symbolic and prophetic syntagmas in chinua achebe's anthills of the savannah

14 Pages·2016·0.33 MB·English

ENGLISH REVIEW: Journal of English Education ISSN 2301-7554
Vol. 4, Issue 2, June 2016 https://journal.uniku.ac.id/index.php/ERJEE
SYMBOLIC AND PROPHETIC SYNTAGMAS IN CHINUA
ACHEBE’S ANTHILLS OF THE SAVANNAH

Omowumi Bode Steve Ekundayo
Department of English and Literature, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
Email: [email protected]

Abiola Olubunmi Akinbobola
Department of English, University of Lagos, Nigeria
Email: [email protected]

APA Citation: Ekundayo, O. B. S., & Akinbobola, A. O. (2016). Symbolic and prophetic
syntagmas in Chinua Achebe’s Anthills of the Savannah. English Review,
4(2), 181-194

Received: 19-02-2016 Accepted: 23-03-2016 Published: 01-06-2016

Abstract: This essay discusses Achebe’s delineation of characters, events and use of
language in Anthills of the Savannah (AS) as symbolic and prophetic syntagmas which later
manifested in some real life personalities and socio-political phenomena in Africa and
Nigeria, the setting of the novel. The primary source of data is Anthills of the Savannah.
Secondary source and the internet were also consulted for the theoretical background and
literature review. Grammatical structures and literary features were extracted and analyzed
to show their associative and symbolic links with real life events which occurred after 1987,
the year AS was published. The symbolic and prophetic syntagmas identified and their
manifestations are presented with annotations in tables. The essay established that Achebe
uses syntagmas of utterances, events, settings and characters to symbolize and foreshadow
imminent events in the novel and socio-political occurrences in Nigeria and Africa, a feat
which stands him out as a novelist with great prophetic insight and clairvoyance.
Keywords: Achebe, AS, syntagma, prophetic, symbolic. Character

INTRODUCTION “Samsonite” Ossai, a military officer
Albert Chinua Achebe, who died on the who is notorious for stapling his victims’
21st of March, 2013, is Africa’s most hands with a Samsonite stapler. Tension
celebrated novelist till date. AS is and conflicts culminate in the
Achebe’s fifth novel. It is set in Kangan, assassination of Ikem, toppling of the
an imaginary West African country, military junta, death of Sam and finally
where Sam, “His Excellency,” a the sudden and unnecessary murder of
Sandhurst-trained military officer, has Chris in a police check-point. The novel
ceased power in a military coup. Achebe ends in the creative naming ceremony of
portrays the political anomy through the Elewa and Ikem’s one-month-old
ordeals of three friends: Chris Oriko, the daughter organized by Beatrice. The girl
Commissioner for Information, Beatrice is named ‘Amaechina,’ a male name
Okoh, Chris’ girlfriend who is also an imposed on a female child, meaning
official in the Ministry of Finance, and ‘may the path never close.’
Ikem Osodi, a newspaper editor, critic The essay sets out to answer the
and activist. Other characters include following questions:
Elewa, Ikem’s girlfriend, and Major
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Symbolic and Prophetic Syntagmas in Chinua Achebe’s Anthills of the Savannah

