Sustainable Plantation Forestry

316 Pages·2018·8.173 MB·English

by  Herman Hidayat

Herman Hidayat
Sustainable
Plantation
Forestry
Problems, Challenges and Solutions
Sustainable Plantation Forestry
Herman Hidayat
Sustainable Plantation
Forestry
Problems, Challenges and Solutions
123
Herman Hidayat
IndonesianInstitute ofSciences (LIPI)
Jakarta
Indonesia
ISBN978-981-10-7652-7 ISBN978-981-10-7653-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7653-4
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017964497
©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2018
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar
methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom
therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor
for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to
jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
Printedonacid-freepaper
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature
TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.
Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:152BeachRoad,#21-01/04GatewayEast,Singapore189721,
Singapore
Acknowledgements
Thestronginspirationandmotivationtowritethisbookcamefromthewisewords
of the well-known Indonesian novelist Pramoedya Ananta Toer who has said that
“the book is the eternal works for any scientist and should be transformed as
knowledge for generation to generation by reading it.” These words drive a strong
desireforthisauthortocollectmyformerresearchfindingsinJapan,ASEAN,and
United States. In line with this, some papers have been published in academic
journals in Indonesia, Thailand, Japan and so forth.
Relatingtoresearchfindings,papersandacademicjournalcollections—actually
somepapershavereceivedcommentsfromexcellentreviewersandthattheycould
eventually be published a book entitled: A Sustainable Plantation Forestry:
Problems, Challenges and Solutions. For this reason, I would like to extend my
grateful thanks to Springer Publishing Company for their assistance and coopera-
tioninpublishinganddisseminatingthisbooktoreaders.Iwouldalsoliketothank
thetworeviewerswhogaveapositiveindicationfromtheircriticalcomments;Ias
theauthorthankthemandsubsequentlyrevisedthemanuscriptbasedontheirinput.
While I carried out fieldwork entitled: “Development of Pulp and Paper in
Japan”fortheInstituteofDevelopingEconomies(IDE)-JETROfromAugust2006
to March 2007 in Chiba, Japan, I am especially indebted and thankful to host
scientist Dr. Yuri Sato, Prof. Masahisa Fujita as President of IDE-JETRO and
others. My appreciation and thanks are also presented to Prof. Yasuyuki Kono as
the host scientist when I received a scholarship from the Japan Society Promotion
of Science (JSPS) Post Doctoral Fellowship in 2008–2010 and conducted field
work entitled: “In Search of Sustainable Plantation Forestry in ASEAN countries”
and Prof. Kosuke Mizuno, Director of Center for Southeast Asian Studies
(CSEAS)-Kyoto University. I would also like to recognize colleagues in several
institutions, such as Kasetsart University, Khon Kaeng University, Siam Cement
Group(SCG)ofPaperIndustryofficerinKhongKaeng;FacultyofForestryofthe
UniversityofthePhilippinesinLosBanyos,CSDC’sWoodProcessingMillOfficer
in Talacogon-Butuan City; Vietnam Forestry University, Ministry of Agriculture
and Rural Development (MARD); The Department of Forestry officer in Hanoi,
v
vi Acknowledgements
Research Institute of Pulp and Paper Industry (RIPPI) officer, Vinapaco Paper and
BaiBangCompany,TheForestResearchofCenterOfficeinPhuNinhDistrict,Phu
ThoProvince;SinarMasGroup(SMG)OfficerinJakartaandAsiaPulpandPaper
(APP) officer, Perawang-Riau Province for obtaining data collection through in
depth interviews with informants and participatory observation in addition to
obtaining interviews with academic communities for discussion on conceptual and
theoretical review comments of papers; for instance, Prof. Ukan Abdullah
(University of Padjadjaran-Bandung), Prof. Makoto Inoue (The University of
Tokyo), Dr. Masatoshi Sasaoka (Hokkaido University), Andreas Neef (University
of Hohenheim-Germany), Masaaki Okamoto (CSEAS), Masayuki Yanagisawa,
Prof. Koji Tanaka, Prof. Wil de Jong, Prof. Mamoru Kanzaki, Kazuo Watanabe,
Kazuya Watanabe, Fumikazu Ubukata, Osamu Kozan, Hideki Hayashida
(Doshisha University) and so forth.
The chance arose to be Visiting Professor in November 2012–March 2013,
while I carried out fieldwork out entitled: “Yakushima National Park and World
Heritage” in Yakushima island under the sponsorship of Kagoshima University
Research Center for the Pacific Islands (KURCPI). I would like to express my
sincerethankstoProf.ShunsukeNagashimaandSotaYamamotoashostscientists.
Otherscientistswhocontributedtomydatafindingsinclude:Prof.KeiKawai,Prof.
Shinichi Noda, Prof. Sueo Kuwahara, Prof. Tsuyoshi Yoneda, and Prof. Satoru
Nishimura.SpecialgratitudetoDr.CarolJ.PierceColferashostscientistinKahin
Advance Research Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, while I obtained
AIFIS-Henry Luce Foundation Grants for 2014 (August–October) to conduct
fieldworkentitled:“ASustainableForestManagementinNewYorkState”.Indata
collection and discussion, I express my gratitude to Prof. Martin Hatch, Prof.
BenedictAnderson,Dr.AudreyKahin,Dr.RichardDudley,Dr.AntoMohsin,Dr.
Thomas B. Pepinskey, Dr. Steven A. Wolf, Dr. Thamora Fishel, Prof. David
Sonnenfield(State UniversityofNewYork-CollegeofEnvironmentalScience and
Forestry), and Prof. David H. Newman. Finally, I am pleased to address my grat-
itudeandthankstomyfamily:mywife,Dr.Yani’ahWardaniM.A.;mydaughters
Ana Sabhana Azmy M.Si., Kholilah Saadah M.Sc., and my son M. Alfatih M.Sc.,
whohavealwaysaccompaniedmeintimesofhappinessandsorrow.Idohopethat
the publication of this book will be a great contribution and sharing of knowledge
for academia, government officers, politicians, businessmen, forest scientists and
society at large.
Jakarta, Indonesia
December 2017
Contents
Part I Introduction
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Plantation Forestry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Sustainable Plantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Economic Benefits and Rural Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Why Plantations? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Plantation in Other Countries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Theoretical Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Actors’ Movements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Method for Data Collection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Research Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Expected Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Part II Southeast Asia
2 Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Discourse on Thailand’s Plantation Forestry (Eucalyptus
camaldulensis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Study Sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Royal Forest Department Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Private Sector Responses to Forest Plantations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Critiques of Academics and NGOs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Concluding Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
vii
viii Contents
Review on Emerging Pulp and Paper Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Government’s Policy on Economic Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3 Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Review of Forestry Policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Study Sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Land Tenure and Resource Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Political Factors and Funding Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Major Driving Forces for the Rehabilitation Program . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
