5. Concluding remarks
6. References (selected)
29. Foundations of Dependency and Valency Theory
1. Introduction
2. Dependency and constituency
2.1. Two basic models of syntactic structuring
2.2. Dependency defined: reducibility, endocentricity
and subcategorisation
2.3. Dependency and constituency compared
3. Tesnière’s Dependency Grammar
3.1. Connexion
3.2. Valency: actants and circumstantials
3.3. Diathesis
3.4. Transference and junction
4. Some issues in valency research
4.1. Valency as a theory-neutral and descriptive notion
4.2. Valency dictionaries
4.3. Valency carriers
4.4. Valency and meaning
4.5. The character of valency and the complement-
adjunct-distinction
4.6. Optionality
5. References (selected)
30. Dependency Grammar
1. Binary division
2. Words to nodes
3. Distribution: heads and dependents
4. A family of grammars
4.1. Mono-vs. multistratal
4.2. Linear order
4.3. Trees vs. networks
5. Catenae
5.1. An illustration
5.2. Idiosyncratic meaning
5.3. Ellipsis
5.4. Discontinuities