Synchronized Chronology: Rethinking Middle East Antiquity: A Simple Correction To Egyptian Chronology Resolves The Major Problems In Biblical And Greek Archaeology

320 Pages·2002·3.93 MB·English

by  Roger Henry

Cover
SYNCHRONIZED CHRONOLOGY
©
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
1. What’s Wrong with This Chronology?
The Objective
The Solution
The Key to the Synchronisms
2. Foundations of Conventional Chronology
Manetho
Biblical Chronology
The Starting Point
3. The Exodus and the End of the Middle
Kingdom of Egypt
The Most Important Synchronism
The Papyrus Ipuwer
The El Arish Shrine
The Ermitage Papyrus
The Invasion
The Amalekites
The Defeat of the Hyksos/Amalekites
4. The Conquest and the Time of the Judges
The Middle Bronze Age
The Biblical Middle Bronze Age
The Conquest of Canaan
Israelite Occupation of Palestine
Jericho
Shechem
Abraham and the Amorite Migration
The Origin of the Alphabet
5. The 18th Dynasty and the United Kingdom
The United Kingdom
The Theban Dynasty
Queen Sheba
6. The Wars of Egypt and Israel
Solomon’s Punishment
Asa Battles Amenhotep II
The Mitanni, the Khurrians, and the Rise of
Assyria
7. Israel and Damascus at War.
Part 1 of the Tell El-Amarna Letters
The Mesha Stele
8. Jerusalem in the Time of Akhnaton.
Part 2 of the Tell El Amarna Letters
Jerusalem
Ivory
Akhnaton
9. The End of the Bronze Age
Manetho
Italy
Rome
Sicily
Spain
Troy
The End of the Bronze Age
Earthquakes
Migration
Drought
Political Collapse
Warfare
Iron
10. New Light on the Greek Dark Ages
Homer
Other Peoples of Asia Minor
Literacy
Argos
11. The Rise of Assyria. Part 3 of the Tell El
Amarna Letters
The International Scene
Babylonia
Assyria
Another Dark Age
Shalmaneser
Shalmaneser Attacks Phoenicia
Shalmaneser’s Syrian War
The King of Hatti
The Age of the Amarna Script
Mitanni
12. Samaria as a Benchmark for Archeology
Archaeology in “Canaan”
Looking for a Benchmark
The Lachish Ostraca
Megiddo
13. The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt
The Case for Shoshenq as Shishak
Shoshenq in the Synchronized Chronology
The Phoenician Script
Samaria as the Benchmark
Israel
Libya with a Distracted Assyria
14. Who Were the Hittites?
The Archive
A Mixed People
Hittite Origins
The Khirbet Kerak People
The Hatti Lands
15. Chaldean Art
The Conventional Order
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
East and West Hittite Compared
The Script
Malatya
Phrygia
The Chaldean Secret Writing
A Royal “Hittite” Burial in Carchemish
16. The Battle of Carchemish
Psamatich (Seti-Ptah-Maat)
Necho (Ramses II)
Judah
The Battle
The Other Side
Hophra (Merneptah Hotphirmae)
The Israel Stele
17. Ramses III and His Time
The Historical Scene
The Harris Papyrus
The Egyptian Record
Who are the P-r-s-tt?
Tell el Yahudiyeh
The Necropolis
18. The People of the Sea
The Battles
Where is the Egyptian Record?
19. Summary
BIBLIOGRAPHY

