Syngas: Production, Applications and Environmental Impact

383 Pages·2012·7.99 MB·English

by  Antonius Indarto

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

S
YNGAS

P , A
RODUCTION PPLICATIONS
E I
AND NVIRONMENTAL MPACT

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E S , E
NVIRONMENTAL CIENCE NGINEERING
T
AND ECHNOLOGY

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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

S
YNGAS

P , A
RODUCTION PPLICATIONS
E I
AND NVIRONMENTAL MPACT

ANTONIUS INDARTO
AND
JELLIARKO PALGUANDI
EDITORS

New York
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Syngas : production, applications, and environmental impact / editors, Antonius Indarto, Jelliarko
Palguandi.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN: (cid:28)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:25)(cid:21)(cid:20)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:16)(cid:28)(cid:19)(cid:23)(cid:16)(cid:26) (eBook)
1. Synthesis gas. 2. Biomass energy. 3. Methane. I. Indarto, Antonius. II. Palguandi, Jelliarko.
TP360.S946 2011
665.7'7--dc23
2011039656

Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York
CONTENTS

Foreword vii
Introduction: Syngas Era and Energy Issue ix
Chapter 1 Synthesis Gas Production by Reforming Methane
in a Chemical Compression Reactor 1
V. Shmelev
Chapter 2 New Syngas Production Method Based on Noncatalytic
Methane Reaction with Metal Oxides 29
H. Ale Ebrahim
Chapter 3 Coke Oven Gas to Syngas Technology 67
Yongfa Zhang and Guojie Zhang
Chapter 4 Thermodynamic Analysis of Synthesis Gas and Higher
Hydrocarbons Production from Methane 99
I. Istadi
Chapter 5 Syngas Production by CO Reforming of CH under Microwave
2 4
Heating – Challenges and Opportunities 121
B. Fidalgo and J. A. Menéndez
Chapter 6 Exploitation of BioSyngas: Hydrogen and Synthetic
Diesel Production 151
A. R. de la Osa, A. De Lucas, A. Romero,
J. L. Valverde and P. Sánchez
Chapter 7 Plasma Gasification as a Promising Way of Wood Energy Use 179
Ph. G. Rutberg, A. N. Bratsev, V. A. Kuznetsov,
V. E. Popov and A. A. Ufimtsev
Chapter 8 Role of Electrolysis in Regenerative Syngas and Synfuel Production 209
Qingxi Fu
Chapter 9 Decarbonized Energy via Syngas Routes 241
Wojciech M. Budzianowski
vi Contents
Chapter 10 Syngas Production and Applications for Greenhouse
Gas Mitigation 269
NorAishah Saidina Amin and Muhammad Tahir
Chapter 11 Lean Premixed Syngas Combustion for Gas Turbines Applications 297
Salvatore Daniele
Conclusion 349
Glossary 351
Index 355
FOREWORD

It is a pleasure to write the preface for this valuable book titled Syngas: Production,
Applications and Environmental impact.
Syngas is a classical and at the same time a topic of lively debate in chemical
engineering. Syngas production is a robust and flexible technology with respect to reactants
and products. The raw material can be any hydrocarbon: coal, fossil oil, natural gas, biomass.
This large variety in raw materials forms a challenge process in development and operation
but it also explains why syngas technology is so wide spread: syngas is produced and used all
over the world and it is not expected that this will change.
The products generated depend on the conditions and the catalyst used: hydrogen, carbon
monoxide, ammonia, methanol, parafins, olefins and, of course, electric power. Syngas
production is one of the basis technologies for the petrochemical industry and the production
of transport fuels. The impact to society is enormous. Not surprisingly, environmental aspects
suggest themselves. Rightly, the editors decided to extend the focus of the topic to the
environmental impact.
The book starts with a description of an original reactor concept for methane reforming:
essentially an internal combustion engine. The main raw materials for syngas production are
coal and methane. However, syngas technology is also an avenue for utilization of ―difficult‖
hydrocarbon resources such as gas as by-product in oil production platforms. In the book
several good ideas are presented for instance, the utilization of coke oven gas and specific
examples of the large variety of biomass resources. In a sense to the same category belongs
using syngas as an efficient way to store sustainable energy (solar, wind) in high density
products such as transport fuels. The basis for this application is using the harvested
electricity to produce syngas. This area is treated well in the book. It is shown that syngas
routes in power generation allow low-carbon power cycles. Such cycles can contribute
directly to a reduction of the Green House Effect.
Syngas is the common name for gas mixtures of several compositions. For an observer
the field might seem chaotic but in most cases the composition is easily described by
thermodynamics knowing feed composition and operating conditions. In the book a lucid
thermodynamic analysis is given. It is for instance shown that thermodynamics is a tool for a
quick process selection. In syngas related R and D many chemical routes might be
considered. It is in such cases always advisable to perform a thermodynamic study.
The reforming of CH with CO is an appealing reaction and often seen as an ideal
4 2
reaction for CO utilization, usually referred to as ―Dry reforming‖. In several chapters
2
viii Jacob A. Moulijn
various aspects of this reaction are treated. In practice catalyst stability is an issue because of
potentially excessive carbon deposition. Thermodynamics allows pinpointing the window of
operation where coke deposition can occur. Cogeneration of syngas and hydrocarbons has
often been proposed as an efficient route. However, from thermodynamic analysis the
conclusion is drawn that syngas production in dry reforming is favorable but the cogeneration
of C2 hydrocarbons is thermodynamically less favorable. This conclusion is a good reminder
that in process development thermodynamics should not be forgotten.
Alternative technologies are discussed for dry reforming, viz, plasma and photo
technologies. Very promising conversions and efficiencies are reported. It might be the right
time that chemical engineers are brave enough to embark on new technologies taking into
consideration plasmas and photons!
The book covers concepts in production and in applications. An important application is
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) technology, extensively treated in the last
chapter. In combustor design fuel flexibility is highly desired. In this useful chapter the basic
phenomena are described important in changing the feedstock from natural gas into syngas.
An eye opener for the average chemical engineer!
Since the beginning of the previous century (one might even defend since the end of the
18th century) syngas is an important topic in chemical engineering and catalysis. Thus, is it a
mature topic that only needs to be part of teaching courses and encyclopedia? I am convinced
that the opposite is true. Syngas is crucial in realizing a sustainable technology and new
processes are badly needed.
This book is issued at a right time and it will be helpful and inspiring for the chemists and
chemical engineers (and combustion engineers) involved in production and processing
syngas. The editors Dr Indarto and Dr Palgunadi did do an excellent job.

Jacob A. Moulijn
Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands