Swine Anesthesia and Analgesia, 2011

150 Pages·2011·2.17 MB·English

by  Cynthia Smith

United States
Department of
Agriculture
AWIC Special Reference Brief:
Agricultural
Research
Service
Swine Anesthesia and
National
Agricultural
Library
Analgesia, 2000-2010
Animal Welfare
Information
Center
Photo courtesy USDA, Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Image Gallery
SRB 11-01
February 2011

United States
Department of
Agriculture
AWIC Special Reference Brief :
Agricultural
Research Swine Anesthesia and
Service
Analgesia, 2000-2010
National
Agricultural
Library
SRB 11-01
Animal Welfare
Information
February 2011
Center
Compiled by:
Cynthia Smith, M.S.
Animal Welfare Information Center
National Agricultural Library
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Beltsville, Maryland 20705
E-mail: [email protected]
Web site: http://awic.nal.usda.gov
Published in cooperation with the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of
Veterinary Medicine
Available online: http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/SwineAnesth.pdf
Acknowledgement
The author wishes to thank Kristina Adams for her help in the final editing and design of
this document.
Disclaimers
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Materials appearing in this publication do not necessarily represent positions or policies of
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About this Document
This bibliography updates and revises the Anesthesia chapter in AWIC’s “Information Resources on
Swine in Biomedical Resesarch 1990-2000,” AWIC Resource Series No. 11, February 2000 (online:
http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/swine/swine.htm).
Citations in this chapter were selected from a variety of medical, agricultural, and biological
databases. They include articles primarily from peer reviewed journals, proceedings, and book
chapters. Documents were published between the years of 2001 to 2010.
Citations that include NAL call numbers may be available at the National Agricultural Library
(NAL). Guidelines and information on how to request materials that are included in the
collection of the National Agricultural Library (NAL) may be found on the Request Library
Materials page at http://www.nal.usda.gov/services/request.shtml.
A few citations include a DOI, or Digital Object Identifier. The Digital Object Identifier (DOI®)
System provides a persistent identification number for a digital document so that it can be found
on the internet even if it is moved. For more information on DOI, see http://www.doi.org.
This document represents only one chapter in our extensive series on Swine in Biomedical
Research. More chapter revisions are currently underway and will be released when completed.
It was felt that with the increased depth of coverage on swine and the importance of this large
model, information should be released in chapters as completed and not withheld as a final
product. The next chapter will cover the use of swine as cardiovascular models, another important
area of current research.
Swine Anesthesia and Analgesia (2011) •i
ii• AWIC Special Reference Brief, SRB 11-01
Introduction:
Anesthesia and Analgesia Selection
M. Michael Swindle, DVM, Diplomate ACLAM & ECLAM
Professor and Chairman
Department of Comparative Medicine
Medical University of South Carolina
Charleston, South Carolina USA
Selection of a proper anesthetic and analgesic regimen for swine used in biomedical research
is one of the most important aspects of the experimental procedure. One key issue is ensuring
that pain and distress associated with an experimental procedure, such as surgery, is adequately
controlled. For example, the use of preemptive analgesia in surgical protocols has been shown
to reduce the length of the postoperative recovery and the number of postoperative analgesic
administrations that have to be performed in swine. But of equal importance is ensuring that
the agents selected do not interfere with the goals of the research. Veterinarians and research
personnel should consider the physiologic effects of the anesthetics and analgesics when designing
the experimental protocol. An educated team based approach to the design of invasive research
projects is a good way to ensure success. Ensuring that the protocol is adequate to control pain
and distress and that a research complication does not occur requires knowledge of the effects of
these agents within the porcine species. In many cases the effects of these pharmacologic agents
will be different in other species when making comparisons. The selection of manuscripts in this
section will provide guidance in adhering to these humane and scientific principles.
