Sustainable Forestry Challenges for Developing Countries PDF
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Sustainable Forestry Challenges for Developing Countries Environmental Science and Technology Library VOLUME 10 The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume. Sustainable Forestry Challenges for Developing Countries Edited by Matti Palo and Gerardo Mery Finnish Forest Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN-13: 978-94-010-7211-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-1588-6 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-1588-6 Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Kluwer Academic Publishers incorporates the publishing programmes of D. Reidel, Martinus Nijhoff, Dr W. Junk and MTP Press. Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322,3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 1996 Kluwer Academic Publishers Softcover reprint of the hardcover 15t edition 1996 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permiSSion from the copyright owner. CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgements PART I GLOBAL PROSPECTS Palo, M. and Mery, G. Transition from deforestation to sustainable forestry - a distant dream ? . ... ...... ... ... .... ...... ..... ..... ... ..... ... ........ ............. ..... ... .......... ... ... .... 1 Viitanen, E. Geography of tropical deforestation ................................................ 15 Palo, M. and Lehto, E. Modeling underlying causes of pantropical deforestation . ... ... ....... ..... ........... ...... ........ ..... ...... ............. ........... ............ .... ... ... .... 27 Hakkila, P. Pine plantations of the South ............................................................ 63 Redfield, E. North Queensland's tropical rainforests: the world heritage controversy .......................... ..... ....... ..................................................................... 77 PART II TROPICAL ASIA Palo, M. and Lehto, E. Tropical Asian deforestation and sustainability prospects ............................................................................................................... 93 Saastamoinen, o. Change and continuity in the Philippine forest policy.......... 121 Uitamo, E. Land use history of the Philippines. ........ ... ....... ...... ... .......... ...... ....... 141 Horne, P. Deforestation as an environmental-economic problem in the Philippines .. ..... ... ... ................... ..... ....... ... ... ... ......... .... .............. ..... ...... ....... 157 Kuusipalo, J. Forest degration and rehabilition prospects in Indonesia .............. 175 Niskanen, A. Environmental-economic evaluation of forest plantations ............ 187 PART III LATIN AMERICA Palo, M., Mery, G. and Lehto, E. Latin American deforestation and sustainability prospects ........ ..... ....... ..... ... .... .... ....... ....... ...... ...... ...... ..... ................ 199 Laakkonen, S. The roasted forests: Coffee and the history of deforestation in Brazil ........ ........... ..... ........ ..... ....... ..... ....... ..... ............. ..... ...... ............. .............. 229 Mery, G. Sustainable management of forest plantations and natural forests in Chile .. ........... ..... ........... ... ............... ........ ....... ............ ............ ... ..... ........ 249 Aguerre, M. and Denegri, G. Deforestation in the Chaquefia Region in Argentina .............................................................................................. 275 PART IV TROPICAL AFRICA Yirdaw, E. Deforestation in tropical Africa ......................................................... 291 Siiriainen, A. Man and forest in African history........ ... .................. .............. ...... 311 Yirdaw, E. Deforestation and forest plantations in Ethiopia. ........................ ...... 327 Palo, M. and Yirdaw, E. Deforestation and sustainable forestry challenge in Ghana ....... ............ ..... ....... ...... ....... ........ .... ..... .... ...... ... ...... .... ..... ... ...... ..... ......... 343 Luukkanen, O. Kenya forestry master plan ........................................................ 359 List of Authors .............................................................................................................. 371 Index ............................................................................................................................. 375 PREFACE This book is an outcome of a research project on "Sustainable Forestry and the Environment in Developing Countries". The project has been run by Metsantutki muslaitos METLA - the Finnish Forest Research Institute since 1987 and will be completed this year. A major output by this project has so far been a report in three volumes on "Deforestation or development in the Third World?" The purpose of our multidisciplinary research project is to generate new knowl edge about the causes of deforestation, its scenarios and consequences. More knowledge is needed for more effective, efficient and equitable public policy, both at the national and intemationallevels in supporting sustainable forestry in develop ing countries. Our project has specifically focused on 90 tropical countries as one group and on three subgroups by continents, as well as the three case study countries, the Philippines, Ethiopia and Chile. The University of Joensuu has been our active partner in the Philippine study. We have complemented the three cases by the analyzes of Brazil and Indonesia, the two largest tropical forest-owning countries. Some other interesting country studies were annexed to complement our book both by geography and expertise. The United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research, UNUIWIDER in Helsinki Finland has also been partly engaged. Most of the results from its project on "The Forest in the South and North in Context of Global Warming" will, however, be published later in a separate book. Ten of the seventeen authors of this book belong to our core team. The remaining seven authors have been invited from our collaborative network. An intensive cooperation has taken place between our project and the Tropical Forest Resources 1990 Assessment Project by FAO. Helsinki, June 1996 Matti Palo Gerardo Mery Project Leader Editor Editor ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are indebted to numerous people who have provided their valuable contributions in the course of editing the present book. In particular, we want to express our sincere gratitude to Professors Pentti Hakkila, Olavi Luukkanen and Alexander Mather and Associate Professor OUi Saastamoinen, who all acted as reviewers