Symbolism and Folk Imagery in Early Egyptian Political Caricatures: The Wafd Election Campaign, 1920–1923

157 Pages·2019·47.84 MB·English

by  Byron D. Cannon

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Utah Series
IN MIDDLE EAST STUDIES
Byron D. Cannon
Foreword by Samir Toubassy
Symbolism and Folk Imagery
IN EARLY EGYPTIAN
POLITICAL CARICATURES
The Wafd Election Campaign, 1920–1923
IN MIDDLE EAST STUDIES
The University of Utah Press | Salt Lake City
Full-color publication of this book is made possible in part
by the generous financial support of Samir Toubassy.
Copyright © 2019 by The University of Utah Press. All rights reserved.
The Defiance House Man colophon is a registered trademark of The University of
Utah Press. It is based on a four- foot- tall Ancient Puebloan pictograph (late PIII)
near Glen Canyon, Utah.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Cannon, Byron, 1940– author.
Title: Symbolism and folk imagery in early Egyptian political caricatures : the Wafd election
campaign, 1920–1923 / by Byron D. Cannon.
Description: Salt Lake City : The University of Utah Press, [2019] | Series: Utah series in Middle
East studies | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018052928 (print) | LCCN 2018055006 (ebook) | ISBN 9781607817000 () |
ISBN 9781607816997 (cloth : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Political campaigns—Egypt—Caricatures and cartoons—History–20th
century. | Egypt—Politics and government—Caricatures and cartoons—20th cen-
tury. | Egypt—Politics and government—Humor—20th century. | Egypt—Politics and
government—1919–1952.
Classification: LCC DT107.8 (ebook) | LCC DT107.8 .C325 2019 (print) |
DDC 324.70962/09042—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018052928
Errata and further information on this and other titles available online at UofUpress .com
Printed and bound in the United States of America.
Contents
List of Illustrations vii
Note on Transliteration ix
Foreword by Samir Toubassy xi
Preface xiii
1 General Egyptian Historical Background to 1914 1
2 The Career of Saad Pasha Zaghlul and Early Postwar Wafd Politics 10
3 Political Caricature and Folk Imagery in the Nineteenth Century: Were European
Prototypes Transferable to the Non- European World? 22
4 Punch Satirical Prototypes “Exported” to Culturally Restricted Audiences beyond
Europe: The Awadh Punch in India, Egypt’s Abou Naddara, and al- Siyâsa al- muṣawwara
(the Cairo Punch) 40
5 “Real Precedents”: Popular Nonpolitical/Nonsatirical Posters by the Cairo Punch and
Lesser- Known Lithographers 56
6 Wafd Political Posters, 1919–1923: A Culmination of Preexisting Symbolism and Folk
Imagery 73
Conclusion: Evolving Stages of Caricature by the Mid-1920s: Sophisticated Satirical
Comics and Daily Imagery 103
Notes 113
Select Bibliography 129
Index 131

