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ANTRDN,1XEA ASCAJ CALENDAR HEADCOACHWANTED 1994 28-1 EdmontonKeyanoInternational TheWilliamsLakeBlueFinSwimClubrequires February May 18-20 QuebecAGChampionships,Sherhrooke 6-8 ROWInvitational,Waterloo aHeadSwimCoach.Basedinthecentralinteriorof GuelphInvitational 13-15 Dr.HickenInvitational,TOMACatEtobicoke BritishColumbia,theclubcurrentlyhas75swim- BCAAChamps.PortAlberni l-t-16 PacificDolphinInternational,Vancouver mers under the direction of one head coach and 19-20 MarlinInvitational,Winnipeg 20-21 POMInvitational,Montreal fourassistantcoaches.TheHeadCoachvacancyis 21-22 NYAC/UTInvitational 20-22 HyackInvitational,NewWestminster aparttimepositioncommencingSep. 1, 1994. 25-27 NovaScotiaAgeGroups,Pt.Hawkesbury 26-29 YouthChampionships,Winnipeg Responsibilitiesinclude: EasternCup,Montreal GuelphInvitational • instruction/supervision ofswimmers HamiltonInvitational June • supervision/evaluation ofassistantcoaches] March 3-5 NovaScotiaAgeGroups,Halifax •overseeing planning, implementation, 3-6 OntarioAGChampionships,Brantford AGInvitational,St-Jean 5-9 CommonwealthTrials,Victoria YouthCupII,Toronto andadministrationofaclubprogramatall levels 11-13 CIAUChampionships,Victoria 3-6 BCAAChampionships,Kamloops Applicantsmustpossess: BCAAAChamps.Kamloops 13-15 HollandiaInvitational,London •full NCCPLevel II Certification,workingon III WesternChampionships Dr.HickenInvitational,Etobicoke •leadershipqualifiesandadesiretoexcel 12-13 WorldCup3,RomeorGenoa SpringFestival,Nepean •proven planning,administrative, organizational, 15-17 WorldCup4,Malmo 17-19 EtobicokeAGInternational andsupervisionability 19-20 WorldCup5,Gelsenkirchen MissionViejo,Invitational,USA •fiveyearsofsuccessful coaching experience Man/SaskSCMChampionships 18-19 RedRiverInvitational,Winnipeg 22-23 WorldCup6,Sheffield 24-26 KamloopsClassic •excellentcommunicationandinter-personalskills 25-27 TsunamiInvitational,Ottawa HamiltonInvitational •proficientcomputerskills 26-27 WorldCup7,Paris GuelphInvitational A generoussalaryand benefit packagewill be April QuebecEssoCup2,Montreal offeredcommensuratewithqualificationandexpe- 1-3 QuebecvsOntariodualmeet July rience. 2-3 8-NationYouth,Spain 1-3 EastCoastChamps,Halifax 8-10 HalifaxInvitational OntarioSeniorChampionships Interestedapplicantsshouldsubmitresumeand AGInvitational,Dorval BCSeniorChamps.Victitria BrantfordInvitational 8-10 QuebecProvincials,QuebecCity references inwriting byMarch 15, 1994fo: PacificDolphinMeet,Vancouver OntarioAGChampionships,Etobicoke JoePearce 9 DefiRougeetOr,Ste-foy BCAAAChampionships,Vancouver c/o WilliamsLakeBlueFinSwimClub 9-10 QuebecSeniorTeamProvincials 9-10 Man/SaskChamps Box4299 EtobicokePentathlon 14-17 BuffaloInternational WilliamsLake, B.C., 15-17 KamloopsDashforCash 15-17 EasternCup. Newfoundland V2G2V3 ChicoutimiInvitational Dr.HauhInvitational,London 22-23 SeniorInvitational,BrockUniv. 28-31 SummerNationals,Etobicoke 22-24 Division111TeamChamps,Etobicoke 27-7 GoodwillGames,St.Petersburg.RUS MarlinInvitational,Winnipeg August HEAD AGEGROUPCOACH VictoriaInvitational 19-24 Commonwealth Games,Victoria 28-1 QuebecAGTeamChampionships September l-U WorldChampionships, Rome TheKamloopsAquaticsClubiscurrentlyseek- ingapplicationforthepositionofHeadAgeGroup CANADA CONTENTS Coach.Weareafastgrowingagegroupclub,inthe SVUIVI heartofthesunnyB.C.interior,withabrandnew50 metrepool,andahighlymotivatedBoardofDirec- N.J.Thierry, EditoriPublisher 3 Calendar Contributors:CecilColwin,PatriciaYoung,KarinHelmstaedt 4-6 ColwinonSwimmingHistory tors. EditorialAssistant:AnitaSmale TheSchoolofSydney ThesuccessfulcandidatewillbealevelIIINCCP PhotoEditor MarcoChiesa, ComputerprogramsforTAG Talent IdentificationinCanada certifiedcoachmwith 10yearondeckexperience, developedbyEveryWareDevelopmentCorporation. 8 Internationa] atall levels.Wearelookingforacoachwithahigh PublishedtentSimWeIsMyeaCralyn.adCoantMeangtsazciopnyeriegshttab©lisNhoedpoirnt1io9n74ofthismagazine 9 RecordRound-up priorityontechnique. Thefolmloawyinbgenraempersi:nteSdWIwiMthCoauntawdraittMeangapzeirnmei,ssTiAoGn,IrToOmPtahnedpuMbaliksihnegr.Waves, 1101 SGtorlednegnthOlTdriaeisn:inGgrahamSmith The job will entail assisting the Head Coach areregisteredtrademarksandtheirunauthorizeduseis 12-13 TOP(TinyOlympic Prospects) administer the entire club, with an emphasis on strictlyprohibited Allrightsreserved. Subscriptionrates:Canada$30 yearly I i Backwash recruitment. FoArleliIsngtunebr(snaciarrtiimpoatniialolendSs)tiaSnnc6dl5au.rddeSi7Sneg%rlieaFleidNsesurumaeblseG5r3S.T00 1I6S-21 TDiAgGest(Top25AgeGroup Times) Salarynegotiable. ISSN0319-0560 22 MakingWaves PublicationsMail Registrationno.3534 Pleasesend resumetotheattention of: GatewayPostalFacility,Mississauga. WaltReimef, EditorialOffices: FEBRUARY 1994 SWIMCanadaMagazine, P.O.Box3100 402KingStreetEast,Toronto,Ontario, Volume 21, Number 2 Kamloops, B.C., M5A1L3,CANADATel:(416)368-2606 Consecutive Number 195 V2C6B7 3 CECIL COLWIN ON SWIMMING HISTORY THE SCHOOL OF SYDNEY HOW THE CRAWL WAS DEVELOPED Ancient artifacts, hieroglyphics, bas-reliefs, SirWinstonChurchill, (Churchill,Jnr, 1989) was principles ofthe stroke were alreadybecoming andotherrelicstellusthatoverarmstrokes executedfortreasonforhispartintheGunpow- cleartoSydneyswimmersbefore AlickWickham were swum thousands ofyears ago, par- derPlot.) arrivedinthatcityin1898asayoungboyfromthe ticularlyalongwarm oceanshores. Romanwrit- Thosewhowitnessedtheunusualswimming SolomonIslands. ingsdescribeoverarmstrokesswum byMediter- styles of Flying Gull and Tobacco lacked what However,Wickham didbring to Sydneythe raneanpeoples. Theliteratureofothercountries scientistscall"theinspiredhunch",andtheywere most fluent version of the new stroke that containsimilaraccounts. probably put offby 'too much labourdrowning Sydneysiders had seen, and, until thattime, the Supportedbythebuoyancyofsea-water,any wantofskill'-despitewhatthestopwatchhadtold strokehadnoformalname. Itwasn'tcalled"the swimmerwould be likelytoliftanarm from the them. Theyfailedtorecognizeagoodidea,and crawl"untilalocalcoach,GeorgeFarmer,observ- water on occasion, either to wave or signal to thuslosttheopportunitytoputBritishswimming ingWickham's stroke, said: "Say,watch that kid people on shore or to experiment with crude 60yearsaheadoftherestoftheworld. crawl over the water"...or words to that effect. paddlingmovements. But it is unlikelythat the Anotherversion oftheorigin oftheterm "crawl ancientsdevelopedaformalcontinuousoverarm Thetrudgen stroke stroke" was that Dick Cavill, who swam long strokecompletewithflutterkick... Alas, the historyofswimming, in fact all human stretchesofaracewithhisheadburrowedinthe Overarm swimming strokes brought forth progress, is full of tales of opportunities lost. water,oftenswamoff-course,andwasaccusedby connotationsofunduesplashinganddisturbance Again,onAugust11th,1873,attheLambethBaths arivalof"crawling"alloverhim. (Carlile, 1963.) ofthewatersurface. These facets ofswimming inLondon,whenJohnTrudgenbroughtthedou- wereconsidered undesirablebypurists. Infact, bleoverarmstroketoEnglandfromthewarmsea TurnsCavill's 'leg-less' crawl travellersfromEuropetotheWesternHemisphere, watersoftheWestIndies,anddemonstratedsu- The sameyearthat Wickham arrived in Sydney. andtotheSouthernSeas(Howard, 1849&Byrd, periorspeed, itmusthavebeenobviousthathis SydCavillwasmakinghiswaytotheUnitedStates 1928),onseveraloccasions,hadtheopportunity breaststroke-type kick retarded continuous for- tolivethere. Onhisway,heracedanativewoman toobservenativeswimmersusingoverarmstrokes, ward motion. Trudgen himself admitted that in Apia on the island ofSamoa, who swam the yetdespite the obvious speedattainedbythese "thereareplentyofmencanbeatmewhereI've crawlstrokenaturally,butwithoutusingherlegs "unorthodox"techniques,theyclungtotheirset comefrom" (Sachs 1912). atall. Shegavehim thetoughestraceofhislife. ways. Trudgenadaptedthestrokepoorly,probably Sydwrotehometo hisbrother"Turns" (Arthur) becausehewasoriginallyabreaststrokeswimmer describingtheevent,whereupon Turnsimmedi- Earlyopportunitymissed who changed to the double overarm strokebut atelystarted practisingwithhislegstied. Resistancetochangeisparticularlyevidentinthe couldn'tswimthenewarmactionwithoutretain- Turns then challenged Syd Davis, a promi- caseofthetwoNativeAmericans,FlyingGulland ingthebreaststrokekick. Unfortunately,noone nentswimmer,toaonelengthrace(33yards)in Tobacco, who travelled to London in 1844 to atthetimeunderstoodthatbreaststrokekicking which hewouldswim withlegs tied whileDavis competeat the Lambeth Baths fora medal, and didn't fitnaturallywithTrudgen'sadoptedfaster was to feel free to use both legs and arms. To swam with an action that "thrashed the water arm action, and that a more pliable kick was everyone's surprise Tunis won the Five Pounds violentlywith theirarms, likesailsofawindmill, needed toallowacontinuousstroke. betbywinninginthethenrespectabletimeof20 andbeatdownwardwiththeirfeet,blowingwith seconds. However,inasubsequentrace,usinghis force and forming grotesque actions". Despite Developinga continuousstroke legsaswell,TurnswasunabletobeatDavis. The thefactthatFlyingGullwontherace,covering130 About30yearslaterinAustralia,agroupofinno- lessonlearnedwasthatthetrudgenkickactuallv feet in 30 seconds, his stroke was considered vativeswimmers,whomIliketocall"TheSchool inhibited thecontinuousactionofthecrawlami "totally un-European", and, therefore, unworthy ofSydney"—mensuchastheCavillbrothers(Syd, stroke. ofconsideration. Arthur"Turns",andDick),AlickWickham,Freddy DickCavill,theyoungestoftheCavillbroth- Splashing or "plunging" the arms into the Lane,CecilHealy,andBarneyKieran;allplayeda ers, then only 14, was present when Tunis beat waterwasan indicationofpoorswimming. The roleindevelopingamorecontinuousracingstroke, Davis, but refused tobelievewhat he had seen. ideagoesback toWilliam Shakespearewhowas ratherthanthehaltingmodeofpropulsioninher- BackintheprivacyoftheirhomepoolatLavender probablymisinterpretedwhenhewrote:"An un- entinbreaststroke,sidestroke,andtrudgenswim- Bay, near where Sydney Harbour bridge now skilled swimmer, plunging still, with too much ming. stands,hetimedTunisseveraltimes. Tunisswam labour, drowns his want ofskill". Perhaps the ThedevelopmentofthecrawlinAustraliawas withouttheuseofhislegs,andthenagain using great playwright acquired his insight into swim- the result ofa series ofevents, the correct se- the full stroke. Tunis really was faster when ming from the work ofhis contemporary, side- quenceofwhich is difficult toassessbecauseof swimmingwithhislegstied. Thentheexperiment strokeswimmerSirEverard Digby, aCambridge thevaiyingaccountsonrecord. However,Ihave was repeated, this time with Dick acting as the graduatewhowroteDeartenatandi,thefirstbook tried to collate them as accurately as available "guineapig". Theevidencewasin-efutahle:thescissors onswimminginEngland. (Digby,anancestorof sourcespermit. Thefirstpointtonoteisthatthe kickdefinitelyretardedprogress.