Sustainable Land Management: Challenges, Opportunities, and Trade-Offs (Agriculture and Rural Development)

112 Pages·2006·1.15 MB·English

by  WORLD BANK

AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Sustainable Land
Management
CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES,AND TRADE-OFFS

Sustainable
LAND
MANAGEMENT

Sustainable
LAND
MANAGEMENT
Challenges, Opportunities, and Trade-offs
THE WORLD BANK
Washington, DC
© 2006 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank
1818 H Street,NW
Washington,DC 20433
Telephone [phone]
Internet www.worldbank.org
E-mail [email protected]
All rights reserved.
1 2 3 4 ::09 08 07 06
This volume is a product ofthe staffofthe International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development / The World Bank.The findings,interpretations,and conclusions expressed
in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views ofthe Executive Directors ofThe
World Bank or the governments they represent.
The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy ofthe data included in this work.
The boundaries,colors,denominations,and other information shown on any map in
this work do not imply any judgment on the part ofThe World Bank concerning the
legal status ofany territory or the endorsement or acceptance ofsuch boundaries.
Rights and Permissions
The material in this publication is copyrighted.Copying and/or transmitting portions
or all ofthis work without permission may be a violation ofapplicable law.The
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages
dissemination ofits work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of
the work promptly.
For permission to photocopy or reprint any part ofthis work,please send a request
with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc.,222 Rosewood
Drive,Danvers,MA 01923,USA;telephone:[phone];fax:[phone];Internet:
www.copyright.com.
All other queries on rights and licenses,including subsidiary rights,should be
addressed to the Office ofthe Publisher,The World Bank,1818 H Street NW,
Washington,DC 20433,USA;fax:[phone];e-mail:[email protected].
ISBN-10: 0-8213-6597-5 e-ISBN: 0-8213-6598-3
ISBN-13:978-0-8213-6597-7 DOI:10.1596/978-0-8213-6597-7
Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been applied for.
CONTENTS
Tables,Figures,and Boxes vii
Acknowledgments ix
Acronyms and Abbreviations xi
Overview xiii
1. Introduction 1
2. Incidence and Effects of Land Degradation 5
Changing Land Use:Its Causes and Implications 10
Global Environmental Change 16
3. Challenges to Sustainable Land Management 18
Appropriate Land Management Systems 18
Improved Water Management 22
Adapting to Climate Change 24
Knowledge Dissemination and Land Policy Constraints 27
4. SLM Interventions:An Agri-technical Perspective 31
Protecting the Land Resource:Agricultural Intensification
and Integrated Farming Systems 34
Soil Fertility Management 35
Market Opportunities Linked to Erosion Control Practices:
A Key to Adoption? 37
Protecting and Managing Watersheds 39
Exploiting the Production and Environmental Service Functions
of Land 42
v
5. The Bank’s Evolving SLM Portfolio 50
Past and Current Investments for SLM and Related Interventions 50
The Pattern of Bank Group Investments in SLM,NRM,BioCarbon,
and Watershed Management Programs 51
Lessons Learned 57
6. SLM:Strategic Options 59
Policy and Sector Work 59
Research and Technology Development 60
Knowledge Sharing and Extension 63
Providing Incentives,Expenditure Priorities,and Modes of Financing 66
Recommended Approach and the Role of the World Bank Group 67
Appendix:Land Management and a Useful Plant Diversity
Index (“V” Index) 70
Notes 73
Bibliography 75
Index 83
vi CONTENTS
TABLES, FIGURES, AND BOXES
Tables
4.1 Organizing Framework for Technical Aspects of Land and Natural Resource
Management at the Watershed Level 41
4.2 Economic Valuation Techniques for PES 46
5.1 Summary of SLM Strategies Implemented across Sectors 52
5.2 Selected Examples of Investments for Watershed Management Programs
in Different Regions:World Bank Watershed Management Projects
(1990–2004) 55
6.1 The ASB Matrix 60
Figures
2.1 The DPSIR Framework for Assessing Land Degradation and SLM
Intervention Points 7
2.2 Global Food Production,Food Price,and Total Number of Undernourished
People (1991–2003) 9
2.3 Agricultural Expansion and Deforestation 15
3.1 Five Broad Clusters of Forces Driving Tropical Deforestation and
Land Degradation 20
vii
4.1 Effects of Land and Water Management at the Watershed Level 40
5.1 Actual World Bank Lending by Region for Sustainable Natural Resource
Management Projects with More Than 25 Percent of Total for SLM 53
5.2 BioCarbon Projects by Region 56
5.3 Carbon Value of BioCarbon Projects by Land Management Category 56
A1.1 Relationship between Land Use Type,Plant Biodiversity,and Oil Palm
Tenure,Jambi,Sumatra 71
A1.2 Relationship between Land Use Type,Plant Biodiversity,and Age of
Oil Palm Plantation,Jambi District,Sumatra (Indonesia) 72
A1.3 Relationship between Employment and Plant Biodiversity,Jambi,Sumatra 72
Boxes
2.1 Ecosystem Services 6
2.2 Land Use Dynamics in the Cerrado (Brazil) and the Miombo
(Southern Africa) 16
3.1 Blue and Green Water Management for SLM and Enhanced Productivity 23
3.2 SLM and Enhancing Water Productivity 25
3.3 Projected Country-Level Effects of Climate Change on Rain-Fed
Cereal Production (IPCC 2001) 26
4.1 A Vision for Improved Land and Water Management in Rural Landscapes 34
4.2 Linking Income-Earning and Cost-Saving Opportunities to Soil Conservation
Practices and Control of Pollution and Sedimentation 39
4.3 Assessing Whether Forests and Reforestation Are Beneficial for
Hydrology and Groundwater Recharge 43
4.4 Madagascar’s Protected Areas and Payments for Environmental Services 48
viii TABLES,FIGURES,AND BOXES