(i) Are there utterances in AS that derivatives, phrases, whole sentences)”
symbolize and forebode futurity (p. 124). Even though some terms in the
and preempt future events? definitions above are similar to syntax;
(ii) Are there characters in AS whose for example, “combination of words”
facsimiles later emerged in real and “linear,” syntagma is not the same
Nigerian and African life after the as syntax. Saussure says that “not every
publication of AS? syntagmatic fact belongs to the syntactic
(iii) Are there events and scenes in AS class” (p.137) because syntax deals with
which later manifest in real how units combine in linearity.
Nigerian and African life after the Syntagm(a)s do the same but they can be
publication of the novel? extended, as in the following extract:
(iv) What are the implications of the When you hear Ikem Osodi! Ikem
symbolic and prophetic syntagmas Osodi! Everywhere, you think his
for creative writing in general and head will be touching the ceiling.
Achebe in particular? But look at him, how simple he is…
The essay is based on Ferdinard de (AS, p. 121)… ‘I never meet you
Saussure’s concept of syntagma and the before in person sir’ said the
literary concept of symbolism. Saussure superintendent springing out from
(1966, p. 123) asserts that “in behind his massive wooden desk.
discourse,…words acquire relations ‘Very pleased to meet you sir. I was
based on the linear nature of language expecting a huge fellow like this’
because they are chained together… and and he made a sign sideways and
that “combinations supported by upward.
linearity are syntagm(a)s.” Saussure ‘No, I am quite small. Anyone who
further says that “the syntagmatic feels like it can actually beat me up
relation is… based on two or more items quite easily.’ (AS, pp. 130-131)
that occur in an effective series”(p. 123). It is impossible to analyze this text as a
Saussure says that “the notion of whole syntactically except we fragment
syntagm(a)s applies not only to words, it into individual sentences and then
but to group of words, complex units of analyze them one after another; for
all kinds, lengths and types (compounds, instance:

S V C S V O
I / am / quite small…, /Anyone who feels like it/can beat/me…’/, etc.

However, in syntagmatic analysis, the the text merge to form one unit, which
whole structure can be analyzed as a delineates Ikem, as in the schema below:
syntagma, such that all the sentences in

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Figure 1.A Schema of the Analysis of a Character Syntagma

When you hear But look at him, I was expecting a No, I am quite
Ikem Osodi… how simple he is. huge fellow like small.
this…
you wil l think his
head will be

Syntactic Unit 3 Syntactic Unit 4
Syntactic unit 1 Syntactic unit 2

All together

generate a

syntagma of

Ikem, a character

Because many linguistic units associative response which people make
which are normally the limits of when hearing a stimulus word…a
syntactic analysis can be found in one syntagmatic associative response would
syntagma, Saussure states that syntactic be… car, …sheep following black” (pp.
facts fall under syntagmatic 470-471), as in ‘a black sheep,’ ‘a black
classifications. There is another part of car,’ ‘a black man,’ etc. because the
syntagma which relates with meanings structure ‘---sheep,’ ‘---man’ can be
that derived from the structures or collocatively or associatively completed
combinations of linguistic elements. with the words ‘black’ or ‘white’
Saussure calls them ‘associative respectively. Saussure and Crystal make
relations’ (p.123). Richards, Platt and it clear that a syntagma can stand as a
Platt (1992, p. 369) defines syntagma as symbol which calls to mind other
“a structurally significant combination of meanings or associations. Here, the
two or more units in a language.” syntagmas have been given symbolic
Crystal (2009) says that “in associations with historical events in real
PSYCHOLINGUISTICS the term is life, as shown in figure 2 below:
sometimes used to refer to a set of

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Omowumi Bode Steve Ekundayo & Abiola Olubunmi Akinbobola
Symbolic and Prophetic Syntagmas in Chinua Achebe’s Anthills of the Savannah

Figure 2. A Schema of Associative Relations of Syntagmas

. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .

Syntactic unit 3 Syntactic unit 4
Syntact ic unit 1 Syntactic unit 2

Syntagma Syntagma of a
of Ikem, true-life
Associative Relationship
character in character: Ken
(A,S) Saro-Wiwa.