IllustratIons
0.1. Symbolic Unity of the Nile Valley xiii
2.1. His Excellency the Head of the Egyptian Wafd, Saad Pasha Zaghlul 16
2.2. Egypt’s Gentle Sex Cries Out: Forward! 17
2.3. Ceremony in Recognition of Martyrs Fallen in Alexandria, Tanta, and al- Mansura 17
3.1. The Train 25
3.2. Creation of the World 26
3.3. Noah’s Ark 27
3.4. Visiting Grandmamma 28
3.5. The Key to India 29
3.6. Also Ran 31
3.7. The Young Ottoman Movement, 1876 32
3.8. Proclamation de la Constitution—le 24 Juillet 1908 33
3.9. Sultan Mehmet V 36
3.10. The Battleship Hamidieh . . . Off the Coast of Albania 37
3.11. H. I. M. the Sultan Mohame [sic] V Saluting His Troops Going to the Battlefield 37
3.12. Al- Madina el Menawwarah: The Great Mosque of the Prophet Mohammed 38
4.1. Mounted Procession . . . of Sultan Mehmed VI 41
4.2. Governor- General Lord Lytton arrives in India in 1876 45
4.3. Yaqûb Khan (Defeated in the Anglo- Afghan War, 1878–1880) 46
4.4. The Maharajah of Kashmir and Viceroy Lord Lytton 47
4.5. Le Prince Sauveur, or Abû al-Ḥilm, “the Patient Man” 50
4.6. The Modern Civilization of Europe 54
5.1. The Holy City of Mecca 57
5.2. The Egyptian and Syrian Mahmals and Mohammedan Pilgrims at Monte Arafat 58
5.3. Entry of the Pilgrims in Medina Through the Bab al- Salam 59
5.4. The Egyptian Maḥmal at Monte Arafat 60
5.5. H. H. Hadji Abbas Helmi II, Kedive [sic] of Egypt at Madina 61
5.6. H. H. Hadji Abbas Helmi II, Khedive of Egypt at Mecca 62
5.7. Abraham’s Sacrifice (I) 64
5.8. Abraham’s Sacrifice (II) 64
5.9. Noah’s Ark (I) 65
5.10. Noah’s Ark (II); Duplicate of Figure 3.3 65
5.11. Al- Burâq of the Noble Prophet 66
5.12. Delilah Cutting Samson’s Locks 67
5.13. ʿAntara ibn Shaddâd Defeats Rabîʿ ibn al- Muqattam 68
5.14. ʿAlî ibn Abî Tâlib’s Victory at the Battle of the Trench 69
5.15. Egypt Rescued from Assailants on the Nile 70
5.16. In Memory of the Late Moustafa Kamel Pasha 71
6.1. His Excellency Saad Pasha Zaghlul 75
6.2. His Excellency the Leader . . . Writing the History of the Egyptian Awakening
(in Arabic) 76
6.3. Zaghlul and Portraits of Religious Scholar Supporters 78
6.4. Zaghlul and (Presumed) Wafdist Supporters with the 1920 Mukhtar Statue 79
6.5. Zaghlul . . . and “Mister Swan” 80
6.6. Zaghlul’s April 1921 Return from First Exile 81
6.7. Zaghlul Departing for Malta and Second Exile 82
6.8. Safiya Zaghlul Departs in October 1922 to Join Saad Zaghlul in Exile 84
6.9. Equestrian Zaghlul and ʿAbd al-ʿAziz Shawish Before Monumental
Cairo Mosques 85
6.10. Mother Egypt on a Pharaonic Throne 86
6.11. Call for Freedom and Independence with Support for Saad and Safiya Zaghlul 87
6.12. Egypt in Chains Menaced by British Lion as Egyptian Effendi and Sudanese
“Native” Look On 88
6.13. Dominant Pharaonic Egypt Soothes Caged Lions with Diminutive Sudan, also in
Pharaonic Attire 89
6.14. Symbolic Unity of the Nile Valley (Duplicate of Figure 1.1) 90
6.15. Egypt’s Chains Broken by Boy Scout 91
6.16. “Verbal Support” for Zaghlul from a Talking Sphinx 92
6.17. Effendi Freeing Egypt Brings Smile to the Sphinx’s Face 93
6.18. Egyptian Women Call for Union Between the Races/Ethnicities (ʿAnâṣir)
of the Nation 94
6.19. Regal Feminine Figure of Egypt Accompanied by Boy and Girl Scouts 95
6.20. Broad Representation of Egyptian Women with Mixed-Gender Musical Group 96
6.21. Elegant Urban and Rural Feminine Figures Support Egypt and Her
“Cherished One” 97
6.22. Members of the Egyptian Delegation to the General Peace Conference in Paris 98
6.23. The Heroes of Freedom 100
6.24. The Closing Circle Around Zaghlul by 1922–1923 101
7.1. Violent Struggle Between Wafdists Hamid al- Basil and Fathallah Barakat 105
ns 7.2. Removing Heads of Wafdist Rivals 106
o
ati 7.3. Zaghlul “Imposes” his Representation on the Backward Sudan 107
ustr 7.4. The Road to the Negotiations 108
Ill 7.5. The Scale of Truth 109
|
7.6. The Imminent Demise of Constitutional Monarchy (February 1953) 110
viii
note on translIteratIon
To simplify transliteration of widely recognized Arabic or Turkish proper nouns, personal or
place names (e.g., Quran, Saad Zaghlul, Topkapi, etc.), standard roman alphabet spellings are
used throughout. Titles of Arabic newspapers or books and more complex Arabic phrases that
appear in the text are transliterated following the International Journal of Middle East Studies
system. Again, however, for simplification the article al- before nouns will appear without dis-
tinction between “solar” (Ḥurūf shamsiyya) or “lunar” (Ḥurūf qamariyya) first letters. When
Arabic or Turkish material is from a primary or secondary source quoted in this text, the original
author’s transliteration is carried over from the source quoted.