Switching Equipment

620 Pages·2019·31.026 MB·English

by  Hiroki Ito

CIGRE Green Books
International Council on Large
Electric Systems (CIGRE)
Study Committee A3: High Voltage
Equipment
Switching
Equipment
CIGRE Green Books
SeriesEditor
CIGRE
InternationalCouncilonLargeElectricSystems(CIGRE)
Paris,France
CIGRE presents their expertise in unique reference books on electrical power
networks. These books are of a self-contained handbook character covering the
entire knowledge of the subject within power engineering. The books are created
by CIGRE experts within their study committees and are recognized by the engi-
neeringcommunityasthetopreferencebooksintheirfields.
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/15209
Hiroki Ito
Editor
Switching Equipment
With486Figuresand44Tables
Editor
HirokiIto
EnergyandIndustrialSystemsGroup
MitsubishiElectricCorporation
Tokyo,Japan
ISBN978-3-319-72537-6 ISBN978-3-319-72538-3(eBook)
ISBN978-3-319-72539-0(printandelectronicbundle)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72538-3
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018945913
#SpringerInternationalPublishingAG,partofSpringerNature2019
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe
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broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation
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Message from the President
CIGREistheglobalexpertcommunityforelectricpowersystems.Itisanonprofit
organization based in Paris. It consists of members from 90 countries representing
58nationalcommittees.Itfunctionsasavirtualorganizationwithmemberswhoare
experts in their technical field, forming working groups dealing with issues facing
the power delivery industry. At present, there are around 230 working groups
comprising 3000 experts working together to resolve the identified issues. The
output of the working groups is technical brochures. These brochures, of which
there are now over 700, comprise the combined knowledge and practice of engi-
neering experts from all continents. The brochures are practical in nature enabling
the engineer to plan, design, construct, operate, and maintain the power delivery
solution required. CIGRE has over 10,000 reference papers and other documents
supportingthebrochuresanddealingwithothertechnicalmatters.
Thisbookonswitchgear,compiledbyStudyCommittee(SC)A3,representsthe
latest thinking in switchgear design, operation, technology selection, and asset
management. It comprises input from published brochures as well as contributions
from experts in the field. CIGRE is a source of unbiased technical information.
Engineerscanreferthisbookwithoutfearoffavoringonesupplierorcountry.Itisa
compilation of the combined expertise of many international experts providing an
unbiasedobjectivetextbookinswitchgeardesign.
Thisbookisuniqueinthatitconsistsofinputfrommanyexperts,notonlyoneor
two.Theseexpertsarefromallcontinentsoftheglobeprovidingtechnicalsolutions
nomatter wherethereader isresiding. The views expressedandsuggestionsmade
areunbiasedobjectivestatements.Thesecanbeusedasreferencesforengineersto
developstandardsandguidelineswithintheirorganizations.Thisbookisareference
bookforacademia,switchgeardesignengineers,consultants,andusers.
IwouldliketocongratulatethoseinvolvedfromSCA3whohavecompiledthis
book.Manyofthemhavehadtoworkintheirsparetimeforhourstocompletethis
task,forwhichtheyworkedasvolunteers.Iwouldrecommendthisbookinforming
thebasisforswitchgearactivitiesnowandinthefuture.
March2018 Dr.RobStephen
v
vi MessagefromthePresident
Dr. Rob Stephen was born in Johannesburg,
South Africa. He graduated from the University of the
Witwatersrandin1979withaB.Sc.ElectricalEngineer-
ing degree. He joined the Eskom electricity utility in
1980.HeholdsM.Sc.andM.B.A.degrees,aswellasa
Ph.D.inoverheadlinedesign.HeiscurrentlytheMaster
Specialist in the Technology Group in Eskom and is
responsible for distribution and transmission technolo-
gies of all voltages covering both AC and DC and was
responsibleforthesmartgridstrategyforEskom.Heis
pastChairmanofCIGRESCB2onoverheadlinesand
has held positions in CIGRE as Special Reporter and
Working Group Chairman and has authored over
100technicalpapers.HewaselectedInternationalPres-
ident of CIGRE in 2016. He is also a Fellow of the
South African Institute of Electrical Engineers
(SAIEE) and was elected Honorary Vice President in
2005. He received the SAIEE President’s Award
in2016.
Message from the Chairman of the Technical
Council
Efficientuseofelectricenergyisattheveryheartofasustainablefutureforallofus,
and for almost 100 years now, CIGRE has provided a worldwide platform for
achievingsuchanambitioustarget.
Initially,asintegrated,highvoltage,electricpowernetworksweredevelopedand
becameestablishedinvariouspartsoftheworld,CIGREwasverymuchfocusedon
the technical aspects of transmission of electric energy. As the electric power
industry evolved, it was vital that CIGRE also evolved. Over time, greater focus
was placed on aspects such as markets, regulation, system planning, sustainability,
and information systems, but this was certainly not at the expense of the more
fundamentaltechnicalaspects.
Today,asthedistinctionsbetweentransmissionanddistributionandbetweenend
userandelectricityproviderhaveerodedandastheentireelectricpowersystemhas