Prophetic syntagmas in the sense something else. An on-line source
of this essay are combinations of (http://literarydevices.net/symbolism/)
linguistic units and literary features in defines symbolism as follows:
AS that correspond with events that Symbolism is the use of symbols to
occurred after AS was published. signify ideas and qualities by giving
Sometimes, the meaning of syntagmas them symbolic meanings that are
can be derived by reinterpretation, different from their literal sense.
juxtaposition and association with Symbolism can take different forms.
something else. For example, in this Generally, it is an object representing
essay, some symbolic syntagmas are another to give it an entirely different
identified based on a consideration of meaning that is much deeper and
history, so that they are analyzed as more significant. Sometimes,
prophetic syntagmas not necessarily however, an action, an event or a
because the structures on the surface word spoken by someone may have a
depict them as such, but because they symbolic value. For instance, “smile”
happened many years after they had is a symbol of friendship. Similarly,
been written in AS. the action of someone smiling at you
There is a sense in which linguistic may stand as a symbol of the feeling
syntagma dovetails with symbolism. As of affection which that person has for
a syntagma denotes or connotes you.
something, a meaning, so does Symbols do shift their meanings
symbolism or symbol stand for depending on the context they are
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used in. “A chain”, for example, the larger sequential units produced by
may stand for “union” as well as the combinations of shots” (1). Miles
“imprisonment.” Thus, symbolic underscores the aspect of associative
meaning of an object or an action is relations which relates to meanings.
understood by when, where and According to him, “Metz’s work
how it is used. It also depends on demonstrates the strongly contextual
who reads them. nature of these syntagmatic series… the
This definition agrees with Abrams success of Metz’s categories for
and Harpham’s (2009) definition of hypertext lies not so much in their direct
symbol as ‘a word or phrase that applicability but in allowing us to cast
signifies an object or event which in its light on the role of syntagmatic segments
turn signifies something, or suggests a in the production of meaning in
range of reference, beyond itself… Often, hypertext” (1). Miles’ essay establishes
they do so by exploiting widely shared that syntagmas have a context of usage;
associations between an object or event that is, their environment or situation.
or action and a particular concept…’ Syntagmatic segments have a role in the
Accordingly, in this paper certain production of meanings. Metz and
linguistic structures: words, phrases and Miles’views of syntagmas correspond
sentences, and some literary features: with our analysis in this essay, which
characters, events and settings are shows that syntagmas are combinations
identified and analyzed as symbolic of a of linguistic units and meaning-
number of post-AS socio-political events generating segments.
and personalities in Nigeria and Africa. Anita Silvers (1991) applies
Now, we review some views “Revisionism” to analyze AS.”
related to the discussion of syntagmatic Revisionism “is the view that in valuing
relation in language and art works, art, it is essential to understand (some)
critical comments on AS and the historical events which occur after a
deployment of language in AS. In a work was made…” (211). Silvers
work on the syntagmas of cinema, establishes that the knowledge of
Adrian Miles (2000, p. 1) quotes historical events could reveal that
Christian Metz, who is a pioneer in the language has been used by a writer to
use of this method, as follows: discuss some events that will happen
Christian Metz argued that the later. Accordingly, this essay shows how
major mode of analysis for cinema Achebe has used language and literary
(and by implication, hypertext) was features to present some events that
based on syntagmatic relations, that happened later. Achebe’s literary
is, meaning is principally developed prowess in this regard became
and articulated through the established with his A Man of the People
expression of a partially (1996). The novel chronicles series of
autonomous temporary chain. socio-political anomies that culminate in
‘Autonomous temporal chain’ here a military coup. Indeed, shortly after its
reminds us of the coming together of publication, the first military coup was
individual linguistic units in syntagmas; executed in Nigeria. Umukoro (2009,
“for the significant narrative unit pp.16, 22, 24) likens the incidents in A
identified by Metz is not the shot (the Man of the People to some real political
hypertext node) or the relation of one events in Nigeria. Ekundayo and Iyayi
shot to another (the edit), but is in fact
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Omowumi Bode Steve Ekundayo & Abiola Olubunmi Akinbobola
Symbolic and Prophetic Syntagmas in Chinua Achebe’s Anthills of the Savannah

