Sustainable food and agriculture : an integrated approach PDF
Preview Sustainable food and agriculture : an integrated approach
SUSTAINABLE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE This pageintentionallyleftblank SUSTAINABLE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE An Integrated Approach Edited by C C LAYTON AMPANHOLA TheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO),Rome,Italy S P HIVAJI ANDEY SpecialAdvisortotheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO),Rome,Italy Publishedby TheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsandElsevierInc. AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom Thedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialinthisinformationproductdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinion whatsoeveronthepa1ioftheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)concerningthelegalordevelopment statusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.The mentionofspecificcompaniesorproductsofmanufacturers,whetherornotthesehavebeenpatented,doesnotimplythatthese havebeenendorsedorrecommendedbyFAOinpreferencetoothersofasimilarnaturethatarenotmentioned.Theviews expressedinthisinformationproductarethoseoftheauthor(s)anddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsorpoliciesofFAO. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,including photocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers. Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthePublishers’permissionspolicies.Allrequestsfortranslation andadaptationrights,andforresaleandothercommercialuserightsshouldbemadeviawww.fao.org/contact-us/licence- [email protected]. ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublishers(otherthanasmaybe notedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroadenourunderstanding, changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingandusinganyinformation, methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheir ownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishersnortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeanyliabilityforanyinjury and/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationof anymethods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. FAOandElsevierencouragetheuse,reproductionanddisseminationofmaterialinthisinformationproduct. FAOinformationproductsareavailableontheFAOwebsite(www.fao.org/publications)andcanbepurchasedthrough [email protected]. rFAO,2019. BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ElsevierISBN:978-0-12-812134-4 FAOISBN:978-92-5-131137-0 ForInformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:AndreGerhardWolff AcquisitionEditor:NancyMaragioglio EditorialProjectManager:TashaFrank ProductionProjectManager:NileshKumarShah CoverDesigner:ChristianBilbow TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India Contents List of Contributors xi 3.5 Conclusions 50 References 52 Foreword xv Preface xvii 4. Climate Change, Agriculture and Acknowledgments xxi Food Security: Impacts and the Potential Acronyms xxiii for Adaptation and Mitigation KEITHWIEBE,SHERMANROBINSON SECTION I ANDANDREACATTANEO 4.1 ClimateChangeChallenges 55 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 4.2 ClimateChangeImpactsonAgricultureand ATA CROSSROADS FoodSecurity 57 4.3 AdaptationOptions 61 1. Food and Agricultural Systems 4.4 MitigationOptions 64 at a Crossroads: An Overview 4.5 InducingChange:TheCriticalRoleof Institutions,Governance,Policy,and 1.1 TheStateofGlobalFoodandAgriculture 3 Finance 70 1.2 FoodandAgricultureataCrossroads: References 71 ChallengesandOpportunities 4 1.3 GlobalChallenges,GlobalResponses 10 5. Water Scarcity and Challenges for Smallholder Agriculture 2. Global Trends and Challenges MEREDITHGIORDANO,JENNIEBARRON, to Food and Agriculture into ANDOLCAYU¨NVER the 21st Century ROBVOSANDLORENZOGIOVANNIBELLU` 5.1 Introduction 75 5.2 WaterScarcityDimensions,Measures,and 2.1 Introduction 11 Implications 77 2.2 KeyTrendsandChallenges 12 5.3 SmallholderAgriculture:DefiningtheSector, 2.3 KeyQuestionsforPoliciesandGovernanceto ItsPotentialforGrowth,andKeyResource