Sustainable Land Use in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia: Meeting the Challenges of Ecological, Socio-Economic and Cultural Diversity

422 Pages·2007·4.97 MB·English

by  Franz Heidhues

Environmental Science and Engineering
Subseries: Environmental Science
Series Editors: R. Allan • U. Förstner • W. Salomons
F. Heidhues, L. Herrmann, A. Neef,
S. Neidhart, J. Pape, P. Sruamsiri,
D. C. Thu, A. Valle Zárate
(Eds.)

Sustainable Land Use in
Mountainous Regions of
Southeast Asia

Meeting the Challenges of Ecological,
Socio-Economic and Cultural Diversity

With 78 Figures
EDITORS:

PROF. DR. FRANZ HEIDHUES ASSOC. PROF. DR. PITTAYA SRUAMSIRI
DR. LUDGER HERRMANN CHIANG MAI UNIVERSITY
DR. ANDREAS NEEF DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE
DR. SYBILLE NEIDHART CHIANG MAI 50200
DR. JENS PAPE THAILAND
PROF. DR. VALLE ZÁRATE
UNIVERSITY OF HOHENHEIM E-mail: [email protected]
THE UPLANDS PROGRAM (SFB 564)
70593 STUTTGART
GERMANY ASSOC. PROF. DR. DAO CHAO THU
HANOI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
E-mail: [email protected] GIA LAM
[email protected] HANOI
[email protected]
VIETNAM
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

ISSN 1863-5520
ISBN 10 3-540-71221-6 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
ISBN 13 978-3-540-71221-3 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