(2012, p. 90) discuss the prophetic nature insight into future events and issues”,
of Achebe’s AS: but no mention of the events are made,
In Anthills of the Savannah, for as in this paper. This paper analyzes the
example, Achebe presents the shape syntagmas of utterances, events, settings
of things to come… the killing of and characters for their prophetic
Ikem, the hero, forecasts the hanging relevance, paying attention to how these
of Ken Saro-Wiwa ten years later…the syntagmas have come to pass in the
birth of Amaechina, which in Ibo novel and in the larger society. In AS,
means ‘may-the-path-never-close’, Achebe’s deployment of utterances,
foreshadows and symbolizes the rise events, settings and characters later
of women to the foreground of correspond with the emergence of
politics and leadership in Africa and distant socio-political occurrences and
Nigeria. This literary forecast is being personalities in Nigeria and Africa, a feat
fulfilled in real African politics in the that marks Achebe out as a novelist with
emergence of Johnson Sirleaf as the great prophetic insight and clairvoyance.
first female African President of
Liberia (p. 90). METHOD
It is noteworthy that their essay The paper is basically qualitative. The
briefly presents the fulfilment of primary source of data is AS from which
Achebe’s prophetic syntagmas. Little did language and literary features were
Festus Iyayi, a fellow writer, activist, extracted, analysed and juxtaposed with
intellectual and Ken Saro Wiwa’s friend, post-AS events and people in Nigeria
know that he himself was going to be and Africa in order to underscore their
killed a year after his paper quoted uncanny resemblance to each other.
above in about the same way in which Secondary sources and the Internet were
Chris, a major Character in AS, was also consulted for literature review and
killed. Ekundayo and Iyayi’s essay only comments on Achebe’s works. The
makes passing comments on the method of analysis is descriptive and
prophetic nature of AS using examples explanatory. Some of the syntagmas
of two characters, Ikem and Amaechina identified are presented in tables,
while this study exemplifies ten matched with events and personalities
characters and carries out an in-depth that emerged on the Nigerian and
analyses of all of them in addition to African socio-political scene after the
those of settings, events and utterances. publication of the novel.
In a newspaper review, a critic says
that Anthills of the Savannah is “a vision RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
of social change that strikes us with the The prophetic and symbolic utterances
force of prophecy…” (USA Today). Here, are identified and analyzed from
there are clear references to the prophetic morphological and collocational or
deployment of language by Achebe in syntactic perspectives. The
AS. However, the article did not go morphological angle looks at individual
further to identify and analyze the lexical items and utterances that are
specific prophetic structures in the novel prophetic while the collocational or
and how they have come to pass, as has syntactic deals with phrases, clauses and
been done in here. Ogiovoh (2005, p. 41) sentences, in addition to a discussion of
establishes that Achebe delineates events and characters as symbolic
Beatrice to give readers “prophetic syntagmas.
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Name and Lexical Items as Prophetic names are in the Igbo language, a major
Syntagmas Nigerian language. They are presented
Some names in AS possess prophetic in the table below.
qualities and undertones. Many of these

Table 1: A Table of Names as Prophetic and Symbolic Syntagmas
S/N Name Page Meaning Context Prophetic Relevance
1 Nwayibuife 87 ‘A female is also Beatrice’s name at a time It underscores the
something.’ when her parents desired importance of females who
a male child. also possess the ability to
rise up in the future.
2 Nkolika 124 Recalling is Ikem says that the name It is a call on a people to
greatest. is sometimes given to retrace their steps, look back
daughters for the and re-chart the course for
importance of the progress. “For the story of a
symbolic ‘story’: people outlives the people
“because it is only the and will have to be told at
story that can continue any rate.”
beyond the war and
warrior.”
3 Shearjashub 222 The-remnant- This is a biblical allusion The statement is a futuristic
shall-return to the book of Isaiah 7:3. one depicting hope for Israel
captives and now an
indictment of Nigeria.
4 Amaechina 22 May-the-part- Amaechina is the male Ikem stands for the struggle,
never-close name of Elewa and truth and equality. The
(structurally, it Ikem’sdaughter. name forecasts the rise of
is a future wish women in politics: the path
presented in the Ikem trod will not close.
subjunctive
present).
5 Agbata 208 This is the land “…the land of It foreshadows drought,
where Chris droughts…the famous lawlessness, anomy and
was killed. dusty and bustling political disorder as seen to
market town of Agbata.” exist in Nigeria in the past,
present and in the future.

