Sustainable Plastics: Environmental Assessments of Biobased, Biodegradable, and Recycled Plastics

338 Pages·2014·4.41 MB·English

by  Joseph P. Greene

Sustainable Plastics

Sustainable Plastics
Environmental Assessments of
Biobased, Biodegradable, and
Recycled Plastics
Joseph P. Greene
CoverDesign:Wiley
CoverImage:Courtesyoftheauthor
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Greene,JosephP.,1961-
Sustainableplastics:environmentalassessmentsofbiobased,biodegradable,andrecycled
plastics/JosephP.Greene.
pagescm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-118-10481-1(hardback)
1.Biodegradableplastics. 2.Plastics–Recycling. 3.Plastics–Environmentalaspects.
4.Greenchemistry.I.Title.
TP1180.B55G74352014
668.4–dc23
2013051271
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface xi
Dedication xiii
Glossary xv
1. Introduction to Sustainability 1
1.1 SustainabilityDefinition, 1
1.2 GreenChemistryDefinitions, 6
1.3 GreenEngineeringDefinitions, 7
1.4 SustainabilityDefinitionsforManufacturing, 8
1.5 LifeCycleAssessment, 10
1.6 LeanandGreenManufacturing, 10
1.7 Summary, 11
References, 11
ReviewQuestions, 13
ReviewProblems, 13
ReviewExercises, 14
2. Environmental Issues 15
2.1 ThePlanetisWarming, 15
2.2 MeltingofGlaciers, 17
2.3 RisingSeas, 19
2.4 CausesofGlobalWarming, 20
2.5 OceanPollutionandMarineDebris, 23
2.6 ChemicalPollutionfromPlastics, 38
2.7 LandfillTrash, 39
2.8 Summary, 42
References, 43
ReviewQuestions, 47
ReviewProblems, 48
ReviewExercises, 49
v
vi Contents
3. Life Cycle Information 51
3.1 LifeCycleAssessmentforEnvironmental
Hazards, 51
3.2 LifeCycleAssessmentDefinitions, 52
3.3 ISO14040/14044LifeCycleAssessment
Standards, 55
3.4 SensitivityAnalysis, 58
3.5 MinimalAcceptableFrameworkforLifeCycle
Assessments, 59
3.6 LifeCycleInventoryforPetroleum-BasedPlastics, 60
3.7 LifeCycleAssessmentforBiobasedPolyLactic
Acid, 63
3.8 Summary, 66
References, 67
ReviewQuestions, 68
ReviewProblems, 69
ReviewExercises, 70
4. Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers 71
4.1 BiobasedandBiodegradableDefinitions, 71
4.2 BiobasedPolymers, 73
4.3 Petroleum-BasedCompostablePolymers, 92
4.4 LifeCycleAssessmentofCompostableand
BiodegradablePolymers, 97
4.5 Summary, 99
References, 99
ReviewQuestions, 103
ReviewProblems, 104
ReviewExercises, 106
5. Biobased and Recycled Petroleum-Based
Plastics 107
5.1 BiobasedConventionalPlastics, 107
5.2 RecycledPetroleum-BasedPlastics, 113
5.3 OxodegradableAdditivesforPlastics, 120
5.4 Summary, 121
References, 122
ReviewQuestions, 124
Contents vii
ReviewProblems, 124
ReviewExercises, 126
6. End-of-Life Options for Plastics 129
6.1 USEPAWarmProgram, 129
6.2 MechanicalRecyclingofPlastics, 130
6.3 ChemicalRecycling, 131
6.4 Composting, 132
6.5 WastetoEnergy, 133
6.6 LandfillOperations, 136
6.7 LifeCycleAssessmentofEnd-of-LifeOptions, 137
6.8 Summary, 139
References, 140
ReviewQuestions, 142
ReviewProblems, 143
ReviewExercises, 144
7. Sustainable Plastic Products 145
7.1 Introduction, 145
7.2 SustainablePlasticPackaging, 146
7.3 SustainablePlasticGroceryBags, 159
7.4 LifeCycleAssessmentofSustainablePlastic
Bottles, 177
7.5 Summary, 180
References, 181
ReviewQuestions, 183
ReviewProblems, 184
ReviewExercises, 186
8. Biobased and Biodegradation Standards for
Polymeric Materials 187
8.1 Introduction, 187
8.2 BiobasedStandardTestMethod, 190
8.3 IndustrialCompostEnvironment, 192
8.4 MarineEnvironment, 210
8.5 AnaerobicDigestion, 217
8.6 ActiveLandfill, 223
8.7 HomeCompost, 228
viii Contents
8.8 SoilBiodegradation, 231
8.9 Summary, 232
References, 234
ReviewQuestions, 235
ReviewProblems, 235
ReviewExercises, 237
9. Sustainable Strategies for Plastics Companies 239
9.1 SustainablePlasticsManufacturingandBest
Practices, 239
9.2 ManualCreationofLifeCycleAssessment
Calculations, 240
9.3 CarbonCreditsandCarbonTaxes, 245
9.4 Summary, 246
References, 247
ReviewQuestions, 247
ReviewProblems, 248
ReviewExercises, 249
10. Future of Sustainable Plastics 251
10.1 SustainableBiobasedPlasticsMadefrom
RenewableSources, 252
10.2 SustainableTraditionalPlasticsMadefrom
RenewableSources, 254
10.3 GrowthinBiobasedPlasticswithDevelopmentof
DurableGoods, 255
10.4 GrowthinBiobasedPlasticsforPharmaceuticals
andMedicalDevices, 256
10.5 Summary, 257
References, 258
ReviewQuestions, 260
ReviewProblems, 260
ReviewExercises, 261
Appendix A Injection Molding 263
A.1 Introduction, 263
A.2 ProcessControlDuringInjectionMolding, 264
A.3 MoldsforInjectionMolding, 272