Sustainable remediation of contaminated sites

268 Pages·2015·8.65 MB·English

by  Adams

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THE TERMS 25 years of research, consulting and teaching experience. o
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• Perpetual access for He has published over 300 technical publications on various C
topics on pollution control and remediation.
a one time fee o
• No subscriptions or Jeffrey A. Adams, PhD, PE, is an associate with San n
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access fees Ramon, California-based ENGEO Incorporated. He provides a
development-related consulting services for a variety m
• Unlimited
of public and private clients, including applications in i
concurrent usage n
• Downloadable PDFs geotechnical and environmental engineering. Dr. Adams is a
a licensed professional engineer in California and a certified t Krishna R. Reddy
• Free MARC records e
environmental manager in Nevada. He received his BS, MS,
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and PhD degrees in civil engineering from the University of
For further information, Illinois at Chicago. Additionally, he received his MBA with S Jeffrey A. Adams
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a free trial, or to order, concentrations in finance and real estate from the University te
contact: 
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[email protected]
ISBN: 978-1-60650-520-5
SUSTAINABLE
REMEDIATION OF
CONTAMINATED
SITES

SUSTAINABLE
REMEDIATION OF
CONTAMINATED
SITES
KRISHNA R. REDDY
JEFFREY A. ADAMS
MOMENTUM PRESS, LLC, NEW YORK
Sustainable Remediation of Contaminated Sites
Copyright © Momentum Press®, LLC, 2015.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—
electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other—except for
brief quotations, not to exceed 400 words, without the prior permission
of the publisher.
First published by Momentum Press®, LLC
222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017
www.momentumpress.net
ISBN-13: 978-1-60650-520-5 (print)
ISBN-13: 978-1-60650-521-2 (e-book)
Momentum Press Geotechnical Engineering Collection
Cover and interior design by Exeter Premedia Services Private Ltd.,
Chennai, India
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America
A
bstrAct
Traditional site remediation approaches typically focus on the reduction of
contaminant concentrations to meet cleanup goals or risk-based corrective
levels, with a primary emphasis on remediation program cost and time-
frame. Such an approach, however, may result in ancillary impacts to
the environment that, when considered in totality with the remediation
activity, result in a net negative impact to the environment. In contrast to
a traditional remediation approach, this book presents a holistic approach
to remediation that considers ancillary environmental impacts and aims
to optimize net effects to the environment. It addresses a broad range
of environmental, social, and economic impacts during all remediation
phases, and achieves remedial goals through more efficient, sustainable
strategies that conserve resources and protect air, water, and soil quality
through reduced emissions and other waste burdens. Inside, the authors
simultaneously encourage the reuse of remediated land and enhanced
long-term financial returns for investments. Though the potential benefits
are enormous, many environmental professionals and project s takeholders
do not utilize green and sustainable technologies because they are unaware
of the methods for selection and implementation. This book describes the
decision framework, presents qualitative and quantitative assessment
tools, including multidisciplinary metrics, to assess sustainability, and
reviews potential new technologies. It presents several case studies that
include sustainable remediation solutions, and will also highlight the
challenges in promoting this practice.
KEY WORDS
brownfields, environment, land contamination, life cycle assessment
(LCA), remediation, remediation technologies, sustainability, sustain-
ability development, sustainability framework, sustainability metrics,
sustainability tools

c
ontents
List of figures ix
List of tabLes xi
acknowLedgments xiii
chapter 1 introduction 1
chapter 2 contaminated site remediation:
generaL approach 27
chapter 3 contaminated site remediation technoLogies 39
chapter 4 sustainabLe remediation frameworks 59
chapter 5 sustainabLe remediation indicators, metrics,
and tooLs 141
chapter 6 case studies 193
chapter 7 chaLLenges and opportunities 225
references 237
bibLiography 241
index 243

L f
ist of igures
Figure 1.1. Sources of subsurface contamination. 15
Figure 1.2. Estimated number of contaminated sites in the United
States (Cleanup horizon: 2004–2033). 15
Figure 2.1. General approach for contaminated site assessment and
remediation. 29
Figure 2.2. Graphical CSM. 32
Figure 3.1. Vadose zone (soil) remediation technologies. 41
Figure 3.2. Containment technologies: (a) cap, vertical barrier,
and bottom barrier; (b) pumping well systems; and
(c) subsurface drain system. 52
Figure 4.1. Core elements of the U.S. EPA green remediation
framework. 61
Figure 4.2. ITRC GSR framework. 64
Figure 4.3. ASTM greener cleanup overview. 69
Figure 4.4. ASTM sustainability framework: Relationship between
the sustainable aspects (center), core elements (spokes),
and some example BMPs (outer rim of wheel). 109
Figure 5.1. Illinois EPA greener cleanups matrix. 155
Figure 5.2. Minnesota pollution control board sustainability
evaluation tool. 156
Figure 6.1. Soil profile at the site. 194
Figure 6.2. Map showing the areas where the contaminant
concentrations exceeded the threshold levels based on
(a) human and ecological risk for PAHs, (b) human and
ecological risk for pesticides, and (c) human and
ecological risk for metals. 196