Collocational/Syntactic Prophetic Syntagmas

Table 2.A Table of Utterances as Prophetic Syntagmas
Example Page Structural Pattern Symbolic Relevance
S/N
1 “We shall never be favoured 3 There is the use of The statement is an irony. It is a
with such an undeserving ‘shall’ in the first person prayer that underscores the
blessing as a ruthless to depict futurity. The possibility of the emergence of
dictator.” verb phrase ‘shall never dictators in future, which the
be favoured’ is the focal prayer forbids.
point of futurity.
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Omowumi Bode Steve Ekundayo & Abiola Olubunmi Akinbobola
Symbolic and Prophetic Syntagmas in Chinua Achebe’s Anthills of the Savannah

2 “The future she saw 170 The verb phrase ‘would This anticipates the future active
unfolding so relentlessly demand’ denotes strong and courageous involvement of
before them would demand possibility and women in politics and the
brutal courage not necessity. ‘From now struggle for social change.
squeamishness, from the on’ is a cataphoric
likes of Elewa and herself reference to the
from now on.” continuum of the
present and future.
3 “Don’t give up, whatever is 199 It is presented in The ‘mother bed-bug’ tells her
hot will become cold.” analytic truth, which is children this when hot water
truth according to was poured on them and they
nature. Modal auxiliary were about to give up. It
(will) + lexical symbolically or proverbially
(become). announces hope and imminent
change from chaos to peace,
from discomfort to comfort.
4 “After the anthem shall It is rendered in the It forebodes a disruption or
have been played future perfect to denote reversal of social and national
backwards.” possibility. order.

5 “You young people, what 227 The above extract uses It is a symbolic charge to the
you will bring this world to ‘will’ to predict the people not to underrate the
is pregnant and nursing a future. young generation, a paradoxical
baby at the same time.” utterance showing the
unpredictable nature of the
youths.
6 “I want to remind you of 15 It is presented in a Here, Achebe’s character
that little discussion we all conversational remembers a past event and says
had after the Entebbe raid. structure. The use of that it can happen again and it
You remember? You all said ‘could’ depicts futurity did happen, for history often
then, what a disgrace to and possibility. repeats itself.
Africa….remember…I said
it could happen here. Right
here.”

Syntagmas 4, 5 and 6 are examines symbolic and prophetic events
noteworthy here. The world that was and settings.
ruled and controlled by a body of elders
before has now come to be controlled by Events and Settings as Symbolic
the youths who have become so Syntagmas
innovative and trendy that they have Syntagmas of events, settings and
succeeded in phasing out many stringent characters are interwoven because events
traditions. On the negative side, the take place in a particular place and at a
youths have become restless, restive, particular time, which is known as
violent, inordinate and unpredictable setting or locale. Characters instigate or
these days. Hence they are likened to a initiate events which they complete or
woman breastfeeding and yet pregnant abandon in a literary work. However,
at the same time. The National Anthem character syntagmas are examined in
of Nigeria seems as though it is being sub-section (3.5).
played backwards. The next section

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Table 3.A Table of Events and Settings as Prophetic Syntagmas

S/N Events Page Setting Symbolic/Prophetic implications
1 A rich lady vomits on 41 The beach where It is symbolic and prophetic of the rich
the back of a man and criminals are being and wealthy people who have come to
cleans it up with her executed before an watch the downfall of the lowly ones
expensive damask head excited crowd. being executed. The rich will also clean
tie. their mess at the expense of their wealth in
public.
2 The birth and naming 222 Beatrice Okoh’s It symbolizes/foreshadows the rise of
ceremony of house before his women in politics and activism, as it is
Amaechina. friends. happening now all over Africa.
3 Aina, Buraimoh’s wife, 224 Beatrice’s house, This foreshadows the unity of Muslims
a Moslem, dances to around the time and Christians. It is a rhetorical question
Agatha’s Christian Amaechina is born. that has future significance. It may come
song, saying “dem talk to pass one day.
sey make Moslem no
dance when Christian
de sing?
4 The coups in the novel. 222 Contexts of socio- The coups foretells coup in Africa. After
political power and 1987, the year AS was published, many
national leadership. coups took place and are still taking place
in Nigeria and some other African
countries.

Characters as Prophetic/Symbolic Syntagmas
Achebe in AS delineates characters whose facsimiles emerged later in contemporary
events in Nigeria and Africa. First, we look at the major characters.

Major Characters as Symbolic Syntagmas
In this sub-section, major characters in the novel are analyzed for evidence of
associative relationships with other personalities that have played up in real life after
the publication of AS.

