Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Southeast Asia: Innovations and Policies for Mountainous Areas

490 Pages·2013·12.07 MB·English

by  Pepijn Schreinemachers

Springer Environmental Science and Engineering
Holger L. Fröhlich
Pepijn Schreinemachers
Karl Stahr
Gerhard Clemens Editors
Sustainable Land
Use and Rural
Development in
Southeast Asia:
Innovations
and Policies for
Mountainous Areas
Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in
Southeast Asia: Innovations and Policies for
Mountainous Areas
Springer Environmental Science and Engineering
For furthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/10177
Holger L. Fro¨hlich (cid:129) Pepijn Schreinemachers (cid:129)
Karl Stahr (cid:129) Gerhard Clemens
Editors
Sustainable Land Use and
Rural Development in
Southeast Asia: Innovations
and Policies for
Mountainous Areas
Editors
HolgerL.Fro¨hlich
PepijnSchreinemachers
KarlStahr
GerhardClemens
UniversityofHohenheim
Stuttgart
Germany
ISSN2194-3214 ISSN2194-3222(electronic)
ISBN978-3-642-33376-7 ISBN978-3-642-33377-4(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-33377-4
SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013931110
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Foreword
Twenty years ago, in 1992, mountains were formally included in the global
environmentanddevelopmentagenda,withthepublicationofChap.13—‘Manag-
ingFragileEcosystems:SustainableMountainDevelopment’—in‘Agenda21’,the
plan for action signed by the heads of state or government of most of the world’s
nations at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, or
‘Earth Summit’ held in Rio de Janeiro (Debarbieux and Price 2008). Chapter 13
includestwo‘programmeareas’:
(cid:129) Generating and strengthening knowledge about the ecology and sustainable
developmentofmountainecosystems
(cid:129) Promoting integrated watershed development and alternative livelihood
opportunities
Since 1992, under the aegis of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the
UnitedNations(FAO)as‘TaskManager’forChapter13,considerableprogresshas
been made towards the goals of Chapter 13 (Price 1999; Kohler et al. 2012;
Messerli 2012). In 1994, FAO convened the Inter-Agency Group on Mountains,
whichrecommendedatitsfirstmeetingthatnationalgovernmentsshouldbecome
directlyinvolvedintheimplementationofChapter13.Oneoutcomewasaseriesof
regional intergovernmental consultations. The first of these, in December 1994,
broughttogetherrepresentativesofgovernmentsfromtheAsiaandPacificregions
including, from Southeast Asia, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, the Philippines,
Thailand,andVietnam(BanskotaandKarki1995).Thisrecognitionoftheimpor-
tanceofmountainsintheregioncanbelinkedtothefactthat35%oftheareaof
Southeast Asia and Oceania as a whole is mountainous, with particularly high
percentagesinLaos(72%),Myanmar(49%),Vietnam(40%),andthePhilippines
(37 %). However, while the total mountain population of the region in 2000 was
over 52 million, of whom 20 % were urban, only one of these countries has a
particularlyhighproportionofitspopulationlivinginmountainareas:Laos(42%);
inothers,theproportionislessthan10%(Huddlestonetal.2003).Nevertheless,in
this region, as for many others around the world, the importance of mountains
can be evaluated not only in terms of their area and population but also the
v
vi Foreword
many ecosystem services they provide to much larger populations (Ko¨rner and
Ohsawa2005).
In2002,manyeventswereheldthroughoutthemountainsofSoutheastAsiaas
part of the International Year of Mountains. In the same year, the Mountain
Partnership was established, as a ‘voluntary alliance of partners dedicated to
improving the lives of mountain people and protecting mountain environments
around the world’ (www.mountainpartnership.org/about/en). As of 2012, it
includes nearly 200 members. However, few are from Southeast Asia: the Asian
Development Bank, the Government of Indonesia, and two NGOs based in the
Philippines.
Inthiscontext,thisbookispotentiallyofgreatimportance.Whileitisbasedon
