Sustainable Shipping: A Cross-Disciplinary View PDF
Preview Sustainable Shipping: A Cross-Disciplinary View
Harilaos N. Psaraftis Editor Sustainable Shipping A Cross-Disciplinary View Sustainable Shipping Harilaos N. Psaraftis Editor Sustainable Shipping A Cross-Disciplinary View 123 Editor HarilaosN.Psaraftis DTUManagementEngineering TechnicalUniversityofDenmark KongensLyngby,Denmark ISBN978-3-030-04329-2 ISBN978-3-030-04330-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04330-8 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018968417 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2019 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland ToAleka,AnastasiaandNikos Foreword and Acknowledgments Thisbookisacompilationofmaterialonsustainableshipping.Thematerialcomes fromvarioussources,mostlyfromworkofseveralexternalinvitedcolleagues,but also from research projects that my associates and I have been involved in. An outlineofthescopeandcontentsofthebookispresentedinthePreface. The idea for this book originated in October 2016, a few months after my previous book, Green Transportation Logistics: The Quest for Win-Win Solutions, alsopublishedbySpringer,cameout. As developments at the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the EuropeanUnion(EU)onhowtoreducemaritimegreenhousegas(GHG)emissions lookedinterestingatthetime,itoccurredtomethatabookfocusingonsustainable shipping may be of interest to maritime stakeholders. The basic foundation for the book was research that originated circa 2008, when the Hellenic Chamber of Shipping(HCS)awardedtotheNationalTechnicalUniversityofAthens(NTUA), my former affiliation, a small study on ship emissions. The study included an analysis of CO emissions statistics for the world fleet and the development of a 2 rudimentaryonlineshipemissionscalculator,whichisactuallystillinplace.1 The HCS study was the first among several larger projects dealing with the interface of ship emissions and logistics, either as a central subject or as part of a wider context. Additional sponsors at NTUA included the European Commission, Det NorskeVeritas,theAmericanBureauofShipping,theLloyd’sRegisterFoundation andtheGeneralSecretariatforResearchandTechnology(Greece). Momentum to the book idea was added by my parallel involvement in IMO matters on both the GHG emissions subject (initially in the period 2010–2013 as an adviser to HCS and more recently after mid-2017 as an adviser with the Intercargo delegation) and on the subject of environmental risk evaluation criteria asappliedtooilpollution(period2007–2011asanadvisertoHCS).Inaddition,in theperiod2014–2018,IwasinvolvedintheEuropeanSustainableShippingForum (ESSF) subgroup on competitiveness (established by the European Commission, 1http://www.martrans.org/emis/ vii viii ForewordandAcknowledgments DGMOVE)asaninvitedexpertonmattersmostlypertainingtotheimpactofsulfur regulationsonEuropeanShortSeaShipping.SeveralnewprojectsattheTechnical University of Denmark (DTU) that relate to maritime emissions (period 2015 on) andseveralDTUMScthesesprovidedfurtherinterestingmaterialforthebook. Relevant research conducted at DTU and reported here was funded in part by the RoRo SECA project (supported by the Danish Maritime Fund and the Orients Fund), the Blue SIROS project (supported by the European Space Agency, DTU space leader) and the ShipCLEAN project (supported by the Swedish Energy Agency, Chalmers University leader). Three recent DTU MSc theses, by Juan Morales,MassimoGiovanniniandFabioVilas,havealsocontributedsomematerial toChap.10ofthebook.MyowntimeineditingthebookandinwritingChap.10 and parts of Chaps. 7, 11 and 13 was covered in part by an internal grant by the presidentofDTUandbyaninternalgrantattheDTUDepartmentofManagement Engineering,ManagementScienceDivision. Still, most of the material of this book came from invited colleagues, who in facthavewrittenfully9ofthebook’s13chaptersandhavecontributedto3more. So obviously my biggest thanks have to go to all these (23) authors, who kindly acceptedmyinvitationtocontributetothebookandwithoutwhomthebookwould beimpossible.Amongthem,IwouldespeciallyliketothankPoulWoodall,director, Environment & Sustainability at DFDS, and Thalis Zis, postdoc at DTU, for their constructivereviewofsomeofthechaptersofthebook.IwantalsotothankKostas Gkonis, secretary general of Intercargo, for giving me the opportunity to attend someoftherecentIMO/MEPCmeetingsonthesubjectofreducingmaritimeGHG emissions,asanadviserwiththeIntercargodelegation.Naturally,anyopinionsthat IexpressinthisbookareonlymyownanddonotnecessarilyrepresentIntercargo’s positionoranybodyelse’spositionforthatmatter. Lastbutnotleast,IamgratefultoSpringerforkindlyacceptingmyproposaltobe theeditorofthisbookand,inparticular,toMatthewAmboy,FaithSuandKalaiselvi Ramalingam for their excellent administrative and technical support during book production. KongensLyngby,Denmark HarilaosN.Psaraftis October2018 Preface Scope ofthe Book Internationalshippingiscurrentlyatacrossroads.Thedecisionofthe72ndsession of the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC 72) of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in April 2018 to achieve by 2050 a reduction of at least 50% in maritime greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions vis-à-vis 2008 levels epitomizes the last among a series of recent developments as regards sustainable shipping. It also sets the scene on what may happen in the future. Even though manyexpertsandindustrycirclesbelievethattheMEPC72decisionisinlinewith the COP21 climate change agreement in Paris in 2015, others disagree, either on the ground that the target is not ambitious enough or on the ground that no clear