Swine Anesthesia and Analgesia (2011) •iii
iv• AWIC Special Reference Brief, SRB 11-01
Anesthesia and Analgesia
Aagaard, S., J.R. Larsen, J.S. Berg, E. Sloth, and J.M. Hasenkam (2007). Does the pre-ischaemic admin-
istration of sevoflurane reduce myocardial stunning? A porcine experimental model. Acta
Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 51(5): 577-81. ISSN: 0001-5172.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: In a porcine model, the cardioprotective effect of sevoflurane was
studied with regard to the preservation of myocardial contractility (myocardial stunning) after a
myocardial ischaemic insult. METHODS: Twenty-seven pigs were randomized to receive either a
dual 4% sevoflurane inhalation period as a supplement to pentobarbital anaesthesia or pentobar-
bital anaesthesia only before a 15-min ischaemic insult on the left anterior descending coronary
artery. The ischaemic period was followed by 180 min of reperfusion. Myocardial contractil-
ity was assessed by myocardial sonomicrometry. RESULTS: A significant difference was found
between the sevoflurane group and the control group at 5 min of reperfusion. However, subse-
quently, there was no overall difference between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Sevoflurane
administered as a pre-ischaemic bolus does not provide long-term improvement of the myocardial
contractility. However, it can be speculated that sevoflurane may induce an early improvement in
contractility.
Descriptors: anesthetics, inhalation administration and dosage, methyl ethers administration
and dosage, myocardial contraction drug effects, myocardial stunning prevention and control,
hypnotics and sedatives administration and dosage, models, animal, monitoring, physiologic,
pentobarbital administration and dosage, random allocation, sus scrofa, time factors.
Abu Huwaij, R., S. Assaf, M. Salem, and A. Sallam (2007). Potential mucoadhesive dosage form of
lidocaine hydrochloride: II. In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Drug Development and Industrial
Pharmacy 33(4): 437-48. ISSN: 0363-9045.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to develop a controlled release buccal mucoadhesive deliv-
ery system for systemic delivery of lidocaine hydrochloride as a model drug. In vitro release and
buccal permeation as well as in vivo permeation of LDHCL patches were evaluated. The drug
release and the permeability of the drug through porcine buccal mucosa were evaluated using
Franz diffusion cell. In vivo evaluation of patches was carried out on rabbits as an animal model.
Patches were designed in two fashions, bi-layer (BLP; LDHCL, carbopol, glycerin, pentration
enhancer, and Tween 20 as the first layer; and EVA as the second layer) and triple layer (TLP;
LDHCL, carbopol and glycerin as the first layer; carbopol, glycerin, pentration enhancer and
pluronic F-127 as the middle layer; and EVA as the third layer) patches, respectively. Presence of
oleic acid as PE in the formulation significantly enhanced the in vitro permeability of LDHCL
(p<0.05), while propylene glycol monolaurate as PE suppressed it (p<0.05). The in vivo evalua-
tion in rabbits showed that TLP had significantly higher Cmax and AUC0-8 (p<0.05) than BLP.
Furthermore, TLP showed a well-controlled drug plasma concentration over 6 hr which was sig-
nificantly longer than BLP (p<0.05). Patches were well adhered to buccal mucosa of the rabbits
over the 8-hr study period. It was postulated that the hypothetical release mechanism of the drug
and oleic acid from TLP was controlled by their diffusion through the swollen polymer network
and micelled gel.
Descriptors: anesthetics, local pharmacokinetics, drug carriers chemistry, excipients chemistry,
lidocaine pharmacokinetics, mouth mucosa drug effects, acrylates, adhesiveness, administration,
buccal, anesthetics, local chemistry, area under curve, biological availability, delayed action prepa-
rations, diffusion, excipients pharmacology, glycerol, laurates pharmacology, lidocaine chemistry,
Swine Anesthesia and Analgesia (2011) •1
mouth mucosa metabolism, oleic acid pharmacology, permeability, polysorbates, polyvinyls, pro-
pylene glycols pharmacology, rabbits, swine.
