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Symbiosis, Symbolism, and the Power of the Past: Canaan, Ancient Israel, and Their Neighbors from the Late Bronze Age Through Roman Palaestina. Proceedings of the Centennial Symposium, W.F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research and American School PDF

616 Pages·2003·37.36 MB·English
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Symbiosis, Symbolism, and the Power of the Past Participants in the Albright/ASOR Centennial Symposium, held May 29–31, 2000, at the Israel Museum in Jerusalem From left Front row: Osnat Misch-Brandl, Aren M. Maeir, Shalom Paul, Trude Dothan, William G. Dever, Lydie Shufro, Seymour Gitin, Sarah P. Morris, Susan Sherratt, Ziony Zevit. 2nd row: Peter Machinist, Baruch Halpern, Carol Meyers, Eilat Mazar, Vassos Kara- georghis, David Stronach, H. G. M. Williamson, Avraham Faust. 3rd row: Edouard Lipinski, David Ussishkin, Manfred Bietak, Joseph Aviram, Susan Ack- erman, Charles U. Harris, Sidnie White Crawford, Holly Pittman, Karel van der Toorn, Annie Caubet. 4th row: Mordechai Cogan, Joe Seger, Eliezer Oren, Simo Parpola, Anson F. Rainey. Back row: Eric M. Meyers, J. Edward Wright, Amihai Mazar, Kenneth A. Kitchen, Dan Masters, Israel Finkelstein, James D. Muhly, John J. Collins, Mark S. Smith. Absent: Michal Artzy, Dan Bahat, Amnon Ben-Tor, Avraham Biran, Shlomo Bunimovitz, Moshe Kochavi, Amy-Jill Levine, Baruch A. Levine, Jodi Magness, Abraham Malamat, Doron Mendels, Jerome Murphy-O’Connor, Sari Nusseibeh, James Snyder, Lawrence E. Stager, Ephraim Stern, Daniel Wolk. [Photo courtesy of the Israel Museum] Symbiosis, Symbolism, and the Power of the Past Canaan, Ancient Israel, and Their Neighbors from the Late Bronze Age through Roman Palaestina Proceedings of the Centennial Symposium W. F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research and American Schools of Oriental Research Jerusalem, May 29–31, 2000 edited by William G. Dever and Seymour Gitin Winona Lake, Indiana Eisenbrauns 2003 ç Copyright 2003 by Eisenbrauns. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Centennial Symposium, W. F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research and American Schools of Oriental Research (2000 : Jerusalem) Symbiosis, symbolism, and the power of the past : Canaan, ancient Israel, and their neighbors from the Late Bronze Age through Roman Palaestina : proceedings of the Centennial Symposium, W. F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research and American Schools of Oriental Research, Jerusalem, May 29/31, 2000 / edited by William G. Dever and Seymour Gitin. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-57506-081-7 (hc) 1. Mediterranean Region—Civilization—Congresses. 2. Iron age— Mediterranean Region—Congresses. 3. Palestine—Civilization—Congresses. 4. Iron age—Palestine—Congresses. 5. Mediterranean Region—Politics and government—History—Congresses. 6. Palestine—Religious life and customs— History—Congresses. 7. Social structure—Palestine—History—Congresses. 8. Family—Palestine—History—Congresses. 9. Mediterranean Region— Antiquities. I. Dever, William G. II. Gitin, Seymour. III. W. F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research. IV. American Schools of Oriental Research. V. Title. DE59.C46 2000 930.1—dc22 2003021117 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Mate- rials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. †‘ This volume is dedicated to the memory of Joy Ungerleider-Mayerson who for many years served as Chair of the Board of Trustees of the W. F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research. Her love of archaeology and her commitment to uncovering the history of ancient Israel have had a profound effect on the Albright’s role in advancing the goals of archaeological research. The American Schools of Oriental Research celebrate with The W. F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research the Centennial of their presence in Jerusalem (1900–2000) Larry G. Herr , Chair ASOR Committee on Publications Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Opening Remarks: Greetings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Part I Historical and Political Landscape: The Levant and Beyond Palace Economies in the Late Bronze Age and The Dark Age That Never Was (Iron Age I) Islands in the Sea: Aegean Polities as Levantine Neighbors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Sarah P. Morris The Case of Ugarit and Carchemish: A Contrast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Annie Caubet Greece and Anatolia in the Early Iron Age: The Archaeological Evidence and the Literary Tradition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 James D. Muhly The Mediterranean Economy: “Globalization” at the End of the Second Millennium b.c.e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Susan Sherratt The Dynamics of Statehood (Iron Age II) The Patrimonial Kingdom of Solomon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Lawrence E. Stager City-States to States: Polity Dynamics in the 10th–9th Centuries b.c.e. . . . . . . . . . . 