(Sullivan, 192") 4 SWIM CANADA FEBRARY 1994 — Thecrawl in competition thecrawl'sorigin isdifficult toverify, andsome- ocean waves. But it was the Australians who DickCavil!setouttofindtheidealkicktosynchro- whatdoubtful. systematicallyadoptedandadapted thecrawl to nisewithhiscrawlarmaction. Then heremem- AlittleknownstoryconcerningAlickWickham theneedsofformalcompetitiveswimming. The beredAlickWickham'sstraight-leggedkick,and is, that although crawl swimmingwas said to be techniquetheydevelopedtooktheworldbystorm. decidedtoexperimentwithvertical kicking. He indigenoustotheSolomonIslands,Alicklearned Although the crawl, at that stage, was ata com- tried thenewstrokeonlyafewdays laterin the theflutterkickonlyafterobservingswimmersin paratively elementary stage of its evolution, it NewSouthWales 100yardschampionship. The Colombo,ontheislandofCeyliin, Ifthisistrue, completely changed the nature ofspeed swim- ladcreatedaminorsensationwhentheamazing and there's no reason to doubt it, the incident ming speed ofthe new stroke brought him to the 50 probablyoccurredwhiletravellingtoCeylonasa yardsmarkfullyfiveyardsaheadofthefield, but youngster on his father's trading schooner. Of 'Fourclasses' ofcrawl thentherigoursoftheimperfectlylearnedaction furtherinterestisthefactthatAlickWickhamhad The earlycrawl was basicallya stroke forswim- caughtupwithhimandhewaspassedbyaspeedy- anelderbrother,whoattendedschoolinSydney mingshort distancesand was too tiring forpro- swimmerbythenameofBishop. before Alick arrived there, and who swam the longed effort. Again, according to Cecil Healey, In 1899,attheageof15, DickCavillwon his crawl there on "numerous occasions. Possibly, one of the great Australian swimmers 'whose firstStatetitle,thistimecautiouslyswimmingthe becausehewasnotaspeedyorpolisheddemon- reputationasacompetitiveathleteandlucidwriter distance usingpartsidestrokeand part trudgen. strator,noparticularnoticewastakenofhim."(Sir wasworld-wide':"Therearetwodistinctmethods Hethenconcentratedonlearningtoswimcom- FrankBeaurepaire, 1942) of'crawling'atpresent,anditsexponentscanbe pleteraceswiththetrudgen,beforereturning said to consist offourclasses, namely, those toimprovehiscrawlswimmingability,usinga 100 YARDFREESTYLESTROKEHISTORY whobreatheregularlyandthosewhotakefour vertical kickwhich eventuallybecamehisfa- 1927 151mm nWeissmL orfivestrokesbeforereplenishingtheirlungs, CmeocuilsHtewaolebye,atwahcotiwona.sHnoowteovnelry,aagcrceoartdisnwgimt-o 11992254 II55222HmmH JJoohtnnWWeeiissssmmiilllleerr..UUSSAA aalntdertnhaotesleyw,hanodsvtirickeevweirstah,tahnedritghhotsaerwm,holefhtalveeg mtheer,sbpuortta,lsCoavailplrolwiafsica"bnydenlooqmueeanntswraitgerreoant 111999211275 1I555233.m8mH ?S :J;o.»t'n;KrWaerhiamsnsaamnmiDliklkuuer..UIUSSSAAA an i"nEdxeppoennednetnstwlehgoacdtoionno.t"breatheregularly sctoynlsisits,tainndghliasrgsetlryookfeswpalsasahc.r"u(Cdaerlairler,an1g96e3m)e.nt 111999111503 &II55344...268mHH |EnE DDuukkc:;haKKraalehhsaannDaaammnDoekkluus...UUUSSSAAA sliuebfimate,rwgiethdhaenadddusoewna,sshhoirmtldpeardsdlsiqnugaraec,tifoanc.e 1907 Im55m.4mH CharlesDarels.USA The effect ofkeeping the head lowered is to South Seasinfluence 1906 mm CharlesDanels.USA floatthelegsashighaspossible,thebodythus On the other hand, Alick Wickham was ac- 1906 > CharlesDanels.USA lyinginahorizontalpositionnearthesurface, knowledged as a fine stylist. He had a very 11990066 |57mmmm cchhaarrlleessDDaanneellss..UUSSAA whichenablesittoskimalong. Undoubtedly, powerfulkickthatwasasix-beatatthestartof 1904 CecilH>aly,AUS greatspeedcanbeattainedthisway,buthold- his career, but which he was said to have 1902 I58.n4H RichardC<vill.AUS ingthebreath forthelength oftime necessi- reducedtoatwo-beat (accordingtothepre- 11990022 6m9mm FFrreeddddyyLLaannee..AAUUSS tatedcausesthephysicalexertion tobecome vailingfashion?)afterhehadbeenswimming 1899 in obDerbysure.ENG moreacuteandexhausting. Underthelatter for a few years. Wickham was very fast for 1898 I60A.8mH S FobDerbyslire.ENG conditions,thosewhoswimasdescribedshow distancesupto75yardsafterwhichpointhe 11889966 1m'61.mmm ac J.HJ.aHcekll1i\iegrss..AEUNGS agreatslackeningoffintheirrateofprogress fadedbadly. Thiswasadifficultyencountered 1895 m Jack1\ers.ENG after 100 metres have been covered, com- bymostofthepioneercrawlswimmerswho 1894 65 m Jack1\ers.ENG paredwithwhattheyarecapableofdoingup tlHaoexoaelkdytmoiseotcmrhaeodndiytoesfdtsrwowiktiehmsmdbieenvfegolrotehpeiinnchgarlaaiwnlmgo.bryCeerocrliell-- 1111888898882876 66669657.ma2m5mm1 ,—-o<CL>oGCUO - J1o"'seiJ1ppaihckNN'1Tu1j,ttetaaarlllslll....EEEENNNNGGGG Atoftahtatigduiisntagnscet.r"o(kKeiphuth, 19-42) ing the body slightly and turning the face 11888832 172.251 l1—£<£3 rV BleCwu-Jeonpeasu..EENNGG From llealev's description we know that the sidewaystoinhale,insteadofliftingthehead 1879 173.251 J.S.Mr n ENG early crawl came to be swum in a variety of forward.Healsointroducedaregularbreath- 1878 176.751 M ore.ENG ways. A few swimmers allowed their legs to ingrhythmwithineachcompletestrokecycle. 30 40 50 60 70 HO 00 100 drift behind them. Some varied indecisively TIMEINSECONDS (Kiphuth, 1942) between a two-beat and a continuous flutter Weissmuller'sWOyardrecordstoodforl6yearswhenMan Whatwerethepointsofcontactwiththe kick. Othershaddifficultysheddingtherem- Polynesians that clearlyestablish linkage be- Ford,I'SAdida506in 19(3andlowerediito49Jin 1941. nantsofsidestrokeandtrudgenkickinglearned tweentheIslandersandthecompetitiveswim- ThelastFINArecognizedrecordwas 18.9byRobinMoore, inchildhood,and thustheyadopteda hybrid mersofAustralia? Probablythereweremany USAin 1956, ThecurrentAmericanrecordis \1.80byMatt crawl,whichforsomewasremarkablysutcess- contacts never annotated, but the arrival of Biondifrom 1987. ful. youngAlick Wickham from the Solomons is Theearlycrawl-strokewascrudeand un- wellrecorded,andsoistheepisodeofSydCavill's Well then, where did the crawl originate? gainly, consumed energy rapidly and was used racewith thenativewoman inApia. But it isnot Therecanbelittledoubt that thecrawlwasindig- mainlyforafastfinishingburst. Severalswimmers well knownthat,beforetheendofthe 19thcen- enous to the Polynesian Islands, particularlythe couldcover50yardsusingcrawl through!iut,but tury, "Professor" Fred Cavill, head of the large techniqueofthe flutter kick which fitted ideally notmanycouldmaintainthetiringactionforalull Cavill clan ofchampion swimmers, was said to with the continuous overarm action. Both the 100yards. DickCavill,thefirst manto.swimcrawl havevisitedtheislandsoftheSouthSeaswherehe flutter kick and the arm stroke probably came in championships, would start a 100 yards race observed the native stroke, and taught it to his naturally to the Islanders when they were body usingthecrawl,thenswitchtothetrudgenstroke sonsonhisreturntoAustralia. Hut thisversionof surfingand trying to catch the surge ofcresting formostofthedistance,beforerevertingtocrawl 5 toproduceaspeedyfinish. countrymeninaction. cated using the trudgen stroke forall distances Therewasnodoubtthat,speedyasitwas,the AmonthaftertheSouthAfricanWarendedin over100yards. (Kellerman, 1918) crawl-strokebecamemorefatiguingthefurtherit May, 1902, a steamship from Australia, carrying The early crawl swimmers had difficulty in was swum. Barney Kieran, a brilliant teenage Dick Cavill, Freddy Lane, and other Australian conserving energy. Their breathing techniques swimmer,insomerespectswentagainstthetrend, swimmers,roundedtheCapeofGoodHope,half- weregenerallypoor,andtheykickedinefficiently. believingthatthecrawlwas"onlygoodforsprints", wayonitssevenweeksvoyagetoEngland. OnJuly Theyquicklybecamebreathlessbecausetheyused anddeveloped his"amblecrawl",analmostlazy, 24, 1902, swimmingin Manchester, FreddyLane theawkwardmethodofliftingtheheadforwardto lopingstyleofdouble-overarmswimming—infact, beatDickCavillandBritain'sfinestswimmer,J.H. inhale. Neither had they acquired the subtle a type oftrudgen stroke—with the intention of Derbyshire, by the narrowest ofmargins, to be- knackofrelaxingwithinthestroke. Theydidn't tryingtorelaxmore,whilestillexertingeffort. comethefirstswimmertocover100yardsinone knowhowtoapplyefforttothepullingarmwhile Freddy Lane, on the other hand, achieved minute. Twoweekslater,Cavillshowedhistrue resting the other arm as it recovered. The old great international success,swimmingadouble- formwhenhecutLane'srecordto58.8seconds, notionthatthelegswerethepredominantpower overarmtrudgenwithanarrowstraight-kneeleg a time that had to remain unofficial as it was; in all swimming took a long time to die. More action. ToCecilHealey,however,goesthecredit recorded in a handicap race. Later that year, in often than not, swimmers tired quicklybecause ofadvocatingthepronouncedtwo-beatkickthat Leicester,Laneofficiallybecamethefirsttobreak theyexertedexcessivekickingpowertothedetri- cametobeacceptedasthehallmarkofthe"Aus- oneminuteforthe 100yardswithatimeof59.6 mentofperformance. tralian crawl", as it became known around the seconds. With the wisdom ofhindsight, it is easy to world.. DuringtheirEnglish tour,thetwoAustralian understand how the crawl pioneers tooka long crawl swimmers, Cavill and Lane, won four na- time to free themselves from the rigidityofthe Difficultiesofanalysis tionaltitlesbetweenthem;Lanecapturedthe100 older styles ofswimming. For years, there re- Noonewasquitecertainwhichmethodofcrawl and220 whileCavilltookthe440and880yards. mained a tendency to swim crawl in the same swimming was the "correct" one. To their sur- Totheircredit,theBritishexpertsbecameloudin precisefashioninwhichbreaststroke,sidestroke prise,peopleeventuallyrealizedthatcrawlswim- their praise ofRichard Cavill and his Australian andtrudgenwereswum. Aprecisenumberofleg mingpermittedagreatdealofindividuallatitude. crawl. Saidoneleadingreporter:"Cavilladopted beatswasprescribedforeacharmcycle,irrespec- Uncertaintyaboutimportantaspectsofcrawlswim- a stroke entirely new to the English critics. He tiveofindividualaptitude,orwhetheraswimmer mingprevaileduntilthe1960swhenCounsilman's kept his" head entirely under the waterand ex- was"leg-talented"ornot. The"classic"stylecame researchimprovedunderstandingofcrawlfunda- tendedhisarmsforwardunderthewater,hiskick tobe thesLx-beatcrawlinwhich thereweretwo mentals. being a revelation to our swimmers."(Cureton, majorbeatsandfourminorbeatsforacomplete Theearlystrokewasnotaprettysight,and,at 1932) cycleofbotharms,buttheeaseandfluencyofthe first,difficulttoanalyse. Totheuninitiateditwas An English newspaperreport, quotedin the moderncrawltookalongtimetoevolve.