researchinonlytwoofSoutheastAsia’scountries,itcertainly contributestoboth
programme areas of Chapter 13, and the in-depth research it reports should be of
usemorewidely,notonlywithinthemountainsofthesetwocountries,butalsoof
othersintheregion.Itisanexcellentexampleoflong-termand‘North-South’and
also ‘South-South’ collaboration across many disciplines. At the same time, this
book only presents some of the outcomes; many more, most of much wider
relevance, were presented at the final conference of the ‘Uplands Program’ in
April2012.Critically,participantsatthisconference—includingtherepresentative
of the German Research Foundation, the main funder of the programme—
recognised the need for the valuable results of this research programme to be
widely disseminated not only through this book, but through many other means,
inordertoreachnotonlythescientistsandruraldevelopmentexpertswhoarethe
majoraudienceforthisbook,butalsofarmers,extensionagents,decision-makers,
andmanyothersconcernedwith sustainablemountaindevelopment.Thefocusof
theplannedactivitieswillprimarilybeinThailandandVietnam;Iwouldurgefar
widerdisseminationacrossthemountainsofSoutheastAsia.Moregenerally,Ihope
thatthecollaborationdevelopedthroughtheUplands Program,which hasalready
spreadtoYunnan,canbemorewidelydevelopedacrossthemountainsofSoutheast
Asia, recognising the benefits of learning from experience and sharing good
practices—andthatthiscanbethebeginningofeffectiveandlong-lastingcoopera-
tion to benefits the many millions of people living in, and dependent on, the
mountainsofthisimportantregion.
ProfessorMartinPrice
Director,CentreforMountainStudies,PerthCollege,
UniversityoftheHighlandsandIslands,Scotland
Chairholder,UNESCOChairinSustainableMountainDevelopment
References
BanskotaM,KarkiAS(eds)(1995)Sustainabledevelopmentoffragilemountain
areas of Asia. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development,
Kathmandu
DebarbieuxB,PriceMF(2008)Representingmountains:fromlocalandnationalto
globalcommongood.Geopolitics13:148–168
HuddlestonB,AtamanE,deSalvoP,ZanettiM,BloiseM,BelJ,FrancheschiniL,
Fed’OstianiL(2003)TowardsaGIS-basedanalysisofmountainenvironments
and populations. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,
Rome
Kohler T, Pratt J, Debarbieux B, Balsiger J, Rudaz G, Maselli D (eds) (2012)
Sustainable mountain development, green economy and institutions. From
Rio 1992 to Rio 2012 and beyond. Final Draft for Rio 2012. Swiss Agency
for Development and Cooperation (SDC) and Centre for Development and
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Ko¨rnerC,OhsawaM,SpehnE,BergeE,BugmannH,GroombridgeB,HamiltonL,
HoferT,IvesJ,JodhaN,MesserliB,PrattJ,PriceM,ReasonerM,RodgersA,
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vii
.
Contents
PartI Introduction
1 FromChallengestoSustainableSolutionsforUplandAgriculture
inSoutheastAsia. . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. 3
PepijnSchreinemachers,HolgerL.Fro¨hlich,GerhardClemens,
andKarlStahr
PartII EnvironmentalandSocialChallenges
2 BeyondtheHorizons:ChallengesandProspectsforSoilScience
andSoilCareinSoutheastAsia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
KarlStahr,GerhardClemens,UlrichSchuler,PetraErbe,VolkerHaering,
NguyenDinhCong,MichaelBock,VuDinhTuan,HeinrichHagel,
BuiLeVinh,WanidaRangubpit,AdichatSurinkum,JanWiller,
JoachimIngwersen,MehdiZarei,andLudgerHerrmann
3 WaterandMatterFlowsinMountainousWatersheds
ofSoutheastAsia:ProcessesandImplicationsforManagement. . . 109
HolgerL.Fro¨hlich,JoachimIngwersen,PetraSchmitter,MarcLamers,
ThomasHilger,andIvenSchad
4 AgriculturalPesticideUseinMountainousAreasofThailandand
Vietnam:TowardsReducingExposureandRationalizingUse. . . . 149
MarcLamers,PepijnSchreinemachers,JoachimIngwersen,
WalayaSangchan,ChristianGrovermann,andThomasBerger
5 LinkagesBetweenAgriculture,PovertyandNaturalResourceUse
inMountainousRegionsofSoutheastAsia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
CamilleSaint-Macary,AlwinKeil,TheaNielsen,AthenaBirkenberg,
LeThiAiVan,DinhThiTuyetVan,SusanneUfer,PhamThiMyDung,
FranzHeidhues,andManfredZeller
ix