Sustainable solid waste management : a systems engineering approach

932 Pages·2015·20.101 MB·English

by  Chang, Ni-Bin, Pires, Ana

SUSTAINABLE SOLID
WASTE MANAGEMENT
IEEEPress
445HoesLane
Piscataway,NJ08854
IEEEPressEditorialBoard
TariqSamad,EditorinChief
GeorgeW.Arnold VladimirLumelsky LindaShafer
DmitryGoldgof Pui-InMak ZidongWang
EkramHossain JeffreyNanzer MengChuZhou
MaryLanzerotti RayPerez GeorgeZobrist
KennethMoore,DirectorofIEEEBookandInformationServices(BIS)
TechnicalReviewer
MeimeiGao
MercerCountyCommunityCollege
NewJersey,USA
SUSTAINABLE SOLID
WASTE MANAGEMENT
A Systems Engineering Approach
NI-BIN CHANG
ANA PIRES
Copyright©2015byTheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,Inc.Allrightsreserved.
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Chang,Ni-Bin.
Sustainablesolidwastemanagement:asystemsengineeringapproach/Ni-BinChang,AnaPires.
pages cm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-118-45691-0(hardback)
1.Integratedsolidwastemanagement. I.Pires,Ana. II.Title.
TD794.2.C452015
628.4′4–dc23 2014034307
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
PREFACE xix
I FUNDAMENTAL BACKGROUND 1
1 INTRODUCTION 3
1.1 TheConceptofSustainableDevelopment / 3
1.1.1 TheConceptFormation / 3
1.1.2 TheThreePillarsinSustainableDevelopment / 6
1.1.3 TemporalandSpatialCharacteristicsofSustainability
Goal / 8
1.1.4 ThePossibleActionstoAchievetheSustainabilityGoal / 9
1.2 SustainabilityintheContextofSWM / 10
1.2.1 ThePossibleConflictsinAchievingtheSustainability
Objectives / 10
1.2.2 ThePossibleSustainabilityIndicators / 11
1.3 TheFrameworkforSustainabilityAssessment / 12
1.4 TheStructureofthisBook / 13
References / 16
2 TECHNOLOGYMATRIXFORSOLIDWASTEMANAGEMENT 19
2.1 WasteClassificationandTypesofWaste / 19
v
vi CONTENTS
2.1.1 MunicipalSolidWasteandWasteStreams / 20
2.1.2 IndustrialWaste / 23
2.1.3 MedicalWaste / 26
2.1.4 OtherWastes / 27
2.2 WasteManagementThroughWasteHierarchy:Reduce,Reuse,
Recycle,Recover,andDisposal / 28
2.2.1 Reduction,Prevention,andReuse / 28
2.2.2 Recycle / 32
2.2.3 BiologicalRecovery:CompostandMethaneGas / 33
2.2.4 Waste-to-energy / 33
2.2.5 Disposal / 34
2.3 WasteOperationalUnits:Real-WorldCases / 34
2.3.1 Berlin,Germany / 34
2.3.2 Lisbon,Portugal / 37
2.3.3 Seattle,USA / 38
2.3.4 Copenhagen,Denmark / 40
2.3.5 Singapore,RepublicofSingapore / 41
2.4 WasteOperationalUnits:EquipmentandFacilities / 42
2.4.1 CollectionandTransportation / 42
2.4.2 MechanicalTreatment / 47
2.4.3 BiologicalTreatment / 59
2.4.4 ThermalTreatment / 64
2.4.5 Disposal / 69
2.5 TechnologyMatrixforMultipleSolidWasteStreams / 72
2.5.1 MixedMunicipalSolidWasteandProcessResidues / 75
2.5.2 BiodegradableWaste / 77
2.5.3 PackagingWaste / 79
2.5.4 End-of-lifeVehiclesandScrapTires / 85
2.5.5 WasteOil / 87
