Sustainable Seafarming and Grouper Aquaculture

232 Pages·2002·2.15 MB·English

FWG 01/99 – Collaborative APEC Grouper Research
and Development Network
2
Regional Workshop on
Sustainable Seafarming
and Grouper Aquaculture
17–20 April 2000
Medan, Indonesia
Organised by the
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
in cooperation with the
Government of Indonesia
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Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA)
Bay of Bengal Programme (BOBP/FAO)

Collaborative APEC
Grouper Research and Development
Network (FWG 01/99)

Report of the Regional Workshop
on Sustainable Seafarming and Grouper Aquaculture

Medan, Indonesia
17-20 April 2000

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A
Report prepared by:

Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA)
Suraswadi Building
Department of Fisheries
Kasetsart University Campus
Ladyao, Jatujak
Bangkok 10900
Thailand
Tel: [phone] (to 29)
Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: http://www.enaca.org

For:

Copyright © 2002 APEC Secretariat
APEC Secretariat
438 Alexandra Road
#14-01/04 Alexandra Point
Singapore 119958
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: http://www.apecsec.org.sg

Reference:

APEC/NACA/BOBP/GOI. 2002. Report of the Regional Workshop on Sustainable
Seafarming and Grouper Aquaculture, Medan, Indonesia, 17-20 April 2000.
Collaborative APEC Grouper Research and Development Network (FWG 01/99).
Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand. 224 pp.

APEC Publication Number: APEC#202-FS-04.2
ISBN 981-04-6517-3

Regional workshop on seafarming and grouper aquaculture ii
Contents
Introduction....................................................................................................................1
Workshop Background................................................................................................1
Workshop Objectives..................................................................................................2
Workshop Programme...................................................................................................2
Opening Ceremony.....................................................................................................2
Session I: Technical Session......................................................................................2
Session II: Special Session on the Social and Economic Aspects of Marine Fish
Culture and Coastal Livelihoods..................................................................................3
Session III: Review of Research Program and Prioritisation for Future Research
(followed by discussion session).................................................................................4
Report of the Working Groups.......................................................................................4
Working Group 1: Coastal Livelihoods and Socio-economic Issues...........................4
Working Group 2: Markets and Certification Issues..................................................10
Working Group 3: Technology and Management.....................................................11
Final Session...............................................................................................................14
Annex 1: List of Workshop Participants.......................................................................16
Annex 2: Workshop Programme..................................................................................23
Annex 3: Working Group Terms of Reference............................................................25
Background...............................................................................................................25
Workshop Objectives................................................................................................25
Working Group sessions...........................................................................................25
Detailed Terms of Reference for Working Groups....................................................26
Annex 4: Workshop Presentation and Papers.............................................................28
Present Status and Strategy of Indonesian Mariculture Development.....................29
Regional Overview of Marine Finfish Farming, with an Emphasis on Groupers and
Regional Cooperation................................................................................................35
Overview of Asia-Pacific Grouper Network (APGN) Strategic Research Plan and
ACIAR Grouper Project Update................................................................................43
Status of Breeding and Larval Rearing of Groupers.................................................47
Breeding and Larval Rearing of Barramundi Cod (Cromileptes altivelis) in Captivity
...................................................................................................................................55
Review of Grouper Diseases and Health Management Strategies for Grouper and
other Marine Finfish Diseases...................................................................................61
Feed and Feed Management Practices....................................................................93
The Availability and Use of Local Ingredients in Fish Feed for Humpback Grouper
Grow-out....................................................................................................................95
Environmental Management of Mariculture: The Effect of Feed Types on Feed
Waste......................................................................................................................103
Grouper Aquaculture in Myanmar...........................................................................109
Grouper Aquaculture in the Philippines...................................................................119
Grouper Aquaculture in Malaysia............................................................................123
Development of New Artisanal Fisheries Based on the Capture and Culture of
Postlarval Coral Reef Fish.......................................................................................129
Hatchery Development Options for Marine Fish.....................................................135
Perspective on Future Directions in Cage Culture Related to Asia........................143
Towards Sustainable Harvesting of Live Reef Food Fish Species in the Solomon
Islands.....................................................................................................................161
Preliminary Report on the Regional Survey of Fry and Fingerling Supply and Current
Practices for Grouper Mariculture...........................................................................169
An Overview of the Komodo Fish Culture Project...................................................173
Seafarming and Community Development in the Philippines.................................177
Managing Aquaculture Sustainability using Input-Output Relationships................187
Regional workshop on seafarming and grouper aquaculture iii
Markets for Cultured Grouper and other Marine Finfish.........................................199
Assessing the Sustainability of Small-scale Grouper Culture in Southern Thailand
.................................................................................................................................209
Sex Reversal and Spermatogenesis in the Honeycomb Grouper, Epinephelus merra
.................................................................................................................................213
Grouper Aquaculture in India..................................................................................215
Regional workshop on seafarming and grouper aquaculture iv
Workshop Proceedings

Introduction
Workshop Background
The workshop was organised by the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and
hosted by the Government of Indonesia in cooperation with the Bay of Bengal
Programme (BOBP-FAO), and the Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific
(NACA). The workshop is one of the activities under the APEC-NACA “Collaborative
Grouper Research and Development Network”.