Adetunji, A. and A. Ajao (2001). Comparison of extradural injections of lignocaine and xylazine in
azaperone-sedated pigs. Veterinary Journal 161(1): 98-99 . ISSN: 1090-0233.
NAL Call Number: SF601.V484
Descriptors: swine, lidocaine, injection, xylazine, azaperone, anesthesia, heart rate, body tem-
perature, efficacy, respiration rate.
Ajadi, A.R., T.A. Olusa, O.F. Smith, E.S. Ajibola, O.E. Adeleye, O.T. Adenubi, and F.A. Makinde (2009).
Tramadol improved the efficacy of ketamine-xylazine anaesthesia in young pigs. Veterinary
Anaesthesia and Analgesia 36(6): 562-566. ISSN: 1467-2987.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2009.00496.x
NAL Call Number: SF914 .V47
Abstract: To evaluate the influence of premedication with tramadol on xylazine -ketamine anaes-
thesia in young pigs. Prospective, randomized, blinded cross -over study. Ten young Niger hybrid
pigs: mean weight 6.1 pl 0.6 kg. Pigs were anaesthetized twice. Xylazine (2.5 mg kgp#), ketamine
(25 mg kgp#) and atropine (0.04 mg kgp#) were administered by intramuscular (IM) injection,
5 minutes after either tramadol (5 mg kgp#) (treatment XKT) or saline (treatment XKS). Time
to loss of righting reflex (TLRR), duration of antinociception, duration of recumbency (DR)
and recovery times (RCT) were recorded. Quality of induction of anaesthesia including ease
of endotracheal intubation was assessed using a subjective ordinal rating score of 1 (worst) to 4
(best). Heart, pulse and respiratory rates, arterial oxygen saturations and rectal temperatures were
determined over 60 minutes. Antinociception was assessed by the pigs’ response to artery forceps
applied at the interdigital space. Data were compared with Student’s t-test, Mann-Whitney’s test
or analysis of variance ( anova) for repeated measures as appropriate and are presented as mean pl
standard deviation. The quality of anaesthetic induction was significantly better and duration of
antinociception significantly longer (p < 0.05) in treatment XKT (3.1 pl 0.7 score; 43.7 pl 15.5
minutes) than in treatment XKS (2.8 pl 0.6 score; 32.0 pl 13.3 minutes). TLRR, DR and RCT
did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) between treatment XKT (2.1 pl 0.8, 65.8 pl 17.0 and 13.2
pl 6.7 minutes) and treatment XKS (2.1 pl 1.3, 58.0 pl 14.8 and 10.3 pl 5.6 minutes). Physi-
ological measurements did not differ between the treatments. Tramadol improved the quality of
anaesthetic induction and increased the duration of antinociception in xylazine-ketamine anaes-
thetized young pigs without increasing duration of anaesthesia, nor causing additional depression
of the physiological parameters measured.
Descriptors: ketamine, swine, xylazine, piglets, anesthesia , analgesia, veterinary drugs, general
anesthetics, analgesics, preanesthetic medication, opium alkaloids, drug evaluation, combina-
tion drug therapy, drug synergism, intramuscular injection, depth of anesthesia, analgesic effect,
biomarkers, hemodynamics, breathing, thermoregulation, reflexes, tramadol-, endotracheal-intu-
bation, Internet-resource.
Alexander, K., J.R. Del Castillo, N. Ybarra, V. Morin, D. Gauvin, S. Authier, P. Vinay, and E. Troncy
(2007). Single-slice dynamic computed tomographic determination of glomerular filtration
rate by use of Patlak plot analysis in anesthetized pigs. American Journal of Veterinary Research
68(3): 297-304. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as estimated from Patlak
plot analysis by use of single-slice computed tomography (CT) with that obtained from clear-
ance of plasma inulin in pigs. ANIMALS: 8 healthy anesthetized juvenile pigs. PROCEDURES:
2• AWIC Special Reference Brief, SRB 11-01