Library of Congress Control Number: 2007921990

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V
Preface
Mountainous regions are vitally important ecosystems. They are an
important storage of fresh water and energy, a rich source of
biodiversity and a significant provider of food for the people living
there. They are ecologically highly variable, complex and
vulnerable and ethnically, socio-culturally and economically
extremely heterogeneous. At the same time they are under severe
and increasing pressures caused by higher population growth,
inmigration, resource exploitation and rising demands and
expectations. They also account for a major share of poverty and
food insecurity in rural areas.
Given their importance, complexity and vulnerability
mountainous regions pose a demanding and new challenge for
agricultural research, particularly for research that is addressing
environmental sustainability, poverty and food insecurity.
The University of Hohenheim’s long-term research program
“Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Mountainous
Regions of Southeast Asia” (Sonderforschungsbereich (SFB) 564
der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft, also known as “The
Uplands Program”) is taking on that challenge. It is an integrated
interdisciplinary research program where sustainable innovations
for agricultural production systems, combining fruit trees, crops,
livestock and aquacultural production in their interaction with soil,
water and agrochemical use are analysed, as well as their impact on
landscape diversity and population dynamics of pests and
beneficial insects. Further along the value added chain of
agricultural production, potentials of product conservation,
processing and marketing are studied. Land use and innovation
acceptance by farmers are determined by their economic
profitability within the farming system and by the institutional and
policy framework that shapes the range of options farmers have. A
decisive factor in the design and successful acceptance of
innovations is the integration of local knowledge, brought into the
process by adopting participatory research approaches across the
entire research program.
VI
The book is organized into seven chapters. The introduction
discusses the rationale and concept of the long-term research
program and its key concerns: sustainability, participation and
interdisciplinary. Chapter 2, Sustainable Research Management
in the Highlands, presents the findings of research on soil-water
interactions, agrochemical flows and the impact of land use and
land management on biodiversity. Chapter 3, Sustainable Fruit
Production and Processing Systems addresses issues of
stabilizing fruit production through plant nutrition and flower
inducing techniques, water saving irrigation and fertigation
technologies and control of post harvest ripening processes and
their implications for fruit processing. Livestock Production,
discussed in Chapter 4, is often a central part of farmers’ activities
in the uplands. Its contribution to sustainable mountain farming,
efficiency constraints and potentials of livestock production
systems, their local genetic resource base and diversity as well as
parasitic pressures are presented in this chapter.
Chapter 5, Farm Economics and Marketing Dynamics in
Support of Sustainability, summarizes research on the economics
and sustainability of mountain farming systems using different
research approaches. Economic viability of innovations is heavily
influenced by market potential, stability and market integration
studied for specific markets in Thailand.
The Institutional Framework for Sustainable Land Use is
addressed in Chapter 6, focusing on participatory research and
technology development, rural financial markets, land and water
tenure and management studies and on an analysis of the political
structure and its relations to local networks. Chapter 7 summarizes
key aspects of the research and presents first conclusions.
In presenting first results of The Uplands Program research the
editors hope to encourage further scientific work on the
challenging issues of sustainable land use systems and rural
development in mountainous regions, and to trigger feedback from
scholars, extensionists and development practioners with an
interest in Southeast Asia that can improve efficiency and impact
of The Uplands Program.
VII
The financial support of The Uplands Program and its
complementary research programs in Thailand and Vietnam by the
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), the National Research
Council of Thailand (NRCT) and the Ministry of Science and
Technology (MOST) is greatly appreciated.
The Editors
Contents
List of Contributing Authors...........................................................XIII
List of Editors...............................................................................XXIX
Chapter 1
Introduction........................................................................................1
Franz Heidhues and Jens Pape
Chapter 2
Sustainable Resource Management in the Highlands...................15
2.1 Introduction................................................................................17
Mattiga Panomtaranichagul and Ludger Herrmann
2.2 Variability of Soil Resources in Northern Thailand...................21
Ludger Herrmann, Klaus Spohrer, Ulrich Schuler, Karl Stahr,
Niwat Anongrak, Thanun Hongsak and Dusit Manajuti
2.3 Water Allocation and Management in Northern Thailand:
The Case of Mae Sa Watershed..................................................37
Andreas Neef, Chapika Sangkapitux, Wolfram Spreer,
Peter Elstner, Liane Chamsai, Anne Bollen
and Jirawan Kitchaicharoen
2.4 The Environmental Fate of Agrochemicals:
A Case Study in the Mae Sa Noi Watershed..............................54
Holger Ciglasch, Julia Busche, Peter Ballarin, Christopher
Tarn, Wulf Amelung, Martin Kaupenjohann, Kanita
Ueangsawat, Pamornwan Nutniyom, Suphot Totrakool,
Gunnar Kahl, Joachim Ingwersen and Thilo Streck
2.5 Biodiversity and Landscape Structure: Challenges for Insect
Management Strategies in Lychee Orchards in the Mountains