(Colwin. a jumble ofscurried movements. Theability to "SydneyReferee",said"Cavill'smarvellouscrawl- 1969) breatheregularlywasahit-or-missaffair,depend- stroke called forth the admiration ofeverybody ing on the hopeful chance ofgulping air some- present. His head is low in the water and he World-wide interestdevelops whereamidstarapidlyrotatingarmaction. The breathesbysnatches,everyfivebreathsorso. His After the Australians had shown their wares in first "crawlers" wanted to develop a stroke that armsextendwideandsweepunderthechest." England, world-wide interest in the new crawl providedcontinuouspropulsion,withoutthestop- A more vivid account ofCavill's stroke was stroke slowly developed. The word "slowly" is start motions of the trudgen and side-stroke. given by McArthur Moseley ofLeeds, the Presi- usedadvisedlybecauseintercontinentaltravelwas Drawing the legs up to perform a trudgen or dentoftheNationalAmateurSwimmingAssocia- possibleonlybysteamship,andaround-tripfrom scissors kickmadethearm-strokepause,andso tion,whosaid:"Generallyknownbytheappropri- AustraliatoEnglandtook overthreemonths. For they concentrated instead on turning the arms atenameof'SplashCavill'whenheisswimming, example,FreddyLane,whocompetedinEngland overquicklyandcontinuously. you see a lot ofsplash but little ofCavill. One and Europe in 1899, 1900, and 1902, spent on The components of the early crawl stroke mightbepardonedformistakinghimforascrew average three months at sea each year. During were not always assembled in the best working propellorthat receivedagalvanicshockbut the each long ocean voyage, he tried to stay fit by order, oftenresultinginprematurefatigue. The ratehestrugglesthroughthewaterislittleshortof trainingintheship'ssmallcanvasswimmingpool. splashandthrashofthecrawlhorrifiedtradition- amiracle. Heusesasortofreviseddouble-over- Despitetraveldifficulties,andslowcommuni- alists who regarded speed swimming as an art armofthetrudgenvariety. Todescribeitscientifi- cations, there grewan exchangeofinformation form, requiring skill, grace and elegance. They cally or even minutely is impossible." (Carlile, thatresultedinthecrawlspreadingfromAustralia lookedaskanceatthecrawlstroke,thisintrusion 1963). to Europe, and to the American east and west from Australia in 'the far-offreaches ofthe Em- coasts. pire', thought it 'a freakstrokeandan abomina- The new 'glamourstroke' The nextgeneration ofswimmers, nurtured tion',apassing fad that,givengenteel tolerance Whathadoncebeentermed"theFreakStrokeof in thecrawlastheirbeginningstroke,swamitin andpatience,soon wouldfadefrom memory. Swimming"becameknownasthe"NoveltyStroke a more facile fashion. Youngchildren proved it ofSwimming". Inthefollowingdecadethecrawl possible to easily cover long distances with the Cavill takes thecrawl to England strokewastoachieveanewstatusas"TheGlam- crawl,succeedingwhere theoldsters had failed. Even in his native Australia, Dick Cavill found ourStroke". However,itwasalongtimebeforeit Thisperiodproducedthefirstsignificantexchange officials notalways readytosanction his record- was refined sufficiently for use over the longer oftechnicalideasbetweennations. breakingswims. And, in England, thenhomeof distances. EvenAnnetteKellerman,whowonthe Swimmingdevelopment entereda newera. many ofthe world's greatest swimmers, scepti- Australian100yardschampionshipin 1902,using and the world of international swimming MQ cismoftheworld recordssetinAustraliaexisted thecrawl withascissors kick, andwho laterbe- nevertobethesameagain. side-by-sidewithkeeninteresttoseeCavillandhis cameaworld-renowneddistanceswimmer,advo- 6 SWIM CANADA FEBRARY 1994 ISSUES TALENT IDENTIFICATION IN CANADA Mark St-Aubin thetestingofachild'sathleticabilitiescanbeused measureablethingsthatcandistinguishbetween theMay1992issueofSWIM,CecilColwin,a to profile his or her strengths and weaknesses, thetwo?Todate,theanswerstothesequestions In regularcontributortothemagazine,discussed and topredictwhereone's potential lies. are not clear. Thechallenge is that a world class the merits offinding talent in young swim- swimmer requires 8, 10, 15, or perhaps even 20 mers and summarized by saying "First rule of In view of these arguments, some coaches years todevelop. A lot ofthings change during internationalsuccess: findthetalent!" across Canada have made concerted efforts to that time. The factors that distinguish the elite We seem to hear about talent detection or develop a "good eye"—the ability to spot talent fromthenon-elitewhenathletesare20yearsold, talentidentificationfromalotofdifferentpeople across the pool. Others have created the right are not necessarily thesameas thosewhen ath- in the swimming community. While Colwin re- environment for swimmers to develop, to help letes were aged 10. Measuring these changes is cently emphasized the subject, Dr. John Hogg, the best "move to the top". Unfortunately, the extremely difficult. Recently, another Canadian formernationalteamsportpsychologist,hasbeen aboveeffortshavelimits.Whenconsideringthat innovation was created that may help simplify interestedinyoungtalentedindividualsandhow goodeye,eventhoughsomecoachesoftenmake thesemeasurements.Dr.GuyRegnierofRegiede torecognizethem formanyyears. Furthermore, veryaccuratepredictionsoffuturepotential,this la Securite dans les Sports du Quebec, and Dr. in 1988, an ambitious project was presented to abilityrequiresaspecial talentinitself,andtakes John Salmela ofOttawa University developed a Swimming/Natation Canada by Dr.Jeno Tihanyi alotofpracticetomaster. research model that provided some interesting and his colleagues at Laurentian University, to InNorthAmerica,talentdetectionisreplaced answers forsuch sports asgymnastics, baseball, startasystematicapproach to talentdetection— and(iftenconfusedwiththepyramidmodel,where andfencing,butunfortunately,notforswimming. another great Canadian initiative that never re- eventually the best move to the top. Those ath- ceivedthesupportnorthefunding. leteswithoutthenecessaryprerequisiteswillnot Proponentsoftalent detection in Canadian succeed to the same extent and will eventually swimmingarenotinventingthewheel,since Why should talent detection be of any dropoutofsportorswitchtoan<ithersportwhere othersintheworldstnmglybelieveintalent valuetocompetitiveswimming?Toan theymayexperiencesuccess.Obvii>uslythisprac- detection andarecurrently usingit totheirben- swer that question, let's focus our ticeisveryinefficient.Mostcoacheswouldprefer efit.CecilColwinisabsolutelyright toencourage thoughtsontwoveryimportantissues:one,how developingtalented,youngindividualsrightfrom .swimmingintheschi><lis,asthisisanintegralpart manyofourswimmersquitthesportwhen they theonset. of the best talent identification models in the reachthe13to16yearagerange;andtwo,when world. wegivethe"opportunity"toallchildrentoswim Currently,veryserioustalentdetectionpro- Fortunately, a few individuals in Canadian inourclubs,aretheAlexes,Victors,andMarksout grams exist in Australia, the INSEP in swimmingbelieveintalentdetection;fewerhave there really coming through the front doors? If France, and China. These programs are theskillsand knowledge. Ifnfortunately, no pro- most ofyou answered "Too many" to the first foundedonresearchconductedacn>sstheworld. grams are using talent detection. If you are a question,and"Wehopetheydo"tothesecond, Eventhoughalotoftheresearchhascomefrom believer, why not encourage and support those thentalentdetectionshouldreallybegivensome the former Eastern Bloc states, you will be sur- whohavetheknowledgenecessarytoimplement seriousthought! prised to know that much research is Canadian! talent detection? Hopefully, one day soon, help Everyyearmanysports,includingswimming, Dr. Tudor Bompa of York University and Dr. willbeavailableforallwhoneedtalentdetection losebetweenathirdoftheirparticipantsaged 13 Richard Montpetit ofthe University ofMontreal —coachesand theirswimmers. to15years.Infact,nearlyhalfofallswimmersmay have each developed different talent detection thinkaboutquittingatsomepointintheircareer. models, models that proposea system todetect Onereason fordroppingout istheperceivedor andnurturetalentedyoungathletes.JenoTihanyi MarcSt-Aubiniscurrentlyonsabbaticalfrom actuallackofcompetenceinparticipants.Athletes andhiscolleagues'propiisalhelpedapplysomeof coachingagegroupswimminganddevelopment mustfeel that theyarecompetent at theirsport. theabove research tocreatea Canadian Model - tofinishhisMastersthesisonTalentI^electionin Feelings ofinadequacy and inability to perform unfortunately, this application has not vet been Spoil,intheChildandDevelopmentStudiespro- competently may result in the individual drop- publishedforsharingwiththeentirecommunity. gram at Laurentian University, while teaching pingoutofthesport. Sofar,ifweconsideredtalentdetectionasahouse coursesfortheSchoolofHumanMovement,lieis Oneobviousconsequenceofthis high early tobebuilt,themodelsarethefoundation. Unfor- also working as a clinical kinesiologist at the drop-out rate is the lossofpotentiallygreat ath- tunately,wehaveonlyafewbricks! Sudbury Orthopaedic andSport Physiotherapy letesandaloweredqualityofourNationalTeam. Additionalbricksareneeded,includingthose Centre. Onepossiblesolutiontoreducethedrop-outrate that identify the best tests that can measure the Ifintestestedinfurtherinformation on this mightbetocounselchildrentowardsthosesports significant parameters todefiningtalent. Forex- article, contactMarcdirectlyat: forwhich they have agreater likelihood ofsuc- ample, what is the difference between a world SchoolofIlitinanMovement.RamseylakeRoad, cess. Proponents oftalent detection argue that classandanati(>nallevelswimmet?WhataretIk>sc laurentian University, Sudbury. OX. P3B2C6 SWIM CANADA/FEBRUARY 1994 ; . . INTERNATIONAL 994 STARTS WITH THREE WORLD RECORDS 1 AND A NEAR MISS AUSTRALIA IN PatriciaYoung Chinese swimmers dominated thewomen's worldrecordinthe100flywith58~1.tobetterthe HONG KONG— Olympic champion Alexander competitionwiththebulkofthemedalhaul. formerworldbestof58.91 byMan-T. Meagher. Popov smashed the 100 metre freetsyle short "Some of our girls are very tired after the USAfrom 1981. courseworldrecordwithatimeof47.83seconds worldchampionships,"ChineseheadcoachMing Aftertwostopsonthew;orld cupcircuitthe toopenthefirstlegofthe1994WorldSwimming Zhousaid. "Fourweeksinnotmuchtimeaftera balancehadthreenewworldrecords. TheEuro- Cup. bigevent." peanportionwillcontinuewithsixcompetitions Although the towering Russian 6'6" domi- InBeijingWeiyueZhongestablishedthefirst inwesternEuropeduringxMarch. natedtheblazinginternationalfield(allunder50 seconds) to better the old mark of 47.94, the accomplishment seemed to leave him non- plussed. 18-year old Daniel Kowalski 12x400longcourse looksprimedtobethenextgreat 4on4:30 distanceswimmerfromAustralia 4on4:25 HetrainsontheGoldCoast 4on4:20 inQueenslandwithcoachDennis Tryto finish last one Cottrel,whoalsocoachesAussie sub4:00min. sprintstarAndrewBaildon. Hisbest3,000is31:06long Trainingjustdown theroad course, and 30:25 for short from Kowalski isOlympiccham- course, butsavs timed3.000's pion and world record holder arenotafocusforhim. KierenPerkins. Advicetoswimmers: Lurking in the shadows is "Concentrate! Don't sing Commonwealth champion Glen songsorthinkaboutsomething Housman. elsewhenyourace. "Glennislikeaghost,"Kowalskisaid."Weall "I work on a lot ofspeed work, keeping knowheisouttheretrainingsomewhere,butno strokeratesevenforthewholeset. onehasseenhim." "Try doing 50's holding race speed .. Housmanhittheheadlinesin1989whenhe around38-39strokesperlap(longcourse)." Alexander Popov sy^/Lance was denied a 1500 free world record at the KowalskisaysPerkinsdoesn'tdomorethan Australian Trials forCommonwealths since the 80k perweekand the BIG MileageAmericans "I didn't even bother shaving." Popov said. touchpadfailedtorecordhistime,whichonthe arewayoffbase. "Shortcourserecordsarenotworththetrouble." manualwatchwas14:53.59,stillthirdfastestall- "Americandistanceswimmingisajoke."he Popovloweredhisrecordatthenextstopon time. said. thecircuitin Beijing,threedayslater. "I don't think he has ever recovered from Thesecret:QUALITYANDHARDWORK! Popov and third place finisher Vladimir that,"Kowalskisaid."Ibelievehe'llbeback,and Hetrainsat30-40%belowhismaxheartrate Pyshnenko are coached by Gennadi Tourteski, justthinkingthatmakesmetrainharder. (which is 198). Hedoesnoweights. whoisnowheadcoachoftheAustralianInstitute "I've got a lot ofroom to improve. I was ofSportinCanberra. surprisedtowinthe400freeattheshortcourse Favouriteset: Bothswimmersaretrainingdownunderand worlds. Warmup:300free+ Pyshnenkoonlymadeittothecompetitiiinwhen "Kieren is one ofthegreat personalities of 4x 150kick/drill/swim theHongKongswimmingfederationdecidedto Australiaandtremendousforthesport.Itwillbe 4x 150pull/drill swim footthebill,ashewasleftofftheRussian team. hard,butIhopeIcancatchhim." ReverseIMorderon2:30 Raimundas Majuolis, Lithuania's American- Hedoesnotdoalotoflongdistancework. Series 1:8x50variablepaceon60sec trainedsprintstarchalkeduptwomorewinsover Hestarted"life"asabutterflyer,makinghisfirst Series2: 20x400on4:30 sprintrivalsPopovandshortcourseworldrecord teamatage 14. holding4:20'susuallyfinishing4:0S holderMarkFoster.InHongKonghewonwitha Hisdailytrainingloadis 14-I5k. Series3: 500-600swimdown 21.80 and repeated in Beijing with 21.79. This Afavouriteset: Onceeven-threeweeks. men'ssprintfieldwasveryfast. 