The Workshop involved 55 participants from APEC economies throughout the Asia-
Pacific, including: Australia; Hong Kong, China; Indonesia; Japan; Malaysia;
Philippines; Singapore; Thailand and Vietnam. Representatives attended the meeting
from NACA, the Secretariat for the Pacific Community (SPC), the Solomon Islands,
Myanmar, INFOFISH, and a non-governmental organisation, The Nature Conservancy
(TNC). Delegates from China, India and Korea were unable to attend this workshop,
however, all indicated a keen interest in the proceedings and recommendations arising
from the Workshop and their willingness to participate in grouper network activities
and project development.

The list of participants is attached as Annex 1. The programme is attached as Annex 2.
The workshop was the second under the APEC Fisheries Working Group (FWG)
project FWG 01/99 “Collaborative APEC Grouper Research and Development
Network”. The workshop focussed on grouper culture, but also explored management
strategies required to support the sustainable development of seafarming in the Asian
region. The emphasis was on technology transfer and management strategies for the
benefit of farmers and coastal communities. The workshop included special sessions
on diversification of seafarming systems and culture species, the role of seafarming in
the livelihoods of coastal communities and an update on recent progress and options
for further development and expansion of the APEC-NACA “Collaborative Grouper
Research and Development Network”.

The workshop emphasized practical management and development strategies including
the evaluation of the potential of sustainable hatchery and farming enterprises for
groupers and other marine finfish species to contribute to income generation, poverty
alleviation and food security throughout the region.

The workshop was held in Medan, Indonesia on the 18-20 April 2000 with an opening
ceremony held on the evening of 17 April 2000. It was also held in cooperation with
the Bay of Bengal Programme, which sponsored some of the participants from the Bay
of Bengal region, and from within Indonesia.

The meeting was very successful, with a number of key recommendations being made
in support of APEC FWG and NACA objectives for grouper aquaculture. Specifically,
the Workshop recommended further expansion of activities to cover coastal
Regional workshop on seafarming and grouper aquaculture 1
livelihoods, improved environmental management of cage aquaculture, and most
importantly the formalisation of the participation of the centers and institutions
involved in the network.
Workshop Objectives
The objectives of the workshop were:
1. Awareness-building on sustainable management practices for seafarming
2. Identification of current needs and actions required for promoting sustainable
seafarming in Indonesia and within the Asia-Pacific region
3. To review and identify strategies for ensuring that research on grouper aquaculture
and seafarming leads to improved livelihoods of rural coastal communities
4. To evaluate the potential for development of sustainable localised hatchery
production of marine finfish to support aquaculture development, and
5. To identify appropriate follow up activities from the workshop within Indonesia
and in other countries of the region through collaborative research, training,
extension, demonstration projects and other relevant activities
Workshop Programme
Opening Ceremony
The workshop started with an opening ceremony on the evening of 17 April 2000 with
welcoming speeches made by the Governor of North Sumatra, the NACA Coordinator
(Hassanai Kongkeo) and Kee Chai Chong (BOBP Project Coordinator). Mr Untung
Wahyono (Director-General, Directorate General of Fisheries) gave the keynote
address. In his address, Mr Untung emphasised the importance of sustainable
development of seafarming and the need for technological development and a legal
framework. Following this keynote address, Mr Untung declared the workshop open.
Session I: Technical Session
The following presentations were made during the first technical session:
• Overview of the workshop and objectives by Sugiri Elon, Director of Production,
Directorate General of Fisheries, Indonesia
• Present status and strategy of Indonesian mariculture development by Tati
Ramelan, Director of Seed Production, Directorate General of Fisheries, Indonesia
• Regional overview of marine finfish farming, with an emphasis on groupers and
regional cooperation by Hassanai Kongkeo, NACA
• Overview of Asia-Pacific Grouper Network (APGN) strategic research plan and
ACIAR grouper project update by Mike Rimmer, Queensland Department of
Primary Industries, Australia
• Status of breeding and larval rearing of grouper by Joebert Toledo, SEAFDEC
AQD, Philippines
• Breeding and larval rearing of barramundi cod (Cromileptes altivelis) in captivity
by Ketut Sugama, Gondol Research Institute for Mariculture, Indonesia.
Regional workshop on seafarming and grouper aquaculture 2
• Review of grouper diseases and health management strategies for grouper and
other marine finfish diseases by Somkiat Khanchanakhan, Aquatic Animal Health
Research Institute (AAHRI), Thailand and Melba Reantaso, NACA
• Feed and feed management practices by Renee Chou, Agri-food & Veterinary
Authority of Singapore, Singapore
• The availability and use of local ingredients in fish feed for humpback grouper
grow-out by Taufik Ahmad, Research Institute for Coastal Fisheries, Indonesia
• Environmental management of mariculture: the effect of feed types on feed waste
by Jim Chu, Agriculture and Fisheries Department, Hong Kong, China
• Grouper aquaculture in Myanmar by U Win Tin, Department of Fisheries,
Myanmar
• Grouper aquaculture in the Philippines by Westley Rosario, BFAR-NIFTDC,
Philippines
• Grouper aquaculture in Malaysia by K. Subramaniam, Department of Fisheries,
Malaysia