2.5.6 WasteofElectricalandElectronicEquipment / 88
2.5.7 ConstructionandDemolitionWastes / 89
2.6 FinalRemarks / 90
References / 90
3 SOCIALANDECONOMICCONCERNS 99
3.1 FinancialConcerns / 100
3.1.1 FinancialConcepts / 100
3.1.2 WasteManagementCosts / 101
CONTENTS vii
3.1.3 WasteManagementRevenues / 109
3.1.4 PublicFinancialSchemeandPrivateSectorFinancing / 112
3.2 EconomicIncentivesandSocioeconomicConcerns / 114
3.2.1 PublicGoods / 115
3.2.2 MonopolyandOligopoly / 115
3.2.3 Externalities / 115
3.3 SocialConcerns / 123
3.3.1 PublicAcceptance / 124
3.3.2 PublicBehaviorandParticipation / 130
3.4 FinalRemarks / 133
References / 134
4 LEGALANDINSTITUTIONALCONCERNS 141
4.1 SWMLegislation / 141
4.1.1 InternationalSolidWasteManagement / 142
4.1.2 NationalSolidWasteManagement / 147
4.2 SustainableWasteManagementPrinciplesandPolicies / 151
4.2.1 WasteHierarchyPrinciple / 151
4.2.2 Polluter-PaysPrinciple / 152
4.2.3 ExtendedProducerResponsibility / 152
4.2.4 PrecautionaryPrinciple:ProtectionofHumanHealthand
Environment / 153
4.2.5 PrinciplesofSelf-sufficiencyandProximity / 154
4.2.6 ZeroWastePrinciple / 154
4.2.7 IntegratedProductPolicy / 154
4.3 PolicyInstruments / 155
4.4 ISWMPlans / 162
4.5 FinalRemarks / 163
References / 163
5 RISKASSESSMENTANDMANAGEMENTOFRISK 171
5.1 FormulatetheProblem:InherentHazardsinSolidWaste
Management / 171
5.2 RiskAssessmentinSolidWasteManagement / 176
5.2.1 RiskAssessmentSteps / 178
5.2.2 RiskAssessmentModels / 182
5.3 ManagementofRisk / 183
5.4 RiskCommunication / 184
viii CONTENTS
5.5 HowtoPromoteaSustainableSolidWasteManagementwithRisk
Analysis? / 186
5.6 FinalRemarks / 188
References / 188
II PRINCIPLES OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 193
6 GLOBALCHANGE,SUSTAINABILITY,ANDADAPTIVE
MANAGEMENTSTRATEGIESFORSOLIDWASTE
MANAGEMENT 195
6.1 GlobalChangeImpacts / 195
6.1.1 EconomicDevelopmentandGlobalization / 196
6.1.2 PopulationGrowthandMigration / 202
6.1.3 ResourcesOverexploitationandLimitations / 203
6.1.4 ClimateChangeandSustainability / 206
6.2 SustainabilityConsiderationsandCriteria / 208
6.3 AdaptiveManagementStrategiesforSolidWasteManagement
Systems / 208
6.4 FinalRemarks / 210
References / 210
7 SYSTEMSENGINEERINGPRINCIPLESFORSOLIDWASTE
MANAGEMENT 215
7.1 SystemsEngineeringPrinciples / 215
7.1.1 TheDefinitionofaSystem / 215
7.1.2 Model-BasedSystemsEngineeringApproach / 218
7.2 SystemofSystemsEngineeringApproaches / 222
7.3 CentralizedVersusDecentralizedApproaches / 227
7.4 SensitivityAnalysisandUncertaintyQuantification / 230
7.4.1 SensitivityAnalysis / 230
7.4.2 UncertaintyQuantification / 231
7.5 FinalRemarks / 232
References / 233
8 SYSTEMSENGINEERINGTOOLSANDMETHODSFOR
SOLIDWASTEMANAGEMENT 235
8.1 SystemsAnalysis,WasteManagement,andTechnologyHub / 236