8 SWIM CANADA FEBRARY 1994 BROWN MISSES WORLD RECORD RECORD SETTERS Brown said after the race. "1 was hoping for a WORLDShortCourse (25 m pool) personalbest." Men 100freestye: ShehasbeenthefindofAustralianswimming 47.83AlexanderPopov,RUS,HongKong,Jan.1 duringthepast 12 monthsandheldtheprevious 47.82AlexanderPopov, RUS, Beijing.Jan.5 Australian recordof2:28.24setlast February. Bettersoldrecordof47.94GustavoBorges,BRA, Brown's coach, Michael Piper, said that the July 1993. performanceclearlymarkedherasthebestinthe ALLTIMEMEN'S100METRESFREESTYLE 1 4782 AlexanderPopov.RUS SCM94 worldat the moment. 2 4794 GustavoBoiges.BRA SCM94 Another record attempt will be planned for 3 4820 MichaelGrass,GER SCM88 MarchduringtheAustralianCommonwealthTri- 4 4825 JonOlsen.USA SCM93 5 48.27 FernandoScherer,BRA SCM94 als. 6 4830 BengtZikarsky.GER SCM92 BarcelonamedallistSusanO'Neilldidn'tjump 7 4833 TommyWemei.SWE SCM89 Rebecca Brown forjoy upon hearing ofSummerSanders retire- 8 4834 RaimundasMajuolis.LTU SCM94 9 4845 NilsRudolphGER SCM90 ment.AttheOlympicsSanders,USA,andXiaohong 10 4848 MichaelFibbens.GBR SCM92 BrisbaneschoolgirlRebeccaBrown,16,missed Wang,CHN,relegatedO'Neilltoabronzemedalin Women's100butterfly 58.71WeiyueZhong, the world record in the 200 breaststroke by an the200fly,afterleadingthefield formostofthe CHN,Beijing,Jan.5,firstofficialFINAworldrecord. agonising0.05sec,ortheblinkofaneye,winning race. Betters formerworld best timeof58.91 MaryT. the event at Queensland Championships (long Sanders confirmed her retirement, already Meagher, USA, 1981. course) in 2:25-40, itwasa newCommonwealth rumouredlastyear,"I'velosttheloveforthesport ALLTIMEWOMEN'S100METRESBUTTERFLY record, bettering Allison Higson's 2:27.27 from and was finished withcompetitiveswimming." 1 5871 WeiyueZhong.CHN SCM94 2 5891 MaryT Meagher.USA SCM81 1988. It left O'Neill with one less rival in her pet 3 5905 LiminLiu.CHN SCM94 Br<iwnlateraddedtheCommonwealthrecord event. Butshetook the newscalmly. 4 5911 SusanO'Neill.AUS SCM94 in the 100breastwitha 1:08.71. "I'm not going: 'Oh wow, it's easy now', 56 55993305 YKournneQluiaCGHreNssler.GDR SSCCMM8964 "Iwasn'texpectingtogothatfast,"anexcited O'Neillsaid. "Therearealotoffastgirlsaround." 7 5951 PetriaThomas.AUS SCM94 8 5953 BirteWeigang.GDR SCM87 SIEVINEN MAKES IT FIVE IN A ROW 9 5953 KristieKrueger.USA SCM94 10 5958 CarenMetschuk.GDR SCM82 Men's 200 individual medley: 1:54.65Jani Healsocompeted in butterflyand swam Sievinen,FIN,Kuopio,Jan.21.Betters<iwnrec<ird of 1:55.59 from 1993. thefastest timeofthe ALLTIMEMEN'S200METRESIND.MEDLEY seasoninthe100wit%h 1 1.54.65 JamSievinen.FIN SCM94 a 52.h1 and a 1:55. 2 156.80 ChristianKelier.GER SCM94 forthe200fly. 3 1:57.67 MatthewDunn.AUS SCM94 4 15788 DarrenWard.CAN SCM92 He did not swim 5 15799 tarsSoiensen.DEN SCM92 the400I.M.wherehe 6 15818 PabloMorales.USA SCM87 holdstheworldrecord 7 15822 AlexBaumann.CAN SCM87 8 158.33 TamasDarnyi.HUN SCM92 of4:07.10from 1993. 9 15835 FraserWalker.GBR SCM94 Sievinenisthefirst 10 15836 AttilaCzene.HUN SCM92 swimmerfromFinland lo set a world record. COMMONWEALTH (LongCourse 50m pool) His first successcame Women's100breaststroke 1:08.71 Rebecca in 1990 when he won Brown,AUS, Brisbane,Jan.13- Bettersold record the200l.M. at theEu- of1:08.81 LinleyFrame,AUS, Perth,Jan.1 1. 1991. ropean Juniors. This JWomen's200breaststroke:2 25 i0Rebecca past summer he won Brown,AUS, Brisbane.Jan.12 Bettersold record After virtually disappearing from the world I the2001MattheEuropeanswiththefastesttime of 2:27.27Allison Higson,CAN,May29, 1988. scene for the past few monthsJani Sievinen re- oftheyear. Heistheman tobeat inthel.M.and ALLTIMEWOMEN'S200METRESRREASTSTR0KE 1 2:2535 AnitaNall.USA LCM92 turnstoprominence withaworld record forthe shouldbefavoured loraworldtitlethissummer 2 22540 RebeccaBrown.AUS LCM94 200individualmedley(sh<>rta>urse) 1:54.65,com- m Rome. 3 2:26.65 KyokoIwasaki.JPN LCM92 petingatthe FinnishChampionships,Jan 20-23. FINA recognized recordsafter Mar.31,1991 4 2:26.71 SilkeHorner.GDR LCM88 Sievinen has now set a world record in this 1:57.19 Jani Sievinen.FIN Kuopio.Jan.17,1992 56 22::2266.8956 GLiuoLihno.nCgHNDai,CHN LLCCMM9923 eventfivetimessinceJanuaryof1992. 1:56.84 Jani Sievinen.FIN Helsinki,Jan.22,1993 7 2:27.27 AllisonHigson.CAN LCM88 Acomparisonofthesplits: 1:56.62 Jani Sievinen.FIN Paris.Feb.7,1993 8 2.2749 XiaominHuang.CHN LCM88 9 2:27.55 KrislmeQuance.USA LCM91 Oldrecord 26.26 55.68 1:28.88 1:55.59 1:55.59 Jani Sievinen.FIN Malmo.Feb.10,1993 10 2:2766 TamaDangalakova.BUL LCM86 Newrecord 25.59 55.08 1:27.88 1:54.65 1:54.65 Jani Sievinen.FIN Kuopio.Jan.21,1994 SWIM CANADA/FEBRUARY 1994 9 STRENGTH TRAINING WHY SWIMMERS NEED A STRONG STOMACH AND STRONG BUTTOCKS GLEN BELFRY thatarerecruitedduringswimming-thestomach Resistance programs for swimming faster muscles (rectisabdominous)andthemusclesof Exercises that recruit the stom- havebeenusedintheswimmingcommu thebuttocks (glutaeusmaximus). ach and/or hip muscles, such as nitv in many ingeniousways.Teamshave The importance ofthe stomach andgluteal incorporated free weights, a variety of weight musclestoswimmingwasfirstdocumentedbyJ. sit-ups, back extensions, squats, machines,aswellasswimmingwithtubing,pull- P.Clarysin 1979.Thisworkwasfollowedupbya cleans, and machines such as ingbuckets,andswimmingwithpaddlestoname 1985 paper by the same researcher. This 1985 the Nautilus pullover, are afew.Therationalehasbeenthatbyoverloading paperlookedwithgreaterdepthintothecontri- themusclesused inswimming,causingthem to butionsof25differentmusclestofreestyleswim- critical to a resistance program. adaptandbecomefitter,peoplewillswimfaster. ming.TanakaandCostilldiscussthispaperbriefly. This is an excellent hypothesis that few people Atablegivesthepercentcontributionsofthe25 theforceofthearmpullisonlyoccurringonthe woulddebate. differentmuscles,relativetotheforcegenerated chest side ofthe body. Ifthe trunk musclesare Recentlyoneofthetopresearchersinswim- by a maximal contraction for each muscle. The strong,theforcegeneratedfromthearmwillpull mingcarriedoutastudyof"DryLandResistance higherthepercent,thegreaterthismusclewillbe thebodyforward, instead ofcreatingawiggling Training for Competitive Swimming"(Tanaka, recruited during the freestyle stroke. It can be andarchingaction.Themusclesalongthespine Costilletal.). assumedthatthemoreaparticularmuscleworks, (erectorspinae)arealsoimportantinmaintaining D.L.Costillinformsus,inhislatestbook,that the more important it becomes. The muscles astraightbodypositionduringthefreestylepullas "swimming power, as determined during teth- recruitedmostinfreestyleswimming,according well. eredswimming, hasbeen shown toaccountfor toClarys,are: Theglutealmusclesarerecruitedduringthe 86% of one's performance in a 25 m freestyle 1. lattissimusdorsi-92.34% upbeatofthekick,whenthelegispulledbackto sprint, 74% at the 100 m distance, 72% at 200 2. gluteal muscles-122.41% and79.52% (the the surface. The hip flexor muscles (predomi- metres, and 58% at 400 metres. Power is very glutaeushastwodistinctportions) nantly the ilio psoas) are the major muscles re- importantforfastswimming." 3.stomachmuscles-83.13%and91.96%(two cruitedonthedownbeat.Whilesprinting,theleg distinct portionsaswell),andadistant iskeptstraighterandthekickcomesmorefrom Therehasbeenasignificantamountofwork 4. pectoralismajor-43.27% (theportion that thehip.Theglutealsbecomemoreimportantthe done on avarietyofresistance programs attachestothesternumorbreastbone) fasteroneswims.Sincethesetwomusclesofthe andtheireffectsonincreasingswimming All the other muscles ofthe arm and trunk hip cross the joint, stability of the hip area is speed.Thislatestarticledidnotfindanyincrease possiblytheothermajorfunctionofthese mus- inspeedfromtheparticularweighttrainingpro- Ifthe trunk muscles are cleswhileswimming. gram tested. This program incorporated dips, chin-ups, lat pull downs, elbow extensions and strong, the force generated Therefore, it is important to notonlytrain bent arm flys. The swimmers performed three from the arm will pull the thearmmuscles,whichdirectlyaffectpro setsofeachexercisewith8-12repetitions.Strength pulsion,buttoalsotrainthemusclesthat body forward, instead of increasedbut therewasnosubsequent increase keepthetrunkinline.Bytrainingtheamimuscles inspeedin thepool. creating a wiggling and only,onerunstheriskofnotbeingabletotransfer Itisimportanttolookatthisparticularpaper arching action. thisincreasedpowertothebody,sincethetrunk andfindoutwhytherewerenoimprovementsin muscles will not be able to counteract the new swimmingspeed.Weknowthatiftheswimming powerofthearmstokeepthebodyinline. Itis musclescandomoreworkinthesameperiodof thatwerestudied,werebetween24%and39%. reasonabletosaythatthemorepowerthearms time, we will swim faster. It is then logical to As previously mentioned, the most notable cangenerate, the more powerthestomach and assume that, in this study, particular muscles findingsweretheuseofthestomachandgluteal hipmusclesmustgenerate. criticaltoswimmingwereneglected in thetrain- muscles.Thesetwomusclegroupsareimportant Exercisesthatrecruitthestomachand orhip ing program. In the discussion section of the forstabilityofthetrunkandforkicking,forpro- muscles,suchassit-ups.backextensions,squats, TanakaandCostill paper, theystatethat "swim- pulsionandbalance.Duringfreestyleswimming, cleans,andmachinessuchastheNautiluspullo- mingisahighlyspecificsport,andreproduction thearmspullalternatelyandthepointoftransfer ver,arecriticaltoaresistanceprogram. ofcomplexswimmingmovementsisdifficulton of the force generated by the arms is at the MA land."Themajorreason forthisdifficultyisthat shoulder, which is offthe mid line ofthebody. Glen R. Belfry, B.Ed., teachesExercise theswimmerinwaterissuspended,whileonland Therefore,therewillbeatendencyforthetrunk Physiology and Biocbemstry on the Faculty of gravitycomesintoplay.Theexercisesdoneinthis to bend in the horizontal plane, orwiggle. The Kinesiolog)'attheIdiversityofWesternOntario. study ignored two ofthe major muscle groups back mightalsoarch. Thiswould occurbecause HeisalsoMen'sSwimmingCoach. SWIM CANADA FEBRARY 1994 10