The Role of the Government in Plantation Development. . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Wood Processing Mill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Paper Industry Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Study of the CSDC’s Profile: Wood Processing Mill . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
The Response from Local People. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Academics and NGOs Critiques of Environmental Disasters . . . . . . . 97
Concluding Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4 Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Review of Industrial Timber Plantation (HTI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Government Policy on HTI, Ministry of Forestry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Regulation for Providing Raw Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
APP (Asia Pulp and Paper) Mill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Profile of Sinar Mas Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
APP Mill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Sinarmas Forestry Response to Government Policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Sustainable Forest Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
SMF and Conservation Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Local Farmers Response to Plantations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
NGO Critiques Concerning Ecological Damages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Protecting Forests Stops Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
The Case of Land Clearing for HTI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
The Case of Peat Swamp Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Impact on Kampar Peat Ecosystem and Global Climate . . . . . . . . . . 130
Impact on Kampar Peat Land of Forest Fires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Impact of Forest Fires on Physical Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Land Disputes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Concluding Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Contents ix
5 Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Review on Forest Planation Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
The Significance of Forests and Other Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Timber Consumption Demand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Reform of Forestry Policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Land Tenure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Case Study of DoF in Phuto-Tho Province. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Eucalyptus Plantation Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
The Response from Stakeholders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
DoF in Phu Tho Working with Cooperatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Development of Pulp and Paper Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Problems: Challenges and Opportunities for Development
(1970s–1990s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Paper Industry (2000s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Concluding Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Part III Japan
6 Japan: The Initial and Development of Pulp
and Paper Industry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
The Role of the Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Government and Private Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Development of Pulp and Paper Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
The Pioneer of Pulp and Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Raw Materials (Wood Trade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Wood Chips. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
The Significance of the Pulp and Paper Industry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
A Brief History of Paper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
From the Meiji Era to the Second World War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Impact on the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Profile of a Pulp and Paper Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
The Oji Paper Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
History of Its Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Wood Raw Material Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Research and Development (R&D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Corporate Code of Conduct. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Nippon Paper Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
History of Its Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Wood Raw Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
x Contents
Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Research and Development (R&D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Nippon Paper Group Makes Acquisition in Hokuetsu Paper Mill. . . . 195
Environmental Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
High Level Economic Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Pollution Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Edogawa River Pollution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Tagonoura Harbor Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Stakeholders’ Reaction to Environmental Destruction Analysts
Comment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
The Role of Nongovernmental Actors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
The Response from Central Government and Locals. . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Concluding Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Part IV Environmental Services
7 Yakushima-Japan: Sustainable Forest Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Review on Natural Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Conservation and Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Management System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Yakushima. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Flora, Fauna, Plants and Vegetation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Yakusugi-Beginning of Yakusugi Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Logging in the Edo Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
In the Meiji Era and After. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Findings in the Field. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
The Management of Yakushima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Non-Profit Organizations (NPOs). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Environmental Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
The Management System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Local Farmer Responses to Plant ‘Orange’ Farm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Coming of Tourists and Hotels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Tourist Guide Agency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
The Contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
The Manpower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Minshuku Owner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Concluding Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
8 USA: Sustainable Forest Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
The Conceptual Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
The Background to Implement SFM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255