pathwaytoreachthetargetiscurrentlyvisible. This debate actually goes even further and transcends maritime transportation. The COP21 climate change agreement itself was hailed by many as a most significant achievement, but others were not equally enthusiastic. The decision of American President Trump to steer the United States away from COP21 has caused disappointment or even consternation to the broad spectrum of nations that endorsed the Paris Agreement and has injected a new dose of uncertainty as to what may happen to climate change. Irrespective of the US path, the COP21 Agreement upheld the noninclusion of international shipping (as well as aviation) withinitsmandate,somethingthathasreceivedmixedreviewsbytheinternational community. The rationale for the noninclusion has been that action in these two sectors is within the mandate of the IMO for international shipping and of the InternationalCivilAviationOrganization(ICAO)foraviation.Someindustrycircles think this is correct; however, environmental groups perceive this as a sign of inabilityorunwillingnesstoactandarenothappyaboutit. Before COP21, the most sweeping piece of regulation pertaining to maritime GHG emissions reduction was the adoption of the so-called Energy Efficiency DesignIndex(EEDI)bytheIMO.ThiswasagreeduponatMEPC62inJuly2011. Thiswasano-consensus decision,asadoptionwasputtoavoteinwhichagroup ix x Preface of developing countries (such as China, India, Brazil, Saudi Arabia, South Africa and others) were firmly against the agreement. During the same session, the Ship EnergyEfficiencyManagementPlan(SEEMP)wasalsoadopted. 2011 was also the year the European Union (EU) adopted the new Transport White Paper, which targets drastic reductions in GHG emissions from all modes oftransportintheEUby2050.Anaggregate 60%reductionvis-à-vis1990levels is stipulated. The target for maritime transportation GHG emission reductions is 40%andifpossible50%.Suchtargetsarehighlyambitiousbecausethestipulated reductionsarenontrivial.However,andeventhoughadetailedimplementationplan hasalsobeenproposedintheWhitePaper,atleastformaritimetransportation,itis notclearhoworiftheabovereductiontargetscanberealized. There have also been some setbacks. For instance, the discussion on a possible adoption of market-based measures (MBMs) for GHGs, initiated in 2010 at the IMO and entailing a comprehensive review of some 11 MBM proposals, was finally suspended in 2013. Relevant discussion was rechanneled toward a system formonitoring,reportingandverification(MRV)ofCO emissions.Progressafter 2 COP21wasequallymixed.AttheIMO,aroadmapwasagreedinOctober2016.The roadmap foresaw the adoption of an Initial Strategy in 2018 to meet the targets of COP21,whichenteredintoforceinNovember2016.Thestrategywillbevalidated byactualemissionfiguresgatheredthroughtheIMO’sfueldatacollectionsystem (DCS)asof2019.Thiswouldthenleadtoafinalagreementontargetsandmeasures, including an implementation plan, by 2023. The April 2018 IMO decision was an importantlinkinthechainofeventsthatwillleadto2023. On the more controversial side, perhaps the most significant development has been the February 2017 vote of the European Parliament (EP) to include shipping into the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) as of 2023, in case no global agreement is reached by 2021, and the subsequent (November 2017) alignment of the EU process with that of the IMO. The EP vote had raised extensive voices of protest from industry circles such as ECSA (European Community Shipowners Associations), ICS (International Chamber of Shipping) and many national ship ownerassociations.TheshippingindustryisconcernedthatanEUETSmaycreate significantdistortionsandobstaclesforefficienttrade,maynotbecompatiblewith the IMO roadmap and in fact may not be a good instrument for reducing GHG emissions. This book is an attempt to shed some light on these and other related develop- ments. To do so, it tries to answer the following questions: where does shipping currentlystandasregardssustainability,andwhataretheprospectsforthefuture? At first glance, these questions may look easy to pose. However, we shall see that theyarenotsoeasytoaddress. Todefine“sustainableshipping”,wereproduceFig.1ofChap.1ofthisbook. One can see from Fig. 1 that a great number of factors are at play as regards sustainable shipping. In addition, and aside from the considerations of Fig. 1, it should also be realized that sustainability in general, at least as reflected in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs), includes additional Preface xi Fig.1 Definingsustainablemaritimetransport.Source:UNCTAD.(ReproducedfromChap.1of thebook) issues such as poverty, hunger, gender equality, education and several others.2 So we need to clarify that for the specific object of study of this book (maritime transportation), the distinct perspective of the book is the interaction between the environmental and the economic dimensions. This means that the central issue of this book is how one can achieve a balance between environmental and economic objectives.Achieving suchabalanceisimportantasitwouldmakenosensefora ship,ashippingoperationoramaritimesupplychainsystemtobeperformingwell environmentallybutbenon-viablefromaneconomicperspective.Achieving“win- win”solutionsisthereforeanindispensableprerequisiteforsustainableshipping. Socialcriteriasuchassafety,security,employment,laborconditions,healthand othersarealsoimportantintheirownright.Butasidefromthegeneralsustainability discussionofChap.1,theirin-depthconsiderationisoutsidethemainscopeofthe 2For a list of the UN SDGs, see https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable- development-goals/
Description:The list of books you might like