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ANTRDN,1XEA ASCAJ CALENDAR HEADCOACHWANTED 1994 28-1 EdmontonKeyanoInternational TheWilliamsLakeBlueFinSwimClubrequires February May 18-20 QuebecAGChampionships,Sherhrooke 6-8 ROWInvitational,Waterloo aHeadSwimCoach.Basedinthecentralinteriorof GuelphInvitational 13-15 Dr.HickenInvitational,TOMACatEtobicoke BritishColumbia,theclubcurrentlyhas75swim- BCAAChamps.PortAlberni l-t-16 PacificDolphinInternational,Vancouver mers under the direction of one head coach and 19-20 MarlinInvitational,Winnipeg 20-21 POMInvitational,Montreal fourassistantcoaches.TheHeadCoachvacancyis 21-22 NYAC/UTInvitational 20-22 HyackInvitational,NewWestminster aparttimepositioncommencingSep. 1, 1994. 25-27 NovaScotiaAgeGroups,Pt.Hawkesbury 26-29 YouthChampionships,Winnipeg Responsibilitiesinclude: EasternCup,Montreal GuelphInvitational • instruction/supervision ofswimmers HamiltonInvitational June • supervision/evaluation ofassistantcoaches] March 3-5 NovaScotiaAgeGroups,Halifax •overseeing planning, implementation, 3-6 OntarioAGChampionships,Brantford AGInvitational,St-Jean 5-9 CommonwealthTrials,Victoria YouthCupII,Toronto andadministrationofaclubprogramatall levels 11-13 CIAUChampionships,Victoria 3-6 BCAAChampionships,Kamloops Applicantsmustpossess: BCAAAChamps.Kamloops 13-15 HollandiaInvitational,London •full NCCPLevel II Certification,workingon III WesternChampionships Dr.HickenInvitational,Etobicoke •leadershipqualifiesandadesiretoexcel 12-13 WorldCup3,RomeorGenoa SpringFestival,Nepean •proven planning,administrative, organizational, 15-17 WorldCup4,Malmo 17-19 EtobicokeAGInternational andsupervisionability 19-20 WorldCup5,Gelsenkirchen MissionViejo,Invitational,USA •fiveyearsofsuccessful coaching experience Man/SaskSCMChampionships 18-19 RedRiverInvitational,Winnipeg 22-23 WorldCup6,Sheffield 24-26 KamloopsClassic •excellentcommunicationandinter-personalskills 25-27 TsunamiInvitational,Ottawa HamiltonInvitational •proficientcomputerskills 26-27 WorldCup7,Paris GuelphInvitational A generoussalaryand benefit packagewill be April QuebecEssoCup2,Montreal offeredcommensuratewithqualificationandexpe- 1-3 QuebecvsOntariodualmeet July rience. 2-3 8-NationYouth,Spain 1-3 EastCoastChamps,Halifax 8-10 HalifaxInvitational OntarioSeniorChampionships Interestedapplicantsshouldsubmitresumeand AGInvitational,Dorval BCSeniorChamps.Victitria BrantfordInvitational 8-10 QuebecProvincials,QuebecCity references inwriting byMarch 15, 1994fo: PacificDolphinMeet,Vancouver OntarioAGChampionships,Etobicoke JoePearce 9 DefiRougeetOr,Ste-foy BCAAAChampionships,Vancouver c/o WilliamsLakeBlueFinSwimClub 9-10 QuebecSeniorTeamProvincials 9-10 Man/SaskChamps Box4299 EtobicokePentathlon 14-17 BuffaloInternational WilliamsLake, B.C., 15-17 KamloopsDashforCash 15-17 EasternCup. Newfoundland V2G2V3 ChicoutimiInvitational Dr.HauhInvitational,London 22-23 SeniorInvitational,BrockUniv. 28-31 SummerNationals,Etobicoke 22-24 Division111TeamChamps,Etobicoke 27-7 GoodwillGames,St.Petersburg.RUS MarlinInvitational,Winnipeg August HEAD AGEGROUPCOACH VictoriaInvitational 19-24 Commonwealth Games,Victoria 28-1 QuebecAGTeamChampionships September l-U WorldChampionships, Rome TheKamloopsAquaticsClubiscurrentlyseek- ingapplicationforthepositionofHeadAgeGroup CANADA CONTENTS Coach.Weareafastgrowingagegroupclub,inthe SVUIVI heartofthesunnyB.C.interior,withabrandnew50 metrepool,andahighlymotivatedBoardofDirec- N.J.Thierry, EditoriPublisher 3 Calendar Contributors:CecilColwin,PatriciaYoung,KarinHelmstaedt 4-6 ColwinonSwimmingHistory tors. EditorialAssistant:AnitaSmale TheSchoolofSydney ThesuccessfulcandidatewillbealevelIIINCCP PhotoEditor MarcoChiesa, ComputerprogramsforTAG Talent IdentificationinCanada certifiedcoachmwith 10yearondeckexperience, developedbyEveryWareDevelopmentCorporation. 8 Internationa] atall levels.Wearelookingforacoachwithahigh PublishedtentSimWeIsMyeaCralyn.adCoantMeangtsazciopnyeriegshttab©lisNhoedpoirnt1io9n74ofthismagazine 9 RecordRound-up priorityontechnique. Thefolmloawyinbgenraempersi:nteSdWIwiMthCoauntawdraittMeangapzeirnmei,ssTiAoGn,IrToOmPtahnedpuMbaliksihnegr.Waves, 1101 SGtorlednegnthOlTdriaeisn:inGgrahamSmith The job will entail assisting the Head Coach areregisteredtrademarksandtheirunauthorizeduseis 12-13 TOP(TinyOlympic Prospects) administer the entire club, with an emphasis on strictlyprohibited Allrightsreserved. Subscriptionrates:Canada$30 yearly I i Backwash recruitment. FoArleliIsngtunebr(snaciarrtiimpoatniialolendSs)tiaSnnc6dl5au.rddeSi7Sneg%rlieaFleidNsesurumaeblseG5r3S.T00 1I6S-21 TDiAgGest(Top25AgeGroup Times) Salarynegotiable. ISSN0319-0560 22 MakingWaves PublicationsMail Registrationno.3534 Pleasesend resumetotheattention of: GatewayPostalFacility,Mississauga. WaltReimef, EditorialOffices: FEBRUARY 1994 SWIMCanadaMagazine, P.O.Box3100 402KingStreetEast,Toronto,Ontario, Volume 21, Number 2 Kamloops, B.C., M5A1L3,CANADATel:(416)368-2606 Consecutive Number 195 V2C6B7 3 CECIL COLWIN ON SWIMMING HISTORY THE SCHOOL OF SYDNEY HOW THE CRAWL WAS DEVELOPED Ancient artifacts, hieroglyphics, bas-reliefs, SirWinstonChurchill, (Churchill,Jnr, 1989) was principles ofthe stroke were alreadybecoming andotherrelicstellusthatoverarmstrokes executedfortreasonforhispartintheGunpow- cleartoSydneyswimmersbefore AlickWickham were swum thousands ofyears ago, par- derPlot.) arrivedinthatcityin1898asayoungboyfromthe ticularlyalongwarm oceanshores. Romanwrit- Thosewhowitnessedtheunusualswimming SolomonIslands. ingsdescribeoverarmstrokesswum byMediter- styles of Flying Gull and Tobacco lacked what However,Wickham didbring to Sydneythe raneanpeoples. Theliteratureofothercountries scientistscall"theinspiredhunch",andtheywere most fluent version of the new stroke that containsimilaraccounts. probably put offby 'too much labourdrowning Sydneysiders had seen, and, until thattime, the Supportedbythebuoyancyofsea-water,any wantofskill'-despitewhatthestopwatchhadtold strokehadnoformalname. Itwasn'tcalled"the swimmerwould be likelytoliftanarm from the them. Theyfailedtorecognizeagoodidea,and crawl"untilalocalcoach,GeorgeFarmer,observ- water on occasion, either to wave or signal to thuslosttheopportunitytoputBritishswimming ingWickham's stroke, said: "Say,watch that kid people on shore or to experiment with crude 60yearsaheadoftherestoftheworld. crawl over the water"...or words to that effect. paddlingmovements. But it is unlikelythat the Anotherversion oftheorigin oftheterm "crawl ancientsdevelopedaformalcontinuousoverarm Thetrudgen stroke stroke" was that Dick Cavill, who swam long strokecompletewithflutterkick... Alas, the historyofswimming, in fact all human stretchesofaracewithhisheadburrowedinthe Overarm swimming strokes brought forth progress, is full of tales of opportunities lost. water,oftenswamoff-course,andwasaccusedby connotationsofunduesplashinganddisturbance Again,onAugust11th,1873,attheLambethBaths arivalof"crawling"alloverhim. (Carlile, 1963.) ofthewatersurface. These facets ofswimming inLondon,whenJohnTrudgenbroughtthedou- wereconsidered undesirablebypurists. Infact, bleoverarmstroketoEnglandfromthewarmsea TurnsCavill's 'leg-less' crawl travellersfromEuropetotheWesternHemisphere, watersoftheWestIndies,anddemonstratedsu- The sameyearthat Wickham arrived in Sydney. andtotheSouthernSeas(Howard, 1849&Byrd, periorspeed, itmusthavebeenobviousthathis SydCavillwasmakinghiswaytotheUnitedStates 1928),onseveraloccasions,hadtheopportunity breaststroke-type kick retarded continuous for- tolivethere. Onhisway,heracedanativewoman toobservenativeswimmersusingoverarmstrokes, ward motion. Trudgen himself admitted that in Apia on the island ofSamoa, who swam the yetdespite the obvious speedattainedbythese "thereareplentyofmencanbeatmewhereI've crawlstrokenaturally,butwithoutusingherlegs "unorthodox"techniques,theyclungtotheirset comefrom" (Sachs 1912). atall. Shegavehim thetoughestraceofhislife. ways. Trudgenadaptedthestrokepoorly,probably Sydwrotehometo hisbrother"Turns" (Arthur) becausehewasoriginallyabreaststrokeswimmer describingtheevent,whereupon Turnsimmedi- Earlyopportunitymissed who changed to the double overarm strokebut atelystarted practisingwithhislegstied. Resistancetochangeisparticularlyevidentinthe couldn'tswimthenewarmactionwithoutretain- Turns then challenged Syd Davis, a promi- caseofthetwoNativeAmericans,FlyingGulland ingthebreaststrokekick. Unfortunately,noone nentswimmer,toaonelengthrace(33yards)in Tobacco, who travelled to London in 1844 to atthetimeunderstoodthatbreaststrokekicking which hewouldswim withlegs tied whileDavis competeat the Lambeth Baths fora medal, and didn't fitnaturallywithTrudgen'sadoptedfaster was to feel free to use both legs and arms. To swam with an action that "thrashed the water arm action, and that a more pliable kick was everyone's surprise Tunis won the Five Pounds violentlywith theirarms, likesailsofawindmill, needed toallowacontinuousstroke. betbywinninginthethenrespectabletimeof20 andbeatdownwardwiththeirfeet,blowingwith seconds. However,inasubsequentrace,usinghis force and forming grotesque actions". Despite Developinga continuousstroke legsaswell,TurnswasunabletobeatDavis. The thefactthatFlyingGullwontherace,covering130 About30yearslaterinAustralia,agroupofinno- lessonlearnedwasthatthetrudgenkickactuallv feet in 30 seconds, his stroke was considered vativeswimmers,whomIliketocall"TheSchool inhibited thecontinuousactionofthecrawlami "totally un-European", and, therefore, unworthy ofSydney"—mensuchastheCavillbrothers(Syd, stroke. ofconsideration. Arthur"Turns",andDick),AlickWickham,Freddy DickCavill,theyoungestoftheCavillbroth- Splashing or "plunging" the arms into the Lane,CecilHealy,andBarneyKieran;allplayeda ers, then only 14, was present when Tunis beat waterwasan indicationofpoorswimming. The roleindevelopingamorecontinuousracingstroke, Davis, but refused tobelievewhat he had seen. ideagoesback toWilliam Shakespearewhowas ratherthanthehaltingmodeofpropulsioninher- BackintheprivacyoftheirhomepoolatLavender probablymisinterpretedwhenhewrote:"An un- entinbreaststroke,sidestroke,andtrudgenswim- Bay, near where Sydney Harbour bridge now skilled swimmer, plunging still, with too much ming. stands,hetimedTunisseveraltimes. Tunisswam labour, drowns his want ofskill". Perhaps the ThedevelopmentofthecrawlinAustraliawas withouttheuseofhislegs,andthenagain using great playwright acquired his insight into swim- the result ofa series ofevents, the correct se- the full stroke. Tunis really was faster when ming from the work ofhis contemporary, side- quenceofwhich is difficult toassessbecauseof swimmingwithhislegstied. Thentheexperiment strokeswimmerSirEverard Digby, aCambridge thevaiyingaccountsonrecord. However,Ihave was repeated, this time with Dick acting as the graduatewhowroteDeartenatandi,thefirstbook tried to collate them as accurately as available "guineapig". Theevidencewasin-efutahle:thescissors onswimminginEngland. (Digby,anancestorof sourcespermit. Thefirstpointtonoteisthatthe kickdefinitelyretardedprogress.