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8 Series: Sustainable Energy Developments 8 Sustainability in agriculture and associated primary industries, which are both energy-intensive, B u is crucial for the development of any country. Increasing scarcity and resulting high fossil fuel n d prices combined with the need to signifi cantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, make the sc h improvement of energy effi cient farming and increased use of renewable energy essential. uh & C This book provides a technological and scientifi c endeavor to assist society and farming h e communities in different regions and scales to improve their productivity and sustainability. n To fulfi ll future needs of a modern sustainable agriculture, this book addresses highly actual topics providing innovative, effective and more sustainable solutions for agriculture by using S u sustainable, environmental friendly, renewable energy sources and modern energy effi cient, s t cost-improved technologies. The book highlights new areas of research, and further R&D needs. a It helps to improve food security for the rapidly growing world population and to reducing carbon in a dioxide emissions from fossil fuel use in agriculture, which presently contributes 22% of the global b carbon dioxide emissions. This book provides a source of information, stimuli and incentives for le E what and how new and energy effi cient technologies can be applied as effective tools and n e solutions in agricultural production to satisfy the continually increasing demand for food and r g fi bre in an economically sustainable way, while contributing to global climate change mitigation. y It will be useful and inspiring to decission makers working in different authorities, professionals, S o agricultural engineers, researchers, and students concerned with agriculture and related primay lu industries, sustainable energy development and climate change mitigation projects. tio SSuussttaaiinnaabbllee EEnneerrggyy SSoolluuttiioonnss n Sustainable Energy Solutions SUSTAINABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENTS – VOLUME 8 ISSN 2164-0645 s in in Agriculture The book series addresses novel techniques and measures related to sustainable energy Ag in Agriculture developments with an interdisciplinary focus that cuts across all fi elds of science, engineering ric and technology linking renewable energy and other sustainable materials with human society. It u lt addresses renewable energy sources and sustainable policy options, including energy effi ciency u r and energy conservation to provide long-term solutions for key-problems of industrialized, e developing and transition countries by fostering clean and domestically available energy and, concurrently, decreasing dependence on fossil fuel imports and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Possible applications will be addressed not only from a technical point of view, but also from economic, fi nancial, social, political, legislative and regulatory viewpoints. The book series aims to become a state-of-the-art source for a large group of readers comprising different stakeholders and professionals, including government and non-governmental organizations and institutions, international funding agencies, universities, public health and energy institutions, and other relevant institutions. SERIES EDITOR: Jochen Bundschuh Editors: Jochen Bundschuh & Guangnan Chen an informa business SUSTAINABLEENERGYSOLUTIONSINAGRICULTURE TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk Sustainable Energy Developments Series Editor Jochen Bundschuh UniversityofSouthernQueensland(USQ),Toowoomba,Australia RoyalInstituteofTechnology(KTH),Stockholm,Sweden ISSN:2164-0645 Volume 8 TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk Sustainable Energy Solutions in Agriculture Editors JochenBundschuh UniversityofSouthernQueensland,FacultyofHealth,EngineeringandSciences& NationalCentreforEngineeringinAgriculture,Toowoomba,Queensland,Australia& RoyalInstituteofTechnology,Stockholm,Sweden GuangnanChen UniversityofSouthernQueensland,FacultyofHealth,EngineeringandSciences& NationalCentreforEngineeringinAgriculture,Toowoomba,Queensland,Australia CRCPress/BalkemaisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness ©2014Taylor&FrancisGroup,London,UK TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India PrintedandboundinTheNetherlandsbyPrintSupport4U,Meppel Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationortheinformationcontainedhereinmaybe reproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic, mechanical,byphotocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutwrittenpriorpermissionfrom thepublishers. Althoughallcareistakentoensureintegrityandthequalityofthispublicationandthe informationherein,noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublishersnortheauthorforany damagetothepropertyorpersonsasaresultofoperationoruseofthispublicationand/or theinformationcontainedherein. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Sustainableenergysolutionsinagriculture/editors,JochenBundschuh,Universityof SouthernQueensland,FacultyofHealth,EngineeringandSciences&NationalCentrefor EngineeringinAgriculture,Toowoomba,Queensland,Australia;GuangnanChen, UniversityofSouthernQueensland,FacultyofHealth,EngineeringandSciences& NationalCentreforEngineeringinAgriculture,Toowoomba,Queensland,Australia. pagescm.