Table Of Content

Sustainable Fuel Technologies Handbook Sustainable Fuel Technologies Handbook Edited by Suman Dutta Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, India Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain Department of Chemistry & Environmental Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Newark, New Jersey, United States AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2021ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 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Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgein evaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribed herein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafety andthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,or editors,assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatter ofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods, products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-0-12-822989-7 ForInformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:BrianRomer AcquisitionsEditor:LisaReading EditorialProjectManager:HannahMakonnen ProductionProjectManager:KameshRamajogi CoverDesigner:MarkRogers TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India Contents Listofcontributors xi Preface xv Section I Modern Perspective of Sustainability 1 1 Overviewofsustainablefuelandenergytechnologies 3 ShireenQuereshi,PrashantRamJadhao,AshishPandey, EjazAhmadandK.K.Pant 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Sustainabletechnologiesforenergyproduction 4 1.3 Sustainabletechnologiesforenergy,fuelandchemicalsproduction 12 1.4 Summary 18 Acknowledgment 19 References 19 Section II Biomass Energy Technology and Biorefinery 27 2 Thesecond-andthird-generation biofueltechnologies: comparativeperspectives 29 PreethaGanguly,RwiddhiSarkhelandPapitaDas Graphical abstract 29 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Biorefineries 31 2.3 First-generationbiorefineries 32 2.4 Second-generationbiorefineries 33 2.5 Third-generationbiorefineries 41 2.6 SWOTanalysis 44 2.7 Conclusions 45 Acknowledgment 46 References 46 3 Biomass,biorefinery,andbiofuels 51 SwarnalathaMailaram,PankajKumar,AlekhyaKunamalla, PalkeshSaklechaandSunilK.Maity 3.1 Introduction 51 vi Contents 3.2 Traditionalbiofuels 54 3.3 Hydrocarbonbiofuels 61 3.4 Fueladditives 72 3.5 Conclusion 79 Abbreviations 80 References 80 Section III Hydro Power Technology 89 4 Hydropowertechnology 91 NitaiPalandFaizanA.Khan 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 Hydropowertechnologies 92 4.3 DAMS 101 4.4 Reservoirs 104 4.5 Classificationofhydropowerplantbasedonpowerscale 105 4.6 Construction-baseddevelopmentdetails 106 4.7 Benefitsandshortcomingsofmicrohydropowerplants 106 4.8 Smallhydro 108 4.9 Turbines 109 4.10 Conclusion 118 References 118 Section IV Wind Power Technology 121 5 Windpowertechnology 123 SubhadeepBhattacharjee 5.1 Historical background 123 5.2 Energyandpowerfromthewind 125 5.3 Windresourcefeasibility 136 5.4 Windenergyconversiondevices 142 5.5 Windelectricalgenerators 153 5.6 Speedcontrolstrategiesforwindturbines 161 5.7 Environmentalimpactandpublicperception 164 5.8 Offshorewindenergy 166 5.9 Windenergyapplications 167 5.10 Windturbineeconomics 167 5.11 Conclusion 168 References 168 Contents vii Section V Solar Power Technology 171 6 Enablingsolarphotovoltaicspenetrationinhighlydependent Africanfossilfuelmarkets 173 OgechiVivianNwadiaru,TonnyKukeeraandDavidEbanehita 6.1 Introduction 173 6.2 EnergytransitioninAfrica 176 6.3 SolarphotovoltaicsdeploymentinoilproducingAfricancountries 186 6.4 Institutionalandeconomicbarrierstosolardeployment 187 6.5 Outlookandrecommendations 191 6.6 Conclusion 193 References 194 Section VI Geothermal Power Technology 199 7 Anup-to-dateperspectiveofgeothermalpowertechnology 201 AbelF.HernańdezOchoa,AlfonsoAragońAguilar andJose´M.FrancoNava 7.1 Introduction 201 7.2 Preliminarysurveystage 202 7.3 Explorationstage 204 7.4 Prefeasibilitystage 217 7.5 Exploratorydrilling 218 7.6 Welldrilling 219 7.7 Projectplanning 223 7.8 Fielddevelopment 223 7.9 Reservoir monitoringatstart-upandoperation 226 7.10 Energyconversion 228 7.11 Conclusion 234 Acknowledgments 235 References 235 Section VII Marine Power Technology 239 8 Marinepowertechnology—waveenergy 241 AbdusSamadandR.Suchithra 8.1 Introduction 241 8.2 Waveenergy 242 8.3 Typesofwaveenergyconverters 243 8.4 Powertake-offsystemsforwaveenergyconverters 250 8.5 Futureofwaveenergy 262 8.6 Summary 262 References 262 viii Contents Section VIII Hydrogen Fuel 269 9 Renewablehydrogenproductionbywaterelectrolysis 271 ErnestoAmores,MońicaSańchez,NuriaRojas andMargaritaSańchez-Molina 9.1 Introduction 271 9.2 Principlesofwaterelectrolysis 272 9.3 Alkalinewaterelectrolysis 280 9.4 Protonexchangemembranewaterelectrolysis 289 9.5 