(Sullivan, 192") 4 SWIM CANADA FEBRARY 1994 — Thecrawl in competition thecrawl'sorigin isdifficult toverify, andsome- ocean waves. But it was the Australians who DickCavil!setouttofindtheidealkicktosynchro- whatdoubtful. systematicallyadoptedandadapted thecrawl to nisewithhiscrawlarmaction. Then heremem- AlittleknownstoryconcerningAlickWickham theneedsofformalcompetitiveswimming. The beredAlickWickham'sstraight-leggedkick,and is, that although crawl swimmingwas said to be techniquetheydevelopedtooktheworldbystorm. decidedtoexperimentwithvertical kicking. He indigenoustotheSolomonIslands,Alicklearned Although the crawl, at that stage, was ata com- tried thenewstrokeonlyafewdays laterin the theflutterkickonlyafterobservingswimmersin paratively elementary stage of its evolution, it NewSouthWales 100yardschampionship. The Colombo,ontheislandofCeyliin, Ifthisistrue, completely changed the nature ofspeed swim- ladcreatedaminorsensationwhentheamazing and there's no reason to doubt it, the incident ming speed ofthe new stroke brought him to the 50 probablyoccurredwhiletravellingtoCeylonasa yardsmarkfullyfiveyardsaheadofthefield, but youngster on his father's trading schooner. Of 'Fourclasses' ofcrawl thentherigoursoftheimperfectlylearnedaction furtherinterestisthefactthatAlickWickhamhad The earlycrawl was basicallya stroke forswim- caughtupwithhimandhewaspassedbyaspeedy- anelderbrother,whoattendedschoolinSydney mingshort distancesand was too tiring forpro- swimmerbythenameofBishop. before Alick arrived there, and who swam the longed effort. Again, according to Cecil Healey, In 1899,attheageof15, DickCavillwon his crawl there on "numerous occasions. Possibly, one of the great Australian swimmers 'whose firstStatetitle,thistimecautiouslyswimmingthe becausehewasnotaspeedyorpolisheddemon- reputationasacompetitiveathleteandlucidwriter distance usingpartsidestrokeand part trudgen. strator,noparticularnoticewastakenofhim."(Sir wasworld-wide':"Therearetwodistinctmethods Hethenconcentratedonlearningtoswimcom- FrankBeaurepaire, 1942) of'crawling'atpresent,anditsexponentscanbe pleteraceswiththetrudgen,beforereturning said to consist offourclasses, namely, those toimprovehiscrawlswimmingability,usinga 100 YARDFREESTYLESTROKEHISTORY whobreatheregularlyandthosewhotakefour vertical kickwhich eventuallybecamehisfa- 1927 151mm nWeissmL orfivestrokesbeforereplenishingtheirlungs, CmeocuilsHtewaolebye,atwahcotiwona.sHnoowteovnelry,aagcrceoartdisnwgimt-o 11992254 II55222HmmH JJoohtnnWWeeiissssmmiilllleerr..UUSSAA aalntdertnhaotesleyw,hanodsvtirickeevweirstah,tahnedritghhotsaerwm,holefhtalveeg mtheer,sbpuortta,lsCoavailplrolwiafsica"bnydenlooqmueeanntswraitgerreoant 111999211275 1I555233.m8mH ?S :J;o.»t'n;KrWaerhiamsnsaamnmiDliklkuuer..UIUSSSAAA an i"nEdxeppoennednetnstwlehgoacdtoionno.t"breatheregularly sctoynlsisits,tainndghliasrgsetlryookfeswpalsasahc.r"u(Cdaerlairler,an1g96e3m)e.nt 111999111503 &II55344...268mHH |EnE DDuukkc:;haKKraalehhsaannDaaammnDoekkluus...UUUSSSAAA sliuebfimate,rwgiethdhaenadddusoewna,sshhoirmtldpeardsdlsiqnugaraec,tifoanc.e 1907 Im55m.4mH CharlesDarels.USA The effect ofkeeping the head lowered is to South Seasinfluence 1906 mm CharlesDanels.USA floatthelegsashighaspossible,thebodythus On the other hand, Alick Wickham was ac- 1906 > CharlesDanels.USA lyinginahorizontalpositionnearthesurface, knowledged as a fine stylist. He had a very 11990066 |57mmmm cchhaarrlleessDDaanneellss..UUSSAA whichenablesittoskimalong. Undoubtedly, powerfulkickthatwasasix-beatatthestartof 1904 CecilH>aly,AUS greatspeedcanbeattainedthisway,buthold- his career, but which he was said to have 1902 I58.n4H RichardC<vill.AUS ingthebreath forthelength oftime necessi- reducedtoatwo-beat (accordingtothepre- 11990022 6m9mm FFrreeddddyyLLaannee..AAUUSS tatedcausesthephysicalexertion tobecome vailingfashion?)afterhehadbeenswimming 1899 in obDerbysure.ENG moreacuteandexhausting. Underthelatter for a few years. Wickham was very fast for 1898 I60A.8mH S FobDerbyslire.ENG conditions,thosewhoswimasdescribedshow distancesupto75yardsafterwhichpointhe 11889966 1m'61.mmm ac J.HJ.aHcekll1i\iegrss..AEUNGS agreatslackeningoffintheirrateofprogress fadedbadly. Thiswasadifficultyencountered 1895 m Jack1\ers.ENG after 100 metres have been covered, com- bymostofthepioneercrawlswimmerswho 1894 65 m Jack1\ers.ENG paredwithwhattheyarecapableofdoingup tlHaoexoaelkdytmoiseotcmrhaeodndiytoesfdtsrwowiktiehmsmdbieenvfegolrotehpeiinnchgarlaaiwnlmgo.bryCeerocrliell-- 1111888898882876 66669657.ma2m5mm1 ,—-o<CL>oGCUO - J1o"'seiJ1ppaihckNN'1Tu1j,ttetaaarlllslll....EEEENNNNGGGG Atoftahtatigduiisntagnscet.r"o(kKeiphuth, 19-42) ing the body slightly and turning the face 11888832 172.251 l1—£<£3 rV BleCwu-Jeonpeasu..EENNGG From llealev's description we know that the sidewaystoinhale,insteadofliftingthehead 1879 173.251 J.S.Mr n ENG early crawl came to be swum in a variety of forward.Healsointroducedaregularbreath- 1878 176.751 M ore.ENG ways. A few swimmers allowed their legs to ingrhythmwithineachcompletestrokecycle. 30 40 50 60 70 HO 00 100 drift behind them. Some varied indecisively TIMEINSECONDS (Kiphuth, 1942) between a two-beat and a continuous flutter Weissmuller'sWOyardrecordstoodforl6yearswhenMan Whatwerethepointsofcontactwiththe kick. Othershaddifficultysheddingtherem- Polynesians that clearlyestablish linkage be- Ford,I'SAdida506in 19(3andlowerediito49Jin 1941. nantsofsidestrokeandtrudgenkickinglearned tweentheIslandersandthecompetitiveswim- ThelastFINArecognizedrecordwas 18.9byRobinMoore, inchildhood,and thustheyadopteda hybrid mersofAustralia? Probablythereweremany USAin 1956, ThecurrentAmericanrecordis \1.80byMatt crawl,whichforsomewasremarkablysutcess- contacts never annotated, but the arrival of Biondifrom 1987. ful. youngAlick Wickham from the Solomons is Theearlycrawl-strokewascrudeand un- wellrecorded,andsoistheepisodeofSydCavill's Well then, where did the crawl originate? gainly, consumed energy rapidly and was used racewith thenativewoman inApia. But it isnot Therecanbelittledoubt that thecrawlwasindig- mainlyforafastfinishingburst. Severalswimmers well knownthat,beforetheendofthe 19thcen- enous to the Polynesian Islands, particularlythe couldcover50yardsusingcrawl through!iut,but tury, "Professor" Fred Cavill, head of the large techniqueofthe flutter kick which fitted ideally notmanycouldmaintainthetiringactionforalull Cavill clan ofchampion swimmers, was said to with the continuous overarm action. Both the 100yards. DickCavill,thefirst manto.swimcrawl havevisitedtheislandsoftheSouthSeaswherehe flutter kick and the arm stroke probably came in championships, would start a 100 yards race observed the native stroke, and taught it to his naturally to the Islanders when they were body usingthecrawl,thenswitchtothetrudgenstroke sonsonhisreturntoAustralia. Hut thisversionof surfingand trying to catch the surge ofcresting formostofthedistance,beforerevertingtocrawl 5 toproduceaspeedyfinish. countrymeninaction. cated using the trudgen stroke forall distances Therewasnodoubtthat,speedyasitwas,the AmonthaftertheSouthAfricanWarendedin over100yards. (Kellerman, 1918) crawl-strokebecamemorefatiguingthefurtherit May, 1902, a steamship from Australia, carrying The early crawl swimmers had difficulty in was swum. Barney Kieran, a brilliant teenage Dick Cavill, Freddy Lane, and other Australian conserving energy. Their breathing techniques swimmer,insomerespectswentagainstthetrend, swimmers,roundedtheCapeofGoodHope,half- weregenerallypoor,andtheykickedinefficiently. believingthatthecrawlwas"onlygoodforsprints", wayonitssevenweeksvoyagetoEngland. OnJuly Theyquicklybecamebreathlessbecausetheyused anddeveloped his"amblecrawl",analmostlazy, 24, 1902, swimmingin Manchester, FreddyLane theawkwardmethodofliftingtheheadforwardto lopingstyleofdouble-overarmswimming—infact, beatDickCavillandBritain'sfinestswimmer,J.H. inhale. Neither had they acquired the subtle a type oftrudgen stroke—with the intention of Derbyshire, by the narrowest ofmargins, to be- knackofrelaxingwithinthestroke. Theydidn't tryingtorelaxmore,whilestillexertingeffort. comethefirstswimmertocover100yardsinone knowhowtoapplyefforttothepullingarmwhile Freddy Lane, on the other hand, achieved minute. Twoweekslater,Cavillshowedhistrue resting the other arm as it recovered. The old great international success,swimmingadouble- formwhenhecutLane'srecordto58.8seconds, notionthatthelegswerethepredominantpower overarmtrudgenwithanarrowstraight-kneeleg a time that had to remain unofficial as it was; in all swimming took a long time to die. More action. ToCecilHealey,however,goesthecredit recorded in a handicap race. Later that year, in often than not, swimmers tired quicklybecause ofadvocatingthepronouncedtwo-beatkickthat Leicester,Laneofficiallybecamethefirsttobreak theyexertedexcessivekickingpowertothedetri- cametobeacceptedasthehallmarkofthe"Aus- oneminuteforthe 100yardswithatimeof59.6 mentofperformance. tralian crawl", as it became known around the seconds. With the wisdom ofhindsight, it is easy to world.. DuringtheirEnglish tour,thetwoAustralian understand how the crawl pioneers tooka long crawl swimmers, Cavill and Lane, won four na- time to free themselves from the rigidityofthe Difficultiesofanalysis tionaltitlesbetweenthem;Lanecapturedthe100 older styles ofswimming. For years, there re- Noonewasquitecertainwhichmethodofcrawl and220 whileCavilltookthe440and880yards. mained a tendency to swim crawl in the same swimming was the "correct" one. To their sur- Totheircredit,theBritishexpertsbecameloudin precisefashioninwhichbreaststroke,sidestroke prise,peopleeventuallyrealizedthatcrawlswim- their praise ofRichard Cavill and his Australian andtrudgenwereswum. Aprecisenumberofleg mingpermittedagreatdealofindividuallatitude. crawl. Saidoneleadingreporter:"Cavilladopted beatswasprescribedforeacharmcycle,irrespec- Uncertaintyaboutimportantaspectsofcrawlswim- a stroke entirely new to the English critics. He tiveofindividualaptitude,orwhetheraswimmer mingprevaileduntilthe1960swhenCounsilman's kept his" head entirely under the waterand ex- was"leg-talented"ornot. The"classic"stylecame researchimprovedunderstandingofcrawlfunda- tendedhisarmsforwardunderthewater,hiskick tobe thesLx-beatcrawlinwhich thereweretwo mentals. being a revelation to our swimmers."(Cureton, majorbeatsandfourminorbeatsforacomplete Theearlystrokewasnotaprettysight,and,at 1932) cycleofbotharms,buttheeaseandfluencyofthe first,difficulttoanalyse. Totheuninitiateditwas An English newspaperreport, quotedin the moderncrawltookalongtimetoevolve.