—(Sustainableenergydevelopments,ISSN2164-0645;volume8) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-138-00118-3(hardback:alk.paper) 1. Agriculture—Energyconsumption. 2. Agriculture—Energyconservation. I. Bundschuh,Jochen. II. Chen,Guangnan,1962– S494.5.E5S87 2014 338.1—dc23 2013050612 Publishedby: CRCPress/Balkema P.O.Box11320,2301EHLeiden,TheNetherlands e-mail:[email protected] www.crcpress.com–www.taylorandfrancis.com ISBN:978-1-138-00118-3(Hardback) ISBN:978-1-315-77871-6(e-bookPDF) About the book series Renewableenergysourcesandsustainablepolicies,includingthepromotionofenergyefficiency andenergyconservation, offersubstantiallong-termbenefitstoindustrialized, developingand transitionalcountries.Theyprovideaccesstocleananddomesticallyavailableenergyandleadto adecreaseddependenceonfossilfuelimports,andareductioningreenhousegasemissions. Replacingfossilfuelswithrenewableresourcesaffordsasolutiontotheincreasedscarcityand priceoffossilfuels.Additionallyithelpstoreduceanthropogenicemissionofgreenhousegases andtheirimpactsonclimatechange.Intheenergysector,fossilfuelscanbereplacedbyrenewable energysources.Inthechemistrysector,petroleumchemistrycanbereplacedbysustainableor greenchemistry.Inagriculture,sustainablemethodscanbeusedthatenablesoilstoactascarbon dioxidesinks.Intheconstructionsector,sustainablebuildingpracticeandgreenconstructioncan beused,replacingforexamplesteel-enforcedconcretebytextile-reinforcedconcrete.Research anddevelopmentandcapitalinvestmentsinallthesesectorswillnotonlycontributetoclimate protectionbutwillalsostimulateeconomicgrowthandcreatemillionsofnewjobs. This book series will serve as a multi-disciplinary resource. It links the use of renewable energyandrenewablerawmaterials,suchassustainablygrownplants,withtheneedsofhuman society. The series addresses the rapidly growing worldwide interest in sustainable solutions. These solutions foster development and economic growth while providing a secure supply of energy.Theymakeoursocietylessdependentonpetroleumbysubstitutingalternativecompounds for fossil-fuel-based goods. All these contribute to minimize our impacts on climate change. The series covers all fields of renewable energy sources and materials. It addresses possible applicationsnotonlyfromatechnicalpointofview,butalsofromeconomic,financial,socialand politicalviewpoints.Legislativeandregulatoryaspects,keyissuesforimplementingsustainable measures,areofparticularinterest. Thisbookseriesaimstobecomeastate-of-the-artresourceforabroadgroupofreadersinclud- ingadiversityofstakeholdersandprofessionals.Readerswillincludemembersofgovernmental andnon-governmentalorganizations,internationalfundingagencies,universities,publicenergy institutions,therenewableindustrysector,thegreenchemistrysector,organicfarmersandfarm- ingindustry,publichealthandotherrelevantinstitutions,andthebroaderpublic.Itisdesigned toincreaseawarenessandunderstandingofrenewableenergysourcesandtheuseofsustainable materials.Italsoaimstoacceleratetheirdevelopmentanddeploymentworldwide,bringingtheir use into the mainstream over the next few decades while systematically replacing fossil and nuclearfuels. The objective of this book series is to focus on practical solutions in the implementation of sustainableenergyandclimateprotectionprojects.Notmovingforwardwiththeseeffortscould haveserioussocialandeconomicimpacts.Thisbookserieswillhelptoconsolidateinternational findings on sustainable solutions. It includes books authored and edited by world-renowned scientists and engineers and by leading authorities in economics and politics. It will provide a valuablereferenceworktohelpsurmountourexistingglobalchallenges. JochenBundschuh (SeriesEditor) vii TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk Editorial board MorganBazilian DeputyDirector,InstituteforStrategicEnergyAnalysis(JISEA), NationalRenewableEnergyLab(NREL),Golden,CO,USA, [email protected] RobertK.Dixon Leader,ClimateandChemicals,TheGlobalEnvironmentFacility, TheWorldBankGroup,Washington,DC,USA,[email protected] MariadaGraçaCarvalho MemberoftheEuropeanParliament,Brussels&Professor atInstitutoSuperiorTécnico,TechnicalUniversityofLisbon, Portugal,[email protected], [email protected] RainerHinrichs-Rahlwes President of the European Renewable Energy Council (EREC), PresidentoftheEuropeanRenewableEnergiesFederation(EREF), Brussels,Belgium;BoardMemberoftheGermanRenewableEnergy Federation(BEE),Berlin,Germany,[email protected] EricMartinot SeniorResearchDirector,InstituteforSustainableEnergyPolicies (ISEP),Nakano,Tokyo&TsinghuaUniversity,Tsinghua-BPClean EnergyResearchandEducationCenter,Beijing,China, [email protected],[email protected] VeenaJoshi SeniorAdvisor-Energy,SectionClimateChangeandDevelopment, EmbassyofSwitzerland,NewDelhi,India,[email protected] ChristineMilne LeaderoftheAustralianGreensParty,SenatorforTasmania, ParliamentHouse,Canberra,ACT&Hobart,TAS,Australia ADVISORYEDITORIALBOARD ALGERIA HaceneMahmoudi(renewableenergyfordesalinationandwatertreatment),Facultyof Sciences,HassibaBenBoualiUniversity,Chlef ARGENTINA MartaIreneLitter(advancedoxidationtechnologies,heterogeneousphotocatalysis), GerenciaQuímica,ComisiónNacionaldeEnergíaAtómica,SanMartín,Prov.deBuenos Aires,Argentina&ConsejoNacionaldeInvestigacionesCientíficasyTécnicas,Buenos Aires,Argentina&InstitutodeInvestigacióneIngenieríaAmbiental,UniversidaddeGeneral SanMartín,Prov.deBuenosAires AUSTRALIA ThomasBanhazi(biologicalagriculture;sustainablefarming,agriculturesustainableenergy solutions),NationalCentreofEngineeringinAgriculture,UniversityofSouthern Queensland,Toowoomba,QLD ix