AchieveMoreSustainableandHealthyFood ScarcityConstraintsandChallenges 79 Systems 27 5.4 InvestmentPathwaystoUnlockthePotential References 29 forSmallholderAgriculture 84 5.5 Conclusions 90 3. Demographic Change, Agriculture, Acknowledgments 91 and Rural Poverty References 91 JAMESTHURLOW,PAULDOROSH,ANDBENDAVIS 6. Forests, Land Use, and Challenges to 3.1 Introduction 31 Climate Stability and Food Security 3.2 GlobalTrendsandProjections 33 TERRYC.H.SUNDERLANDANDDOMINICROWLAND 3.3 GrowthandStructuralChange 42 3.4 UrbanizationandAgriculture 47 6.1 Introduction 95 v vi CONTENTS 6.2 EnvironmentalChallengestoSustainable 9.2 DefiningFoodSystemsandSustainableFood Agriculture 96 Systems 154 6.3 TheProvisioningFunctionofForestsand 9.3 HowHaveFoodSystemsChangedandWhat Trees 102 aretheImplications? 155 6.4 TheProtectiveFunctionofForestsand 9.4 PossibleFuturePathwaysforFoodSystems Trees 105 andtheNeedforaFoodSystems 6.5 TheRestorativeFunctionofForestsand Approach 161 Trees 106 9.5 WhatActionsNeedtobeTakentoEnsure 6.6 ResolvingTensionsBetweenForestsand ImprovedFoodSecurityandNutrition Agriculture 109 OutcomesandbyWhom? 163 References 111 References 167 FurtherReading 116 7. Land and Water Governance, SECTION II Poverty, and Sustainability CURRENTAPPROACHES TO OLCAYU¨NVERANDEDUARDOMANSUR SUSTAINABLE FOOD AND 7.1 PresentStatusofWater,Land,andSoils 117 AGRICULTURE 7.2 Challenges 118 7.3 ChallengestoLandandWater 10. Context for Sustainable Governance 121 Intensification of Agriculture 7.4 CoordinatingandIntegratingLandandWater Governance 123 7.5 CaseinPoint:TheGovernanceofIrrigation 11. Sustaining Capital Assets for andDrainage 127 Agroecosystems 7.6 SoilGovernance 133 7.7 Conclusions 134 References 135 12. The Term “Sustainable Intensification” 8. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services WEIZHANG,EHSANDULLOO,GINAKENNEDY, ARWENBAILEY,HARPINDERSANDHU 13. Agroecological Approaches to ANDEPHRAIMNKONYA Sustainable Intensification 8.1 Introduction 137 13.1 Trade-OffsorSynergies:AreThere 8.2 PlantGeneticResourcesforFoodand Win(cid:1)Wins? 181 Agriculture 138 13.2 WhereistheBiodiversityGoingtoCome 8.3 BiodiversityandEcosystemServicesin From? 183 AgriculturalLandscapes 141 8.4 EconomicValuationofEcosystem 14. Measuring Impacts Services 142 8.5 Conclusions 145 References 148 15. Impacts on Productivity 9. Changing Food Systems: Implications for Food Security and Nutrition 16. Improving Environmental HANHNGUYEN,JAMIEMORRISONANDDAVIDNEVEN Externalities with Integrated Pest Management 9.1 WhataretheIssues? 153 vii CONTENTS 17. Push(cid:1)Pull Redesign: Multifaceted 26. Intercropping, Multicropping, and Innovation Systems in Africa Rotations 17.1 BiologicalControlMechanisms 200 26.1 WheatandLegumeRotations 243 17.2 Climate-SmartTechnological 26.2 MaizeandLegumeMultiple Adaptation 201 Cropping 245 17.3 FieldImplementationofClimate-Smart 26.3 IntegratingLivestockandCropsWith Push(cid:1)PullTechnology 201 NutrientPumpsinLatinAmerica 247 17.4 MaximizingMultipleBenefitsofPush(cid:1)Pull Technology 202 27. Patch Intensification 17.5 DeliveryMechanismsandScalingUp Approaches 202 28. Integrated Aquaculture and 18. Crop Variety Improvements Aquaponics 28.1 Rice(cid:1)FishSystemsinAsia 251 19. High-Yielding Hybrids Help 28.2 IntegratedAgriculture(cid:1)AquacultureinArid Adapt to Climate Change Lands,Algeria 253 28.3 Aquaponics 256 20. Conservation Agriculture 29. Landscape Approaches for Sustainable Food and Agriculture 21. Climate-Smart Soil Redesign 30. Social Capital and Redesign 21.1 CarbonSequestrationin Agroecosystems 219 30.1 FarmerFieldSchools 265 21.2 AgriculturalPracticesforCarbon Sequestration 222 31. The Way Forward: Supporting 21.3 GlobalTechnicalPotentialofSoilCarbon Greener Economies SequestrationinAgroecosystems 222 22. Sustainable Livestock and References 279 Animal-Sourced Food 22.1 MultistakeholderInitiativesforSustainable SECTION III Livestock 231 UNDERSTANDING 22.2 PrivateSectorInitiatives 231 SUSTAINABLE AGRI-FOOD 23. Sustainable Forest SYSTEMS Management 32. Introduction 23.1 ManagingForestsforSustainability 234 32.1 OverallFramingof 24. Agroforestry Sustainability 297 32.2 