becomemoreinteractiveandreliantuponintelligentsystems,CIGRE’sfocushas,of
course, widened to address the entire electric power system. Generation, transmis-
sion, distribution, and end use of electric energyare all addressed across the entire
spectrum from 1200 kV transmission grids to local micro-grids, employing AC
orDC.
The present-day activities of CIGRE can be divided into three key themes,
namely,“developingthepowersystemofthefuture,”“makingbestuseofexisting
power systems,” and “environment and sustainability.” Within this framework,
CIGRE strives to bring together the widest possible range of experts from across
theworldtoshareandexchangeknowledgeandtousethiscombinedknowledgeand
experience to develop and publish preeminent technical information and state-of-
the-artguidance.
Our aim is to prepare documents and communications that are clear, readily
accessible,unambiguous,andappropriatetotheintendedaudience,andwhichalso
promote the value and importance of electrical engineering and the electric power
industry within technical, political, business, and academic arenas. This has been
achievedverysuccessfullyovermany years, andCIGRE’sever-growing library of
technicalbrochures,conferencepapers,tutorials,andarticlesisauniqueandunpar-
alleled resource in the electric power industry. Nevertheless, recognizing that dis-
seminationofhigh-quality,unbiasedinformationisCIGRE’ssingularfocus,finding
vii
viii MessagefromtheChairmanoftheTechnicalCouncil
new ways to make our work visible is always a priority, which brings us to the
CIGREGreenBookinitiative.
CIGRE Green Books are a way of consolidating, enhancing, and disseminating
CIGRE’s accumulated knowledge in specific fields. Addressing all aspects of
CIGRE’skeythemespreparedandeditedbyworld-recognizedexpertsandbuilding
upon CIGRE’s established library of world-class publications, the Green Books
provide a single, invaluable reference source within their specific field of applica-
tion.Theyalsoprovideauniqueresourceforthosewishingtodevelopthemselves,
forthosewantingtomaketheircontributiontothepowersystemofthefuture,andto
thevisionofaccesstoreliable,affordable,andsustainableelectricenergy.
TheTechnicalCounciliscommittedtothecontinuingdevelopmentofCIGRE’s
technical leadership in the electric power industry, and the future expansion of the
GreenBookseriesisakeypartofthiscommitment.
March2018 MarkWaldron
Mark Waldron graduated in Electrical Engineering in
1988 and joined the Research Division of the Central
ElectricityGeneratingBoardandthen,followingprivat-
ization, National Grid in the UK by whom he is still
employed.Hehasbeeninvolvedinallaspectsoflifetime
managementofswitchgearandsubstationequipment,
including research and development, specification,
assessment, maintenance and monitoring, condition
assessment, and end-of-life management. He presently
holds the position of Switchgear Technical Leader in
addition to his role as the Technical Council Chairman
of CIGRE. His involvement in CIGRE spans over
20 years, during which he has been a participant in
several working groups, working group convener, and
Study Committee Chairman of Study Committee A3
and has led the Technical Committee project on Ultra
HighVoltageTransmission.
Message from the Secretary General
Four years ago, I had the pleasure to comment on the launching of a new CIGRE
publication collection in an introductory message about the first CIGRE Green
Book, the one on Overhead Lines. The idea to valorize the collective work of the
studycommitteesaccumulatedovermorethan20years,byputtingtogetherallthe
technical brochures of a given field in a single book, was first proposed by
Dr.KonstantinPapailioutotheTechnicalCommittee(nowCouncil)in2011.
Oneyearlaterin2015,thecooperationwithSpringerallowedCIGREtopublish
it again as a “Major Reference Work” distributed through the vast network of this
well-known international publisher. Two years ago, in 2016, the collection was
enriched with a new category of Green Books, the CIGRE “Compact Series,” to
satisfytheneedsofthestudycommitteeswhentheywanttopublishshorter,concise
volumes. The first CIGRE Compact Book was prepared by Study Committee D2,
underthetitleUtilityCommunicationNetworksandServices.
Since then, the concept of the CIGRE Green Books series has continued to
evolve, and recently we introduced a third subcategory of the series, the “CIGRE
Green Book Technical Brochures” (GBTB). CIGRE has published more than
720 technical brochures since 1969, and it is interesting to note that in the first
one,ontele-protection,thefirstreferencewasaSpringerpublicationof1963.
ACIGRETechnicalBrochure producedbya CIGRE workinggroup, following
specific Terms of Reference, is published by the CIGRE Central Office and is
available from the CIGRE online library, e-cigre, one of the most comprehensive,
accessibledatabasesofrelevanttechnicalliteratureonpowerengineering.Between
40 and 50 new technical brochures are published yearly, and these brochures are
announced in Electra, CIGRE’s bimonthly journal, and are available for down-
loadingfrome-cigre.
Fromnowon,theTechnicalCouncilofCIGREmaydecidetopublishatechnical
brochureasaGreenBookinadditiontothetraditionalCIGRETechnicalBrochure.
ThemotivationoftheTechnicalCounciltomake suchadecisionistodisseminate
the related information beyond the CIGRE community, through the Springer
network.
ix