Solidoxidewaterelectrolysis 295 9.6 Electrolysissystemtechnology 300 9.7 Integrationwithrenewableenergies 306 References 308 10 Microbialproductionofhydrogen 315 IoannaNtaikou 10.1 Molecularbasisofmicrobialhydrogenproduction 315 10.2 Hydrogen-producingmicroorganisms 317 10.3 Processes ofmicrobialhydrogenproduction 321 10.4 Bioreactors 329 10.5 Storageandpurification 331 10.6 Conclusion 331 Abbreviations 332 References 332 11 Hydrogenenergy 339 Zuo-YuSun 11.1 Introduction 339 11.2 Productiontechnologiesforhydrogengas 339 11.3 Combustionpropertiesofhydrogen 346 11.4 Problemsrelatingtousinghydrogen:Explosion potentialandnoxemissions 359 11.5 Conclusion 362 References 363 Section IX Emerging Technologies (Nanotechnology) 367 12 Multifacetedusageofminiaturizedenergytechnologies forsustainableenergyharvesting 369 SiddharthThakur,AshokKumarDasmahapatra andDipankarBandyopadhyay 12.1 Introduction 369 12.2 Typesofminiaturizedenergytechnologies 371 12.3 Internetofthings 398 12.4 Summary 400 References 400 Contents ix Section X Design, Scale-up, and Commercialization of Sustainable Fuel Technologies 407 13 Communicatingenergyconsumption:developingalow-cost,real-time, SMSfeedbacktoolforoff-gridhouseholdelectricityconsumption 409 TonnyKukeera,NoaraKebir,SetuPelzandSebastianGroh 13.1 Introduction 409 13.2 Consumptioninformationaccessinoff-gridhouseholds 412 13.3 Solarpowersystem 414 13.4 Generalprocesssetup 418 13.5 Conclusion 426 Acknowledgment 427 References 427 14 Recentdevelopmentsinhydrogenfuelcells:Strengths andweaknesses 431 NatarajanRajalakshmi,RengarajanBalaji andSundararajanRamakrishnan 14.1 Fuelcellsbasedonhydrogen 431 14.2 Strategicenergyplan 452 14.3 Technologybarriers 453 14.4 Conclusion 453 Acknowledgments 454 References 454 15 Energyefficiencyinbuildings 457 JanmejoyGuptaandManjariChakraborty 15.1 Background:buildinginthewakeofanenergycrisis 457 15.2 Energyuseinbuildings:energymodelingandenergyaudits 458 15.3 Passivesolartechniques 462 15.4 Activesolartechniques 466 15.5 Energy-efficientlandscaping 468 15.6 Conceptofgreenbuildings 476 15.7 Conclusion 480 References 480 Section XI Economic & Lifecycle assessment of Sustainable Fuel Technologies 481 16 Towardsustainablelong-termenergyplanningforcities: aneconomicandenvironmentalassessmentofsustainablefuel technologiesinthecityofDonostia-SanSebastiań 483 EnekoArrizabalaga,DiegoGarcıá-GusanoandPatxiHernandez 16.1 Introduction 483 16.2 Conventionalapproachesincityenergyplanning 485 x Contents 16.3 Anewconceptualframeworkforlong-termenergyscenariosfor cities 486 16.4 Conclusion 507 References 508 Section XII Green & Sustainable Future in Energy Sector (Zero Waste & Zero Emissions) 511 17 Oxy-fuelpowercyclespromotingthetransitiontogreen andsustainablefutureintheenergysector 513 N.D.Rogalev,Yu.K.Petrenya,V.O.KindraandA.N.Rogalev 17.1 Introduction 513 17.2 ReducingCO emissionsinthepowerproductionindustry 515 2 17.3 Carboncapturetechnologiesforthermalpowerplants 516 17.4 Oxy-fuelcombustioncycleswithcarbondioxiderecirculation: energyefficiencyandemissionlevels 520 17.5 Conclusion 536 Acknowledgment 536 References 536 18 Integratedphotocatalytichydrogenproductionandpollutants orwastestreatment:prospectsandchallenges 541 RohiniSinghandSumanDutta 18.1 Introduction 541 18.2 Utilizationofpollutantsorwasteassacrificialagents 542 18.3 Prosandconsofintegratedsystems 545 18.4 Reactorsforanintegratedsystem 545 18.5 Prospectsandchallenges 545 18.6 Conclusion 547 Acknowledgments 548 References 548 Conclusion 551 Concludingremarksbytheeditors 553 Index 557 List of contributors Ejaz Ahmad Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM)Dhanbad,India Ernesto Amores Centro Nacional del Hidro´geno (CNH2), Puertollano, Ciudad Real(Spain) Alfonso Aragoń Aguilar National Institute of Electricity and Clean Energies, Cuernavaca,Mexico Eneko Arrizabalaga TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA),AstondobideaEdificio700,Derio,Spain Rengarajan Balaji Centre for Fuel Cell Technology, International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials, IIT Madras Research Park,Chennai,India Dipankar Bandyopadhyay Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Guwahati, Guwahati,India Subhadeep Bhattacharjee Department of Electrical Engineering, National InstituteofTechnology(NIT),Agartala,India ManjariChakraborty BirlaInstituteofTechnology,Mesra,Ranchi,India Papita Das Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India; School of Advanced Studies in Industrial Pollution Control Engineering, JadavpurUniversity,Kolkata,India Ashok Kumar Dasmahapatra Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Guwahati, Guwahati,India Suman Dutta Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology(ISM),Dhanbad,India David Ebanehita Department of Energy Management, ESCP Europe Business SchoolParis,Paris,France