Table Of Content

Switching in Electrical Transmission and Distribution Systems René Smeets • Lou van der Sluis (cid:252) Mirsad Kapetanovi • David Peelo Anton Janssen SWITCHING IN ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS SWITCHING IN ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Rene´ Smeets DNVGL–Energy,TheNetherlands LouvanderSluis DelftUniversityofTechnology,TheNetherlands MirsadKapetanovic´ UniversityofSarajevo,BosniaandHerzegovina DavidF.Peelo Consultant,Canada AntonJanssen LianderAssetManagement,TheNetherlands Thiseditionfirstpublished2015 ©2015JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd Registeredoffice JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UnitedKingdom Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservicesandforinformationabouthowtoapplyfor permissiontoreusethecopyrightmaterialinthisbook,pleaseseeourwebsiteatwww.wiley.com. TherightoftheauthortobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththeCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inany formorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbytheUK Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbe availableinelectronicbooks. Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.Allbrandnamesand productnamesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarksorregisteredtrademarksoftheir respectiveowners.Thepublisherisnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook. 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ISBN978-1-118-70362-5(ePub)–ISBN978-1-118-70363-2(AdobePDF)–ISBN978-1-118-38135-9 (cloth) 1.Electricswitchgear. 2.Electricpowerdistribution–Hightension–Equipmentandsupplies. I.Smeets, Rene´PeterPaul,editor. II.Kapetanovic´,Mirsad,author. III.Peelo,DavidF.,author. IV.VanderSluis,Lou, author. V.Title. TK2831 621.319′3–dc23 2014023080 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. ISBN:978-1-118-38135-9 Setin10/12ptTimesbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India Coverphoto:SamRentmeester Coverillustration:PhasetoPhase Coverdesign:TheovanVliet 1 2015 ToGeertChristiaanDamstra(1930–2012) Contents Preface xv 1 SwitchinginPowerSystems 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 OrganizationofthisBook 2 1.3 Power-SystemAnalysis 5 1.4 PurposeofSwitching 8 1.4.1 IsolationandEarthing 8 1.4.2 Busbar-TransferSwitching 8 1.4.3 LoadSwitching 8 1.4.4 Fault-CurrentInterruption 9 1.5 TheSwitchingArc 10 1.6 TransientRecoveryVoltage(TRV) 14 1.6.1 TRVDescription 14 1.6.2 TRVComposedofLoad-andSource-SideContributions 16 1.7 SwitchingDevices 19 1.8 ClassificationofCircuit-Breakers 22 References 27 2 FaultsinPowerSystems 28 2.1 Introduction 28 2.2 AsymmetricalCurrent 30 2.2.1 GeneralTerms 30 2.2.2 DCTimeConstant 33 2.2.3 AsymmetricalCurrentinThree-PhaseSystems 34 2.3 Short-CircuitCurrentImpactonSystemandComponents 35 2.4 FaultStatistics 43 2.4.1 OccurrenceandNatureofShort-Circuits 43 2.4.2 MagnitudeofShort-CircuitCurrent 45 References 46 viii Contents 3 Fault-CurrentBreakingandMaking 48 3.1 Introduction 48 3.2 Fault-CurrentInterruption 48 3.3 TerminalFaults 49 3.3.1 Introduction 49 3.3.2 Three-PhaseCurrentInterruption 51 3.3.2.1 Three-PhaseInterruptioninNon-EarthedSystems 51 3.3.2.2 Three-PhaseCurrentInterruptioninotherthan Non-EarthedSystems 53 3.4 Transformer-LimitedFaults 58 3.4.1 TransformerModellingforTRVCalculation 59 3.4.2 ExternalCapacitances 61 3.5 Reactor-LimitedFaults 62 3.6 FaultsonOverheadLines 64 3.6.1 Short-LineFaults 64 3.6.1.1 Travelling-WaveConcept 64 3.6.1.2 InitialTRV 68 3.6.1.3 TimeDelay 69 3.6.1.4 ImpactofShort-LineFaultsonCircuit-Breakers 70 3.6.1.5 InteractionbetweenCircuit-BreakerandCircuit 75 3.6.1.6 Arc-CircuitInteractioninGasCircuit-Breakers 75 3.6.1.7 Arc-CircuitInteractioninVacuumCircuit-Breakers 79 3.6.2 Long-LineFaults 81 3.7 Out-of-PhaseSwitching 81 3.7.1 Introduction 81 3.7.2 SwitchingbetweenGeneratorandSystem 83 3.7.3 SwitchingbetweenTwoSystems 85 3.8 Fault-CurrentMaking 86 3.8.1 ImpactofMakingaShort-CircuitCurrentontheCircuit-Breaker 86 3.8.2 Switching-VoltageTransientsatMakinginThree-PhaseSystems 88 References 93 4 LoadSwitching 96 4.1 Normal-LoadSwitching 96 4.2 Capacitive-LoadSwitching 97 4.2.1 Introduction 97 4.2.2 Single-PhaseCapacitive-LoadSwitching 98 4.2.3 Three-PhaseCapacitive-LoadSwitching 104 4.2.4 LateBreakdownPhenomena 104 4.2.4.1 General 104 4.2.4.2 TransientsInitiatedbyLateBreakdown 106 4.2.4.3 OvervoltagesRelatedtoNSDD 110 4.2.5 Overhead-LineSwitching 114 4.2.6 Capacitor-BankEnergization 118 4.2.6.1 Introduction 118 4.2.6.2 ImpactonCircuit-Breakers 121