BackgroundandRationale 299 32.3 OverviewoftheChapters 302 25. System of Rice Intensification in Asia References 303 viii CONTENTS 33. Agrifood Systems 36.6 PointsofConvergence,Synergies,andTrade- Offs 398 33.1 Introduction 305 References 399 33.2 AgrifoodSystems 305 33.3 ATypologyofAFS 308 37. Policy Orientations for Sustainable 33.4 MappingtheFactorsofProduction 311 Agrifood Systems 33.5 CombiningtheProductionFactorsIntoa SystemsTypology 317 37.1 Introduction 403 33.6 Conclusions 327 37.2 ManageFlowsofEnergy,Matter,and References 328 Information 403 37.3 ProtectandEnhanceNaturalStocks 406 34. Socioeconomic Dimension 37.4 ImproveHumanBenefits 409 of Agrifood Systems 37.5 ManageRisks 411 37.6 BuildInstitutionsandGovernance 412 34.1 Introduction 331 37.7 Conclusions 414 34.2AgrifoodSystems,FoodSecurity,Nutrition, References 415 andHealth 332 34.3 AgrifoodSystems,EconomicGrowth,and Livelihoods 336 SECTION IV 34.4 AFSSocialandPoliticalFunctions 339 OPERATIONALIZING 34.5 PuttingaValueonAgriculture 341 SUSTAINABLE FOOD AND 34.6 TheAgro-Industry 342 References 345 AGRICULTURE SYSTEMS 35. Natural Resource and 38. Conceptual Framing of the Environmental Dimensions of Agrifood Operationalization of Sustainable Food Systems and Agriculture 35.1 Introduction 349 38.1 Introduction 419 35.2 TheRoleofAgrifoodSystemsinCCycles 38.2 ElementsofanOperationalFramework 421 andEnergyUse 356 35.3 LandUseandTransformation 362 39. Identifying the Relevant Context: Key 35.4 WaterUseandPollution 365 Features of the Social-Ecological System 35.5 WaterasaProductionEnvironment (FisheriesandAquaculture) 367 39.1 UnitedStatesMidwestCornSystem 35.6 NutrientFlowsinAgrifoodSystems 369 ProducingforAnimalFeedandHigh-Fructose 35.7 Biodiversity 370 CornSyrup 426 35.8 Conclusions 372 39.2 TheN2AfricaProjectinSub-SaharanAfrica: References 374 UnderstandingtheContexttoEnhance BiologicalNitrogenFixation 428 36. Molecules, Money, and Microbes 36.1 Introduction 379 40. Using Evidence and Dialogue to Build 36.2 TheDairySubsector 380 Knowledge and Address Trade-Offs 36.3 Molecules:TheFlowofNitrogen 381 36.4 Money:ValueFlows 388 40.1 DevelopingUsefulEvidence 434 36.5 Microbes 393 40.2 LinkingKnowledgeWithAction 436 ix CONTENTS 41. Mechanisms and Approaches to 44.7 Conclusion 504 Realizing Behavioral Change at Scale References 505 FurtherReading 507 41.1 BuildingInnovationCapacity 445 41.2 TheRoleofAR4DPartnershipin 45. Policies for Sustainable Food OperationalizingSFA 450 Systems 41.3 System-WideCapacityDevelopment 458 PRABHUPINGALI 41.4 GovernanceandPolicyChange 463 45.1 AgriculturalDevelopmentandStructural 42. Conclusions Transformation 510 45.2 PolicyAgendaforSustainableFood Systems 513 References 479 45.3 ConcludingRemarks 517 References 518 SECTION V 46. Resource Mobilization for INNOVATIONS, POLICIES, Agriculture and Food Security INVESTMENTS, AND KARTIKABHATIAANDHAFEZGHANEM INSTITUTIONS FOR 46.1 Introduction 523 SUSTAINABLE FOOD AND 46.2 SourcesofInvestmentin AGRICULTURE SYSTEMS: AND Agriculture 524 THE WAY FORWARD 46.3 PublicInvestmentinAgriculture 526 46.4 OfficialDevelopmentAssistance 531 43. Innovations, Policies, Investments, 46.5 InvestinginFamilyFarms 533 46.6 PrivateInvestmentinAgriculture 536 and Institutions For Sustainable Food 46.7 Conclusions 538 and Agriculture Systems: And References 540 the Way Forward 47. Governance and Institutions: References 490 Considerations From the Perspective of Sustainable and Equitable 44. Research and Innovation Food Systems RENWANG,ALEXANDREMEYBECKANDANDREA SONNINO LOUISEO.FRESCO 44.1 Introduction 491 47.1 IntegratedPolicyMaking 544 44.2 ResearchandInnovationNeedsfor 47.2 MappingAlltheActors 545 SustainableFoodSystems 492 47.3 DefiningtheGoalsandAligningthe 44.3 InnovationPotentialCanbeFully Actors 545 ExploitedifPrerequisitesareMet 493 47.4 BuildingCapacityandAppliedResearch 44.4 CurrentTrendsdonotFacilitateThese Expertise 546 Evolutions 497 47.5 CreatingaNationalFoodSystem 44.5 PromisingExamplescanInspireBroader CoordinationUnit 546 Changes 500 47.6 GlobalInstrumentsinTradeandFoodand 44.6 Recommendations 502 Agriculture 546
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