The next part of this technical session included the following presentations on
alternative seafarming species and systems.
• Development of new artisanal fisheries based on the capture and culture of
postlarval coral reef fish by Cathy Hair, ICLARM, Solomon Islands
• Hatchery development options for marine fish by Peter Lauesen, SINTEF Fisheries
and Aquaculture, Norway
• Perspective on future directions in cage culture related to Asia by Niels Svennevig,
SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture, Norway
Session II: Special Session on the Social and Economic
Aspects of Marine Fish Culture and Coastal Livelihoods
The following presentations were made during this special session:

• Towards sustainable harvesting of live reef food fish species in the Solomon
Islands by Michelle Lam, Ministry of Agriculture & Fisheries, Solomon Islands
• Preliminary report on the regional survey of fry and fingerling supply and current
practices for grouper mariculture by Yvonne Sadovy, The University of Hong
Kong, Hong Kong, China
• An overview of the Komodo fish culture project by Peter Mous, The Nature
Conservancy, Indonesia
• Seafarming and community development in the Philippines by Renato Agbayani,
SEAFDEC AQD, Philippines
• Managing aquaculture sustainability using input-output relationships by Kee Chai
Chong, BOBP, India
• Markets for cultured grouper and other marine finfish by Sudari, INFOFISH,
Malaysia
• Assessing the sustainability of small-scale grouper culture in Southern Thailand by
Natasja Sheriff, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Regional workshop on seafarming and grouper aquaculture 3
Session III: Review of Research Program and Prioritisation for
Future Research (followed by discussion session)
The session opened with a presentation by Mike Rimmer, Hassanai Kongkeo, and
Michael Phillips that provided a review of the regional research program on grouper.
Following the presentation, the workshop divided into three working groups. The
groups addressed the following major issues raised during the preceding technical and
socio-economic sessions, with an emphasis on practical follow-up actions: research
needs, demonstration projects, staff exchanges, responsibilities of different centers and
institutes, and regional networking. The Terms of Reference of the Working Groups
are given as Annex 3.
Report of the Working Groups
Working Group 1: Coastal Livelihoods and Socio-economic
Issues
Chairperson: Lars Engvall
Rapporteurs: Renato Agbayani and Natasja Sheriff
Management Approach to Seafarming Based on Objective of Improving
Coastal Livelihoods through Seafarming Development
The discussion focused on the management approach and other factors that need to be
considered before seafarming can be promoted in coastal communities. The point was
raised that the goals behind seafarming development should be more specifically
defined (the development of coastal communities, use of marine protected areas,
environmental rehabilitation). This arose from the consideration that seafarming might
provide an alternative to destructive fishing practices. Seafarming was suggested as a
way that could support coastal management and provide an alternative to unsustainable
fishing practices. Attention should be focused on implementing recommendations of
past research and the introduction of the results to communities. However, an
understanding of the needs of coastal communities and the ability of mariculture to
meet those needs is required.

It was agreed that seafarming is a possible option for improving coastal livelihoods,
but a number of factors should be taken into consideration prior to development:
• Markets
Availability of marketing channels. Does a market exist and is it easily accessible
by the community? Communities need access to information on markets.
• Environmental problems and zoning
Consideration should be given to zoning areas used for seafarming. Other
considerations are the intensity of culture, carrying capacity, governing legislation,
enforcement and regulation.
• Identify channels of information dissemination and awareness building
It was suggested that many communities have little awareness of seafarming or the
possibility of participation in seafarming activities. Methods of transferring
Regional workshop on seafarming and grouper aquaculture 4