SYNCHRONIZED CHRONOLOGY
RETHINKING MIDDLE EAST ANTIQUITY
A SIMPLE CORRECTION TO EGYPTIAN
CHRONOLOGY RESOLVES THE MAJOR
PROBLEMS IN BIBLICAL AND GREEK
ARCHAEOLOGY
Roger Henry
© 2003 by Algora Publishing. All Rights Reserved. www.algora.com
No portion of this book (beyond what is permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of
the United States Copyright Act of 1976) may be reproduced by any process,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means,
without the express written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 0-87586-191-1
(softcover)
ISBN: 0-87586-192-X (hardcover)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: 2002014693
Henry, Roger, 1949-The synchronized chronology : a simple correction to Egyptian
chronology resolves the major problems in biblical and Greek archaeology / Roger
Henry.
p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-87586-191-1 (pbk. : alk. paper)
— ISBN 0-87586-192-X (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Egypt—History—To 332 B.C.—Chronology. 2. Middle East—History—To 622—
Chronology.
3. Chronology, Egyptian. 4. Bible—Antiquities. 5. Greece—Antiquities. I. Title.
DT83 .H54 2002 932'.002'02—dc21 2002015851
Front Cover: The Pharaoh Akhnaton and Greek Pottery
Printed in the United States
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE 1
1. WHAT’S WRONG WITH THIS CHRONOLOGY? 5 THE OBJECTIVE 6 THE
SOLUTION 8 THE KEY TO THE SYNCHRONISMS 10
2. FOUNDATIONS OF CONVENTIONAL CHRONOLOGY 13 MANETHO 13 BIBLICAL
CHRONOLOGY 15 THE STARTING POINT 17
3. THE EXODUS AND THE END OF THE MIDDLE KINGDOM OF EGYPT 21 THE
MOST IMPORTANT SYNCHRONISM 23 THE PAPYRUS IPUWER 24 THE EL
ARISH SHRINE 26 THE ERMITAGE PAPYRUS 27 THE INVASION 27 THE
AMALEKITES 28 THE DEFEAT OF THE HYKSOS/AMALEKITES 30
4. THE CONQUEST AND THE TIME OF THE JUDGES 33 THE MIDDLE BRONZE
AGE 35 THE BIBLICAL MIDDLE BRONZE AGE 37 THE CONQUEST OF CANAAN
38 ISRAELITE OCCUPATION OF PALESTINE 40 JERICHO 40 SHECHEM 41
ABRAHAM AND THE AMORITE MIGRATION 43 THE ORIGIN OF THE
ALPHABET 45
5. THE 18TH DYNASTY AND THE UNITED KINGDOM
THE UNITED KINGDOM 47 THE THEBAN DYNASTY 49 QUEEN SHEBA 50
6. THE WARS OF EGYPT AND ISRAEL 59 SOLOMON’S PUNISHMENT 61 ASA
BATTLES AMENHOTEP II 66 THE MITANNI, THE KHURRIANS, AND THE RISE
OF ASSYRIA 67
7. ISRAEL AND DAMASCUS AT WAR PART 1 OF THE TELL EL-AMARNA LETTERS
71 JEHOSAPHAT’S CAPTAINS 75 THE MESHA STELE 79
8. JERUSALEM IN THE TIME OF AKHNATON PART 2 OF THE TELL EL AMARNA
LETTERS 85 JERUSALEM 87 IVORY 90 AKHNATON 91
9. THE END OF THE BRONZE AGE 97 MANETHO 98 ITALY 101 ROME 101 SICILY
102 SPAIN 102 TROY 103 THE END OF THE BRONZE AGE 105 EARTHQUAKES
105 MIGRATION 106 DROUGHT 106 POLITICAL COLLAPSE 107 WARFARE 108
IRON 108
10. NEW LIGHT ON THE GREEK DARK AGES 111 HOMER 113 OTHER PEOPLES
OF ASIA MINOR 116 LITERACY 118 ARGOS 120
11. THE RISE OF ASSYRIA. PART 3 OF THE TELL EL AMARNA LETTERS
THE INTERNATIONAL SCENE 128 BABYLONIA 128 ASSYRIA 130 ANOTHER
DARK AGE 131 SHALMANESER 132 SHALMANESER ATTACKS PHOENICIA 132
SHALMANESER’S SYRIAN WAR 133 THE KING OF HATTI 136 THE AGE OF
THE AMARNA SCRIPT 137 MITANNI 138
12. SAMARIA AS A BENCHMARK FOR ARCHEOLOGY 141 ARCHAEOLOGY IN
“CANAAN” 143 LOOKING FOR A BENCHMARK 144 THE LACHISH OSTRACA
146 MEGIDDO 148
13. THE THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD IN EGYPT 151 THE CASE FOR
SHOSHENQ AS SHISHAK 153 SHOSHENQ IN THE SYNCHRONIZED
CHRONOLOGY 154 THE PHOENICIAN SCRIPT 155 SAMARIA AS THE
BENCHMARK 155 ISRAEL 157 LIBYA WITH A DISTRACTED ASSYRIA 158
14. WHO WERE THE HITTITES? 161 THE ARCHIVE 161 A MIXED PEOPLE 163
HITTITE ORIGINS 164 THE KHIRBET KERAK PEOPLE 165 THE HATTI LANDS
166 GREEK REFERENCES TO HITTITES 169 THE CHALDEANS 171 THE
URARTIANS 171 THE CIMMERIAN INVASION 172 THE TWO HITTITES 174 UR
OF THE CHALDEAS 175
15. CHALDEAN ART 177 THE CONVENTIONAL ORDER 178 PHASE 1 179 PHASE 2
180 PHASE 3 180 EAST AND WEST HITTITE COMPARED 181 THE SCRIPT 183
MALATYA 185 PHRYGIA 185 THE CHALDEAN SECRET WRITING 187 A ROYAL
“HITTITE” BURIAL IN CARCHEMISH 188
16. THE BATTLE OF CARCHMISH 191 PSAMATICH (SETI-PTAH-MAAT) 193
NECHO (RAMSES II) 194 JUDAH 195 THE BATTLE 197 THE OTHER SIDE 199
HOPHRA (MERNEPTAH HOTPHIRMAE) 202 THE ISRAEL STELE 204
17. RAMSES III AND HIS TIME 207 THE HISTORICAL SCENE 211 THE HARRIS
PAPYRUS 214 THE EGYPTIAN RECORD 217 WHO ARE THE PR-S-TT? 220 TELL
EL YAHUDIYEH 223 THE NECROPOLIS 225