(Colwin. a jumble ofscurried movements. Theability to "SydneyReferee",said"Cavill'smarvellouscrawl- 1969) breatheregularlywasahit-or-missaffair,depend- stroke called forth the admiration ofeverybody ing on the hopeful chance ofgulping air some- present. His head is low in the water and he World-wide interestdevelops whereamidstarapidlyrotatingarmaction. The breathesbysnatches,everyfivebreathsorso. His After the Australians had shown their wares in first "crawlers" wanted to develop a stroke that armsextendwideandsweepunderthechest." England, world-wide interest in the new crawl providedcontinuouspropulsion,withoutthestop- A more vivid account ofCavill's stroke was stroke slowly developed. The word "slowly" is start motions of the trudgen and side-stroke. given by McArthur Moseley ofLeeds, the Presi- usedadvisedlybecauseintercontinentaltravelwas Drawing the legs up to perform a trudgen or dentoftheNationalAmateurSwimmingAssocia- possibleonlybysteamship,andaround-tripfrom scissors kickmadethearm-strokepause,andso tion,whosaid:"Generallyknownbytheappropri- AustraliatoEnglandtook overthreemonths. For they concentrated instead on turning the arms atenameof'SplashCavill'whenheisswimming, example,FreddyLane,whocompetedinEngland overquicklyandcontinuously. you see a lot ofsplash but little ofCavill. One and Europe in 1899, 1900, and 1902, spent on The components of the early crawl stroke mightbepardonedformistakinghimforascrew average three months at sea each year. During were not always assembled in the best working propellorthat receivedagalvanicshockbut the each long ocean voyage, he tried to stay fit by order, oftenresultinginprematurefatigue. The ratehestrugglesthroughthewaterislittleshortof trainingintheship'ssmallcanvasswimmingpool. splashandthrashofthecrawlhorrifiedtradition- amiracle. Heusesasortofreviseddouble-over- Despitetraveldifficulties,andslowcommuni- alists who regarded speed swimming as an art armofthetrudgenvariety. Todescribeitscientifi- cations, there grewan exchangeofinformation form, requiring skill, grace and elegance. They cally or even minutely is impossible." (Carlile, thatresultedinthecrawlspreadingfromAustralia lookedaskanceatthecrawlstroke,thisintrusion 1963). to Europe, and to the American east and west from Australia in 'the far-offreaches ofthe Em- coasts. pire', thought it 'a freakstrokeandan abomina- The new 'glamourstroke' The nextgeneration ofswimmers, nurtured tion',apassing fad that,givengenteel tolerance Whathadoncebeentermed"theFreakStrokeof in thecrawlastheirbeginningstroke,swamitin andpatience,soon wouldfadefrom memory. Swimming"becameknownasthe"NoveltyStroke a more facile fashion. Youngchildren proved it ofSwimming". Inthefollowingdecadethecrawl possible to easily cover long distances with the Cavill takes thecrawl to England strokewastoachieveanewstatusas"TheGlam- crawl,succeedingwhere theoldsters had failed. Even in his native Australia, Dick Cavill found ourStroke". However,itwasalongtimebeforeit Thisperiodproducedthefirstsignificantexchange officials notalways readytosanction his record- was refined sufficiently for use over the longer oftechnicalideasbetweennations. breakingswims. And, in England, thenhomeof distances. EvenAnnetteKellerman,whowonthe Swimmingdevelopment entereda newera. many ofthe world's greatest swimmers, scepti- Australian100yardschampionshipin 1902,using and the world of international swimming MQ cismoftheworld recordssetinAustraliaexisted thecrawl withascissors kick, andwho laterbe- nevertobethesameagain. side-by-sidewithkeeninteresttoseeCavillandhis cameaworld-renowneddistanceswimmer,advo- 6 SWIM CANADA FEBRARY 1994 ISSUES TALENT IDENTIFICATION IN CANADA Mark St-Aubin thetestingofachild'sathleticabilitiescanbeused measureablethingsthatcandistinguishbetween theMay1992issueofSWIM,CecilColwin,a to profile his or her strengths and weaknesses, thetwo?Todate,theanswerstothesequestions In regularcontributortothemagazine,discussed and topredictwhereone's potential lies. are not clear. Thechallenge is that a world class the merits offinding talent in young swim- swimmer requires 8, 10, 15, or perhaps even 20 mers and summarized by saying "First rule of In view of these arguments, some coaches years todevelop. A lot ofthings change during internationalsuccess: findthetalent!" across Canada have made concerted efforts to that time. The factors that distinguish the elite We seem to hear about talent detection or develop a "good eye"—the ability to spot talent fromthenon-elitewhenathletesare20yearsold, talentidentificationfromalotofdifferentpeople across the pool. Others have created the right are not necessarily thesameas thosewhen ath- in the swimming community. While Colwin re- environment for swimmers to develop, to help letes were aged 10. Measuring these changes is cently emphasized the subject, Dr. John Hogg, the best "move to the top". Unfortunately, the extremely difficult. Recently, another Canadian formernationalteamsportpsychologist,hasbeen aboveeffortshavelimits.Whenconsideringthat innovation was created that may help simplify interestedinyoungtalentedindividualsandhow goodeye,eventhoughsomecoachesoftenmake thesemeasurements.Dr.GuyRegnierofRegiede torecognizethem formanyyears. Furthermore, veryaccuratepredictionsoffuturepotential,this la Securite dans les Sports du Quebec, and Dr. in 1988, an ambitious project was presented to abilityrequiresaspecial talentinitself,andtakes John Salmela ofOttawa University developed a Swimming/Natation Canada by Dr.Jeno Tihanyi alotofpracticetomaster. research model that provided some interesting and his colleagues at Laurentian University, to InNorthAmerica,talentdetectionisreplaced answers forsuch sports asgymnastics, baseball, startasystematicapproach to talentdetection— and(iftenconfusedwiththepyramidmodel,where andfencing,butunfortunately,notforswimming. another great Canadian initiative that never re- eventually the best move to the top. Those ath- ceivedthesupportnorthefunding. leteswithoutthenecessaryprerequisiteswillnot Proponentsoftalent detection in Canadian succeed to the same extent and will eventually swimmingarenotinventingthewheel,since Why should talent detection be of any dropoutofsportorswitchtoan<ithersportwhere othersintheworldstnmglybelieveintalent valuetocompetitiveswimming?Toan theymayexperiencesuccess.Obvii>uslythisprac- detection andarecurrently usingit totheirben- swer that question, let's focus our ticeisveryinefficient.Mostcoacheswouldprefer efit.CecilColwinisabsolutelyright toencourage thoughtsontwoveryimportantissues:one,how developingtalented,youngindividualsrightfrom .swimmingintheschi><lis,asthisisanintegralpart manyofourswimmersquitthesportwhen they theonset. of the best talent identification models in the reachthe13to16yearagerange;andtwo,when world. wegivethe"opportunity"toallchildrentoswim Currently,veryserioustalentdetectionpro- Fortunately, a few individuals in Canadian inourclubs,aretheAlexes,Victors,andMarksout grams exist in Australia, the INSEP in swimmingbelieveintalentdetection;fewerhave there really coming through the front doors? If France, and China. These programs are theskillsand knowledge. Ifnfortunately, no pro- most ofyou answered "Too many" to the first foundedonresearchconductedacn>sstheworld. grams are using talent detection. If you are a question,and"Wehopetheydo"tothesecond, Eventhoughalotoftheresearchhascomefrom believer, why not encourage and support those thentalentdetectionshouldreallybegivensome the former Eastern Bloc states, you will be sur- whohavetheknowledgenecessarytoimplement seriousthought! prised to know that much research is Canadian! talent detection? Hopefully, one day soon, help Everyyearmanysports,includingswimming, Dr. Tudor Bompa of York University and Dr. willbeavailableforallwhoneedtalentdetection losebetweenathirdoftheirparticipantsaged 13 Richard Montpetit ofthe University ofMontreal —coachesand theirswimmers. to15years.Infact,nearlyhalfofallswimmersmay have each developed different talent detection thinkaboutquittingatsomepointintheircareer. models, models that proposea system todetect Onereason fordroppingout istheperceivedor andnurturetalentedyoungathletes.JenoTihanyi MarcSt-Aubiniscurrentlyonsabbaticalfrom actuallackofcompetenceinparticipants.Athletes andhiscolleagues'propiisalhelpedapplysomeof coachingagegroupswimminganddevelopment mustfeel that theyarecompetent at theirsport. theabove research tocreatea Canadian Model - tofinishhisMastersthesisonTalentI^electionin Feelings ofinadequacy and inability to perform unfortunately, this application has not vet been Spoil,intheChildandDevelopmentStudiespro- competently may result in the individual drop- publishedforsharingwiththeentirecommunity. gram at Laurentian University, while teaching pingoutofthesport. Sofar,ifweconsideredtalentdetectionasahouse coursesfortheSchoolofHumanMovement,lieis Oneobviousconsequenceofthis high early tobebuilt,themodelsarethefoundation. Unfor- also working as a clinical kinesiologist at the drop-out rate is the lossofpotentiallygreat ath- tunately,wehaveonlyafewbricks! Sudbury Orthopaedic andSport Physiotherapy letesandaloweredqualityofourNationalTeam. Additionalbricksareneeded,includingthose Centre. Onepossiblesolutiontoreducethedrop-outrate that identify the best tests that can measure the Ifintestestedinfurtherinformation on this mightbetocounselchildrentowardsthosesports significant parameters todefiningtalent. Forex- article, contactMarcdirectlyat: forwhich they have agreater likelihood ofsuc- ample, what is the difference between a world SchoolofIlitinanMovement.RamseylakeRoad, cess. Proponents oftalent detection argue that classandanati(>nallevelswimmet?WhataretIk>sc laurentian University, Sudbury. OX. P3B2C6 SWIM CANADA/FEBRUARY 1994 ; . . INTERNATIONAL 994 STARTS WITH THREE WORLD RECORDS 1 AND A NEAR MISS AUSTRALIA IN PatriciaYoung Chinese swimmers dominated thewomen's worldrecordinthe100flywith58~1.tobetterthe HONG KONG— Olympic champion Alexander competitionwiththebulkofthemedalhaul. formerworldbestof58.91 byMan-T. Meagher. Popov smashed the 100 metre freetsyle short "Some of our girls are very tired after the USAfrom 1981. courseworldrecordwithatimeof47.83seconds worldchampionships,"ChineseheadcoachMing Aftertwostopsonthew;orld cupcircuitthe toopenthefirstlegofthe1994WorldSwimming Zhousaid. "Fourweeksinnotmuchtimeaftera balancehadthreenewworldrecords. TheEuro- Cup. bigevent." peanportionwillcontinuewithsixcompetitions Although the towering Russian 6'6" domi- InBeijingWeiyueZhongestablishedthefirst inwesternEuropeduringxMarch. natedtheblazinginternationalfield(allunder50 seconds) to better the old mark of 47.94, the accomplishment seemed to leave him non- plussed. 18-year old Daniel Kowalski 12x400longcourse looksprimedtobethenextgreat 4on4:30 distanceswimmerfromAustralia 4on4:25 HetrainsontheGoldCoast 4on4:20 inQueenslandwithcoachDennis Tryto finish last one Cottrel,whoalsocoachesAussie sub4:00min. sprintstarAndrewBaildon. Hisbest3,000is31:06long Trainingjustdown theroad course, and 30:25 for short from Kowalski isOlympiccham- course, butsavs timed3.000's pion and world record holder arenotafocusforhim. KierenPerkins. Advicetoswimmers: Lurking in the shadows is "Concentrate! Don't sing Commonwealth champion Glen songsorthinkaboutsomething Housman. elsewhenyourace. "Glennislikeaghost,"Kowalskisaid."Weall "I work on a lot ofspeed work, keeping knowheisouttheretrainingsomewhere,butno strokeratesevenforthewholeset. onehasseenhim." "Try doing 50's holding race speed .. Housmanhittheheadlinesin1989whenhe around38-39strokesperlap(longcourse)." Alexander Popov sy^/Lance was denied a 1500 free world record at the KowalskisaysPerkinsdoesn'tdomorethan Australian Trials forCommonwealths since the 80k perweekand the BIG MileageAmericans "I didn't even bother shaving." Popov said. touchpadfailedtorecordhistime,whichonthe arewayoffbase. "Shortcourserecordsarenotworththetrouble." manualwatchwas14:53.59,stillthirdfastestall- "Americandistanceswimmingisajoke."he Popovloweredhisrecordatthenextstopon time. said. thecircuitin Beijing,threedayslater. "I don't think he has ever recovered from Thesecret:QUALITYANDHARDWORK! Popov and third place finisher Vladimir that,"Kowalskisaid."Ibelievehe'llbeback,and Hetrainsat30-40%belowhismaxheartrate Pyshnenko are coached by Gennadi Tourteski, justthinkingthatmakesmetrainharder. (which is 198). Hedoesnoweights. whoisnowheadcoachoftheAustralianInstitute "I've got a lot ofroom to improve. I was ofSportinCanberra. surprisedtowinthe400freeattheshortcourse Favouriteset: Bothswimmersaretrainingdownunderand worlds. Warmup:300free+ Pyshnenkoonlymadeittothecompetitiiinwhen "Kieren is one ofthegreat personalities of 4x 150kick/drill/swim theHongKongswimmingfederationdecidedto Australiaandtremendousforthesport.Itwillbe 4x 150pull/drill swim footthebill,ashewasleftofftheRussian team. hard,butIhopeIcancatchhim." ReverseIMorderon2:30 Raimundas Majuolis, Lithuania's American- Hedoesnotdoalotoflongdistancework. Series 1:8x50variablepaceon60sec trainedsprintstarchalkeduptwomorewinsover Hestarted"life"asabutterflyer,makinghisfirst Series2: 20x400on4:30 sprintrivalsPopovandshortcourseworldrecord teamatage 14. holding4:20'susuallyfinishing4:0S holderMarkFoster.InHongKonghewonwitha Hisdailytrainingloadis 14-I5k. Series3: 500-600swimdown 21.80 and repeated in Beijing with 21.79. This Afavouriteset: Onceeven-threeweeks. men'ssprintfieldwasveryfast. 