Table 4. A Table of Major Characters as Prophetic Syntagmas
S/N Character page Setting/context Prophetic Relevance
1 Sam Many In many scenes and Sam is a prophetic archetype of tyranny, visionless
pages. events. leadership and corruption for which African
military and political leaders are notorious.
2 Ikem Many Many scenes and He is a symbol of truth, boldness, selflessness,
pages. events. martyrdom, etc. He has associative relations with
the late Ken Saro-Wiwa. (See comments below).
3 Beatrice Many Many events and She symbolizes the rise of women. She has
pages. scenes. associative relations with Ellen Johnson Sirleaf,
first female president in Africa, and many other
great women emerging in Africa.
4 Chris Many Many events and Chris is a symbol of courage and martyrdom. He
pages. scenes. has associative relations, for instance, with the
dastardly manner in which Professor Festus Iyayi
was shot dead in a so-called road accident.
5 Amaechina 222 She was born after Amaechina foretells the rise of women. The name
the death of her has associative relations with great African female
father, the leaders like Dora Akunyuli, Johnson Sirleaf and
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Symbolic and Prophetic Syntagmas in Chinua Achebe’s Anthills of the Savannah

protagonist of the many women who are now playing active roles in
novel, at a time African politics and leadership.
Kangan is in anarchy.

Comments on Major Characters as Ikem in the text has an uncanny
Symbolic Syntagmas resemblance to Ken Saro Wiwa
Sam, the first character, is also physically and ideologically. As at 1987,
known as ‘His Excellency,’ a military Achebe creates a character that
tyrant and President of the Republic of foreshadows the emergence of another
Kangan. Sam symbolises the past, personality in Nigerian history in 1995.
present and future Nigerian and African In Ikem, Achebe prophetically delineates
so-called leaders. Many military and Ken Saro Wiwa. Both Ikem and Ken Saro
political leaders of Africa later on Wiwa share some physical features and
exhibited Sam-ism that is the concept, professional attributes. For example,
belief of and the fight to remain in power Saro-Wiwa is as short as Ikem. Ikem is a
for ever. According Ekundayo (2002, p. blunt and bold writer and a journalist
41): who is on the side of the masses.
General Sanni Abacha wanted to Similarly, Ken Saro-Wiwa is a creative
become life president and he was writer, television producer and activist
doing everything possible to achieve who was bold and fearless in his attack
his ambition until God abbreviated on political anomalies. Achebe’s Ikem
his life and then Abdul Salami took bears uncanny resemblance to Ken, a
over from him. The tactics of ‘His man who is selfless, embodying the
Excellency’ in the novel is prophetic Marxian direction of social change. He
of this later ambition by Babangida “satisfies the Marxist demand that
and Abacha. intellectuals should follow their example
Apart from Babangida and Abacha and lose themselves amidst the masses…
in Nigeria, we also see facsimile of Sam He champions the common cause in his
in Samuel Doe, the first indigenous editorials, keeps an affair with an
President of Liberia. Doe did all he could illiterate woman and rides a decrepit
to force his reign on his people, but he car” (Owomoyela, 2002, p. 2) to
was also murdered like Achebe’s Sam in associate with the masses. “It is through
the Liberian Civil War in September Ikem Osodi that Achebe explores the
1990. Achebe prophetically reveals true role of the artist in the
through Sam the tragedy of leadership in contemporary African society” who
present-day Nigeria and Africa. “His should have vision and “direct their
Excellency came into power without any society in the path that it should be
preparation for political leadership” (AS, heading” (Ojinmah, 1991, p. 99).
p. 12). Similarly, many of our current Again, the way Ikem was
leaders just happen upon their positions. eliminated in AS in 1987 forebodes and
They do not know the right step to take pre-describes Ken Saro-Wiwa’s death in
towards effective leadership. The same Nigeria. For example, Ikem is first
lackluster ideology, myopia, corruption arrested and taken away: “In the early
at its acme and brigandage hours of this morning, a team of security
characterize/d all African military juntas officers effected the arrest of Mr. Osodi
and so-called democratic governments. in his official flat… and were taking him
in a military vehicle for questioning at
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