and presented valuable suggestions for improving most of the articles. We wish also to thank the valuable comments provided by the following persons: Raija-Riitta Enroth, Eeva Hellstrom, Dr. David Kaimowich, Dr. Bruce Mitchie and Dr. Jussi Uusivuori. Furthermore, our gratitude is due to Piiivi Marttila and Tiina Rytilii who skillfully contributed to the editing work. The English language was checked and improved by Terese Forster. Linda Gemeda, Margit Kuronen and Pirjoriitta Lind helped in typing parts of the manuscript. Johanna Torkkel has done an excellent job in skillfully making the lay-out of the book. We are deeply indebted to all these persons. Finally, we wish to thank the contribution of all the prominent scientists who collaborated with us in writing the articles of the book. Last but not least, our gratitude is devoted to our collaborative editor, Dr. Mariette de Jong from Kluwer Academic Publishers for her valuable help in editing. Helsinki, June 1996 Matti Palo Gerardo Mery Project Leader Editor Editor PART I Global Prospects TRANSITION FROM DEFORESTATION TO SUSTAINABLE FORESTRY - A DISTANT DREAM? MATTI PALO AND GERARDO MERY Finnish Forest Research Institute Unioninkatu 40 A FIN-00170 Helsinki, Finland Abstract. This volume addresses the acute challenges of sustainable forest management with emphasis on the developing countries. Sustainability is analyzed primarily as being an opposite phenomenon to deforestation. A multilevel approach is adopted in order to take into account that the causes of deforestation are multilevel. Accordingly, the volume contains contributions at global, continental, country, and sub-national levels. The contributions by 17 authors have a multidisciplinary character and represent such fields as forest economics and policy, forest mensuration and inventory, tropical silviculture, land use economics, environmental economics and history, as well as geography and political history. One of the aims of this volume is to present a collective analysis of deforestation and sustainability using the most reliable and valid empirical data available. The authors have been among the first scientists in the world to have had access to the new FORIS-database established by the FAO. Consequently, their deforestation modeling is based on better data by quality and quantity than other respective modeling attempts. Population pressure, income, deforestation costs and risks were found both theoretically and empirically to be underlying causes of tropical deforestation. There is no immediate way to stop deforestation. A transition to sustainable forest management can gradually take place along with general transformation of societies with adequate national and international political will. Keywords: Deforestation, sustainability, developing countries, transition, forest policy 1. Introduction The World Commission on Environment and Development (1987), commonly cited as the Brundtland Commission, was one of the first international bodies which clearly recognized the necessity for a broad approach to sustainability. It stated that sustainable development is a process 0/ change in which the exploitation 0/ resources, the direction o/investments, the orientation o/technological and institu tional change are all in harmony and enhance both current and future potential to meet human needs and aspirations. The importance ofUNCED's consensus reached in 1992 on these principles represents the first-ever commitment of responsibilities on forest resources beyond national boundaries (FAO 1993b). 1 M. Palo and G. Mery (eds.), Sustainable Forestry Challenges for Developing Countries, 1-13. © 1996 Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2 M. PALO AND G. MERY This book with its 20 papers by 17 authors is an attempt to respond through research findings into this international challenge. Sustainability is analyzed prima rily by studying deforestation. By learning the conditions of nonsustainability, a better understanding of the possibilities to reach sustainability is also achieved. The papers concern primarily on the tropical countries and are organized by the pantropical, tropical African, tropical Asian and Latin American groups. Their focuses vary by geographical coverage from pantropical and continental to countrywise and subnational units. Only in Latin America nontropical countries, especially Chile and Argentina, are analyzed. Forest plantations are studied in five articles. In most articles (15), however, the natural forests remain the main interest. In some countries forest plantations have already played an important role by providing industrial wood, fuelwood, shelter for agriculture and erosion protection. Plantations cannot be neither full substitutes for natural forests nor considerably decrease natural forest deforestation. The purpose oft his paper is to overwiev the book by firstly, reviewing the concept ofs ustainable forest management (chapter 2), secondly, by drawing attention to the role oft he quality and quantity off orest resources assessment data in the pursue for sustainability (chapter 3), thirdly, by assessing forest-based development (chapter 4), and fourthly, by describing why the transition from a deforestation stage to a sustainable forest management era can be a lengthy one (chapter 5). Finally, some policy proposals are discussed (chapter 6). This paper is based primarily on the rest of the book, although some complementary outside references are also used. 2. Sustainable Forest Management In order to make the application of sustainable forest management possible, governmental, intergovernmental and NGO's initiatives have been mobilized - especially during the last three years. They have attempted to define the criteria and corresponding indicators for assessing-the sustainable management of forests at national and/or local levels. Examples of such efforts include the work done by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO 1993b), the Interna tional Tropical Timber Organization (lTTO 1990, 1993), and the Center for Interna tional Forestry Research (CIFOR). The Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forest in Europe, known as the Helsinki Process (Ministerial ... 1995) embraced the forests of European countries. The Montreal Process (Montreal ... 1995) also pro duced a set of criteria and indicators for the non-European temperate and boreal forests. lITO adopted already in 1990 its so called Target 2000 program. Its member countries set themselves a goal of ensuring that by the year 2000 all the exported tropical timber would come from forests under sustainable forest management.
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