8 SWIM CANADA FEBRARY 1994 BROWN MISSES WORLD RECORD RECORD SETTERS Brown said after the race. "1 was hoping for a WORLDShortCourse (25 m pool) personalbest." Men 100freestye: ShehasbeenthefindofAustralianswimming 47.83AlexanderPopov,RUS,HongKong,Jan.1 duringthepast 12 monthsandheldtheprevious 47.82AlexanderPopov, RUS, Beijing.Jan.5 Australian recordof2:28.24setlast February. Bettersoldrecordof47.94GustavoBorges,BRA, Brown's coach, Michael Piper, said that the July 1993. performanceclearlymarkedherasthebestinthe ALLTIMEMEN'S100METRESFREESTYLE 1 4782 AlexanderPopov.RUS SCM94 worldat the moment. 2 4794 GustavoBoiges.BRA SCM94 Another record attempt will be planned for 3 4820 MichaelGrass,GER SCM88 MarchduringtheAustralianCommonwealthTri- 4 4825 JonOlsen.USA SCM93 5 48.27 FernandoScherer,BRA SCM94 als. 6 4830 BengtZikarsky.GER SCM92 BarcelonamedallistSusanO'Neilldidn'tjump 7 4833 TommyWemei.SWE SCM89 Rebecca Brown forjoy upon hearing ofSummerSanders retire- 8 4834 RaimundasMajuolis.LTU SCM94 9 4845 NilsRudolphGER SCM90 ment.AttheOlympicsSanders,USA,andXiaohong 10 4848 MichaelFibbens.GBR SCM92 BrisbaneschoolgirlRebeccaBrown,16,missed Wang,CHN,relegatedO'Neilltoabronzemedalin Women's100butterfly 58.71WeiyueZhong, the world record in the 200 breaststroke by an the200fly,afterleadingthefield formostofthe CHN,Beijing,Jan.5,firstofficialFINAworldrecord. agonising0.05sec,ortheblinkofaneye,winning race. Betters formerworld best timeof58.91 MaryT. the event at Queensland Championships (long Sanders confirmed her retirement, already Meagher, USA, 1981. course) in 2:25-40, itwasa newCommonwealth rumouredlastyear,"I'velosttheloveforthesport ALLTIMEWOMEN'S100METRESBUTTERFLY record, bettering Allison Higson's 2:27.27 from and was finished withcompetitiveswimming." 1 5871 WeiyueZhong.CHN SCM94 2 5891 MaryT Meagher.USA SCM81 1988. It left O'Neill with one less rival in her pet 3 5905 LiminLiu.CHN SCM94 Br<iwnlateraddedtheCommonwealthrecord event. Butshetook the newscalmly. 4 5911 SusanO'Neill.AUS SCM94 in the 100breastwitha 1:08.71. "I'm not going: 'Oh wow, it's easy now', 56 55993305 YKournneQluiaCGHreNssler.GDR SSCCMM8964 "Iwasn'texpectingtogothatfast,"anexcited O'Neillsaid. "Therearealotoffastgirlsaround." 7 5951 PetriaThomas.AUS SCM94 8 5953 BirteWeigang.GDR SCM87 SIEVINEN MAKES IT FIVE IN A ROW 9 5953 KristieKrueger.USA SCM94 10 5958 CarenMetschuk.GDR SCM82 Men's 200 individual medley: 1:54.65Jani Healsocompeted in butterflyand swam Sievinen,FIN,Kuopio,Jan.21.Betters<iwnrec<ird of 1:55.59 from 1993. thefastest timeofthe ALLTIMEMEN'S200METRESIND.MEDLEY seasoninthe100wit%h 1 1.54.65 JamSievinen.FIN SCM94 a 52.h1 and a 1:55. 2 156.80 ChristianKelier.GER SCM94 forthe200fly. 3 1:57.67 MatthewDunn.AUS SCM94 4 15788 DarrenWard.CAN SCM92 He did not swim 5 15799 tarsSoiensen.DEN SCM92 the400I.M.wherehe 6 15818 PabloMorales.USA SCM87 holdstheworldrecord 7 15822 AlexBaumann.CAN SCM87 8 158.33 TamasDarnyi.HUN SCM92 of4:07.10from 1993. 9 15835 FraserWalker.GBR SCM94 Sievinenisthefirst 10 15836 AttilaCzene.HUN SCM92 swimmerfromFinland lo set a world record. COMMONWEALTH (LongCourse 50m pool) His first successcame Women's100breaststroke 1:08.71 Rebecca in 1990 when he won Brown,AUS, Brisbane,Jan.13- Bettersold record the200l.M. at theEu- of1:08.81 LinleyFrame,AUS, Perth,Jan.1 1. 1991. ropean Juniors. This JWomen's200breaststroke:2 25 i0Rebecca past summer he won Brown,AUS, Brisbane.Jan.12 Bettersold record After virtually disappearing from the world I the2001MattheEuropeanswiththefastesttime of 2:27.27Allison Higson,CAN,May29, 1988. scene for the past few monthsJani Sievinen re- oftheyear. Heistheman tobeat inthel.M.and ALLTIMEWOMEN'S200METRESRREASTSTR0KE 1 2:2535 AnitaNall.USA LCM92 turnstoprominence withaworld record forthe shouldbefavoured loraworldtitlethissummer 2 22540 RebeccaBrown.AUS LCM94 200individualmedley(sh<>rta>urse) 1:54.65,com- m Rome. 3 2:26.65 KyokoIwasaki.JPN LCM92 petingatthe FinnishChampionships,Jan 20-23. FINA recognized recordsafter Mar.31,1991 4 2:26.71 SilkeHorner.GDR LCM88 Sievinen has now set a world record in this 1:57.19 Jani Sievinen.FIN Kuopio.Jan.17,1992 56 22::2266.8956 GLiuoLihno.nCgHNDai,CHN LLCCMM9923 eventfivetimessinceJanuaryof1992. 1:56.84 Jani Sievinen.FIN Helsinki,Jan.22,1993 7 2:27.27 AllisonHigson.CAN LCM88 Acomparisonofthesplits: 1:56.62 Jani Sievinen.FIN Paris.Feb.7,1993 8 2.2749 XiaominHuang.CHN LCM88 9 2:27.55 KrislmeQuance.USA LCM91 Oldrecord 26.26 55.68 1:28.88 1:55.59 1:55.59 Jani Sievinen.FIN Malmo.Feb.10,1993 10 2:2766 TamaDangalakova.BUL LCM86 Newrecord 25.59 55.08 1:27.88 1:54.65 1:54.65 Jani Sievinen.FIN Kuopio.Jan.21,1994 SWIM CANADA/FEBRUARY 1994 9 STRENGTH TRAINING WHY SWIMMERS NEED A STRONG STOMACH AND STRONG BUTTOCKS GLEN BELFRY thatarerecruitedduringswimming-thestomach Resistance programs for swimming faster muscles (rectisabdominous)andthemusclesof Exercises that recruit the stom- havebeenusedintheswimmingcommu thebuttocks (glutaeusmaximus). ach and/or hip muscles, such as nitv in many ingeniousways.Teamshave The importance ofthe stomach andgluteal incorporated free weights, a variety of weight musclestoswimmingwasfirstdocumentedbyJ. sit-ups, back extensions, squats, machines,aswellasswimmingwithtubing,pull- P.Clarysin 1979.Thisworkwasfollowedupbya cleans, and machines such as ingbuckets,andswimmingwithpaddlestoname 1985 paper by the same researcher. This 1985 the Nautilus pullover, are afew.Therationalehasbeenthatbyoverloading paperlookedwithgreaterdepthintothecontri- themusclesused inswimming,causingthem to butionsof25differentmusclestofreestyleswim- critical to a resistance program. adaptandbecomefitter,peoplewillswimfaster. ming.TanakaandCostilldiscussthispaperbriefly. This is an excellent hypothesis that few people Atablegivesthepercentcontributionsofthe25 theforceofthearmpullisonlyoccurringonthe woulddebate. differentmuscles,relativetotheforcegenerated chest side ofthe body. Ifthe trunk musclesare Recentlyoneofthetopresearchersinswim- by a maximal contraction for each muscle. The strong,theforcegeneratedfromthearmwillpull mingcarriedoutastudyof"DryLandResistance higherthepercent,thegreaterthismusclewillbe thebodyforward, instead ofcreatingawiggling Training for Competitive Swimming"(Tanaka, recruited during the freestyle stroke. It can be andarchingaction.Themusclesalongthespine Costilletal.). assumedthatthemoreaparticularmuscleworks, (erectorspinae)arealsoimportantinmaintaining D.L.Costillinformsus,inhislatestbook,that the more important it becomes. The muscles astraightbodypositionduringthefreestylepullas "swimming power, as determined during teth- recruitedmostinfreestyleswimming,according well. eredswimming, hasbeen shown toaccountfor toClarys,are: Theglutealmusclesarerecruitedduringthe 86% of one's performance in a 25 m freestyle 1. lattissimusdorsi-92.34% upbeatofthekick,whenthelegispulledbackto sprint, 74% at the 100 m distance, 72% at 200 2. gluteal muscles-122.41% and79.52% (the the surface. The hip flexor muscles (predomi- metres, and 58% at 400 metres. Power is very glutaeushastwodistinctportions) nantly the ilio psoas) are the major muscles re- importantforfastswimming." 3.stomachmuscles-83.13%and91.96%(two cruitedonthedownbeat.Whilesprinting,theleg distinct portionsaswell),andadistant iskeptstraighterandthekickcomesmorefrom Therehasbeenasignificantamountofwork 4. pectoralismajor-43.27% (theportion that thehip.Theglutealsbecomemoreimportantthe done on avarietyofresistance programs attachestothesternumorbreastbone) fasteroneswims.Sincethesetwomusclesofthe andtheireffectsonincreasingswimming All the other muscles ofthe arm and trunk hip cross the joint, stability of the hip area is speed.Thislatestarticledidnotfindanyincrease possiblytheothermajorfunctionofthese mus- inspeedfromtheparticularweighttrainingpro- Ifthe trunk muscles are cleswhileswimming. gram tested. This program incorporated dips, chin-ups, lat pull downs, elbow extensions and strong, the force generated Therefore, it is important to notonlytrain bent arm flys. The swimmers performed three from the arm will pull the thearmmuscles,whichdirectlyaffectpro setsofeachexercisewith8-12repetitions.Strength pulsion,buttoalsotrainthemusclesthat body forward, instead of increasedbut therewasnosubsequent increase keepthetrunkinline.Bytrainingtheamimuscles inspeedin thepool. creating a wiggling and only,onerunstheriskofnotbeingabletotransfer Itisimportanttolookatthisparticularpaper arching action. thisincreasedpowertothebody,sincethetrunk andfindoutwhytherewerenoimprovementsin muscles will not be able to counteract the new swimmingspeed.Weknowthatiftheswimming powerofthearmstokeepthebodyinline. Itis musclescandomoreworkinthesameperiodof thatwerestudied,werebetween24%and39%. reasonabletosaythatthemorepowerthearms time, we will swim faster. It is then logical to As previously mentioned, the most notable cangenerate, the more powerthestomach and assume that, in this study, particular muscles findingsweretheuseofthestomachandgluteal hipmusclesmustgenerate. criticaltoswimmingwereneglected in thetrain- muscles.Thesetwomusclegroupsareimportant Exercisesthatrecruitthestomachand orhip ing program. In the discussion section of the forstabilityofthetrunkandforkicking,forpro- muscles,suchassit-ups.backextensions,squats, TanakaandCostill paper, theystatethat "swim- pulsionandbalance.Duringfreestyleswimming, cleans,andmachinessuchastheNautiluspullo- mingisahighlyspecificsport,andreproduction thearmspullalternatelyandthepointoftransfer ver,arecriticaltoaresistanceprogram. ofcomplexswimmingmovementsisdifficulton of the force generated by the arms is at the MA land."Themajorreason forthisdifficultyisthat shoulder, which is offthe mid line ofthebody. Glen R. Belfry, B.Ed., teachesExercise theswimmerinwaterissuspended,whileonland Therefore,therewillbeatendencyforthetrunk Physiology and Biocbemstry on the Faculty of gravitycomesintoplay.Theexercisesdoneinthis to bend in the horizontal plane, orwiggle. The Kinesiolog)'attheIdiversityofWesternOntario. study ignored two ofthe major muscle groups back mightalsoarch. Thiswould occurbecause HeisalsoMen'sSwimmingCoach. SWIM CANADA FEBRARY 1994 10

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