75 Israel Finkelstein Remarks on Biblical Traditions and Archaeological Evidence concerning Early Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Amihai Mazar Assyria’s Expansion in the 8th and 7th Centuries and Its Long-Term Repercussions in the West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Simo Parpola Egyptian Interventions in the Levant in Iron Age II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Kenneth A. Kitchen Imperial Interventions (The Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Periods) Early Achaemenid Iran: New Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 David Stronach Palestine among the Empires from the 4th to the 1st Century b.c.e.: Impact and Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Doron Mendels vii viii Contents Part II Religion and Distinction Shadow-Boxing the Canaanites (The Late Bronze Age) Temple or “Bêt Marzea˙”? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Manfred Bietak Amarna and Later: Aspects of Social History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Anson F. Rainey Emerging Forms and Practices (Iron Age I) The Aegean and the Orient: Cultic Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Trude Dothan The Cult of Astarte in Cyprus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Vassos Karageorghis False Dichotomies in Descriptions of Israelite Religion: A Problem, Its Origin, and a Proposed Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Ziony Zevit The Formative Period of State Religion (Iron Age II) Mesopotamian Imperialism and Israelite Religion: A Case Study from the Second Isaiah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Peter Machinist When the Heavens Darkened: Yahweh, El, and the Divine Astral Family in Iron Age II Judah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Mark S. Smith Israelite and Philistine Cult and the Archaeological Record in Iron Age II: The “Smoking Gun” Phenomenon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Seymour Gitin Cult—Coast and Interior (The Persian Period) Phoenician Cult Expressions in the Persian Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Edouard Lipin!ski The Phoenician Source of Palestinian Cults at the End of the Iron Age . . . . . . . . . . 309 Ephraim Stern Late Israelite Astronomies and the Early Greeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Baruch Halpern Romans, Jews, and Christians The Jewish World and the Coming of Rome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 John J. Collins Helios and the Zodiac Cycle in Ancient Palestinian Synagogues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 Jodi Magness Contents ix Part III The History of the Family: Continuity and Change Units and Cultural Unities (Iron Age I) Nine Months among the Peasants in the Palestinian Highlands: An Anthropological Perspective on Local Religion in the Early Iron Age . . . . . . 393 Karel van der Toorn Building Identity: The Four-Room House and the Israelite Mind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 Shlomo Bunimovitz and Avraham Faust Household Economy (Iron Age II) Material Remains and Social Relations: Women’s Culture in Agrarian Households of the Iron Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 Carol Meyers The Clan-Based Economy of Biblical Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 Baruch A. Levine At Home with the Goddess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 Susan Ackerman Families, Houses, and Homes (The Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Periods) The Family in Persian Period Judah: Some Textual Reflections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 H. G. M. Williamson Roman-Period Houses from the Galilee: Domestic Architecture and Gendered Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 Eric M. Meyers Apocryphal Women: From Fiction to (Arti)fact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 Amy-Jill Levine Part IV Closing Remarks Syro-Palestinian and Biblical Archaeology: Into the Next Millennium . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 William G. Dever Special Public Lecture Jerusalem as a Royal and Cultic Center in the 10th–8th Centuries b.c.e. . . . . . . . . . . 529 David Ussishkin Discussions Part I. Historical and Political Landscape: The Levant and Beyond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 Palace Economies in the Late Bronze Age and The Dark Age That Never Was (Iron Age I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 The Dynamics of Statehood (Iron Age II) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540

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Celebrating the 100th anniversary of the Albright Institute of Archaeological Research, this collection of erudite essays concentrates on the archaeology of ancient Israel, Canaan, and neighboring nations. The book includes 33 essays, publication of several special public lectures that accompanied t
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