of Northern Thailand..................................................................68
Dirk Euler, Konrad Martin, Joachim Sauerborn
and Vichian Hengsavad
2.6 Synthesis: Constraints to Sustainable Use of Soil and Water
in Northern Thailand Highlands and Consequences for
Future Research..........................................................................77
Ludger Herrmann and Mattiga Panomtaranichagul
X Contents
Chapter 3
Sustainable Fruit Production and Processing Systems.................81
3.1 Introduction ...............................................................................83
Pittaya Sruamsiri and Sybille Neidhart
3.2 Stabilisation of Fruit Production by Optimised
Plant Nutrition............................................................................92
Sithidech Roygrong, Pittaya Sruamsiri, Fritz Bangerth,
Ludger Herrmann, Volker Römheld
3.3 Strategies for Flower Induction to Improve Orchard
Productivity: from Compensation of Alternate Bearing
to Off-Season Fruit Production...................................................96
Pittaya Sruamsiri, Amonnat Chattrakul, Pawin Manochai,
Martin Hegele, Daruni Naphrom, Winai Wiriya-Alongkorn,
Sithidech Roygrong, Fritz Bangerth
3.4 The Plant-Physiological Basis of Flower Induction in the
Control of Fruit Production......................................................110
Martin Hegele, Fritz Bangerth, Daruni Naphrom, Pawin
Manochai, Pittaya Sruamsiri, Winai Wiriya-Alongkorn,
Amonnat Chattrakul, Sithidech Roygrong
3.5 Alternative Techniques for Water-Saving Irrigation
and Optimised Fertigation in Fruit Production in
Northern Thailand.....................................................................120
Somchai Ongprasert, Wolfram Spreer, Winai Wiriya-
Alongkorn, Saksan Ussahatanonta and Karlheinz Köller
3.6 The Control of Postharvest Ripening Processes and its
Implications for the Productivity of Mango Processing ..........134
Sybille Neidhart, Ana Lucía Vásquez-Caicedo, Busarakorn
Mahayothee, Isabell Pott, Werner Mühlbauer, Pittaya
Sruamsiri and Reinhold Carle
3.7 Innovative Strategies for Sustainable Lychee Processing........147
Sybille Neidhart, Piyatip Hutasingh and Reinhold Carle
3.8 Synthesis: Food Safety, Productivity and Environmental
Awareness as Key Objectives in Sustainable Fruit
Production and Processing Systems.........................................159
Sybille Neidhart and Pittaya Sruamsiri
Contents XI
Chapter 4
Livestock Production Systems.......................................................173
4.1 Introduction..............................................................................175
Anne Valle Zárate
4.2 The Contribution of Livestock to Sustainable Development in
Mountain Farming in Northern Vietnam..................................178
Werner Doppler, Nguyen Thi Thanh Huyen and Do Anh Tai
4.3 Sustainability of Local and Improved Pig Breeds for Different
Smallholder Production Conditions..........................................188
Ute Lemke, Anne Valle Zárate, Brigitte Kaufmann, Javier
Delgado Santivañez, Le Thi Thuy, Le Viet Ly, Hoang Kim
Giao and Nguyen Dang Vang
4.4 Local Livestock Genetic Resources in Northern Vietnam.......203
Le Thi Thuy, Nguyen Dang Vang, Hoang Kim Giao,
Le Viet Ly, Anne Valle Zárate and Ute Lemke
4.5 Genetic Diversity of Vietnamese Pig Breeds...........................213
Nguyen Thi Dieu Thuy, Melchinger, E., Andreas W. Kuss,
Peischl, T., Heinz Bartenschlager, Nguyen, V.C., Hermann
Geldermann
4.6 A Survey of Selected Livestock Parasites in Son La................222
Thomas Romig, Tina Jehle, Phan Van Luc
and Ute Mackenstedt
4.7 Synthesis...................................................................................226
Anne Valle Zárate
Chapter 5
Farm Economics and Marketing Dynamics
in Support of Sustainability...........................................................231
5.1 Introduction..............................................................................233
Franz Heidhues
5.2 The Impact of Family Decision-Making on
Sustainable Rural Livelihoods..................................................234
Werner Doppler and Do Anh Tai
5.3 Sustainability of Mountainous Farming-Systems.....................248
Jürgen Zeddies and Nicole Schönleber
5.4 Sustainable Farming Systems Planning
Using Goal Programming in Northern Thailand......................263
Suwanna Praneetvatakul and Aer Sirijinda
XII Contents
5.5 Fresh Longan Marketing and Reference Market:
A Case of Longan Grown in Northern Thailand......................277
Somporn Isvilanonda
5.6 Interregional Trade Flows and Market Stability.......................290
Angela Hau and Matthias von Oppen
5.7 Synthesis...................................................................................306
Suwanna Praneetvatakul andFranz Heidhues
Chapter 6
Institutional Framework for Sustainable Land Use....................307
6.1 Introduction..............................................................................309
Andreas Neef and Benchaphun Ekasingh
6.2 Resource Tenure and Sustainable Land Management – Case
Studies from Northern Vietnam and Northern Thailand..........317
Andreas Neef, Prapinwadee Sirisupluxana, Thomas Wirth,
Chapika Sangkapitux, Franz Heidhues, Dao Chau Thu and
Anan Ganjanapan
6.3 Sustainable and Less Sustainable Developments in Rural
Financial Market of Northern Vietnam....................................335
Thomas Dufhues, Gertrud Buchenrieder, Franz Heidhues,
Pham Thi My Dung
6.4 Participatory Research for Sustainable Development in
Vietnam and Thailand: From a Static to an Evolving Concept 353
Andreas Neef, Rupert Friederichsen, Dieter Neubert,
Benchaphun Ekasingh, Franz Heidhues
and Nguyen The Dang
6.5 State Administration and Local Networks: The Case of Pang
Ma Pha District, Northern Thailand.........................................374
Rüdiger Korff, Hans-Dieter Bechstedt and Patcharin
Nawichai
6.6 Synthesis, Conclusions and Implications for Institutional
Development and Future Research...........................................394
Benchaphun Ekasingh and Andreas Neef
Chapter 7
Conclusions and Outlook...............................................................399
Franz Heidhues