Table Of Content

Historic, Archive Document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. Systems: Ecological Sustainable United States Department of Agriculture Implementing an Ecological Forest Service Land Management Approach to Rocky Mountain y Forest and Range -x\ Experiment Station S3C.P July 12-15, 1993 Fort Collins, Colorado 80526 Flagstaff, Arizona General Technical Report RM-247 Covington, W. Wallace; DeBano, Leonard F.; technical coordinators. 1994. Sustainable ecological systems: implementing an ecological approach to land management. 1993 July 12-15; Flagstaff, Arizona. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-247. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 363 p. Abstract This conference brought together scientiests and managers from federal, state, and local agencies, along with private-sector interests, to examine key concepts involving sustainable ecological systems, and ways in which to apply these concepts to ecosystem management. Sessiontopics were: ecological consequenses oflandand wateruse changes, biology of rare and declining species and habitats, conservation biology and restoration ecology, developing and applying ecological theory to management of ecological systems, sustainable ecosystems and forest health, and sustainable ecosystems to respond to human needs. A plenary session established the philosophical and historial contexts for ecosystem management. Sponsored by: School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University USDA Forest Service, Southwestern Region and Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station Co-Sponsored by: Southwestern Forest Study Consortium Society of American Foresters Society for Range Management Ecological Society of America USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-247 Sustainable Ecological Systems: Implementing an Ecological Approach Land Management to July 12-15, 1993 Flagstaff, Arizona Technical Coordinators: W. Wallace Covington Northern Arizona University Leonard DeBano F. USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station U.S. Department of Agriculture Fort Collins, Colorado Table of Contents SUSTAINABLE ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS PHILOSOPHICAL, HISTORICAL, AND CULTURAL CONTEXT Plenary Session Summary W. Wallace Covington, Chair 1 Sustainable Ecological Systems and Cultural Change Thadis W. Box 2 A Brief History of American Conservation Philosophy J. Baird Callicott 10 Aldo Leopold and the Evolution of Ecosystem Management Susan Flader 15 Normative Conflicts and Obscurantism in the Definition of Ecosystem Management Michael Soule 20 ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF LAND AND WATER USE CHANGES Biodiversity and Land Use Neil E. West 21 Sustaining and Restoring Western Wetland and Riparian Ecosystems Threatened by or Affected by Water Development Projects David Cooper 27 J. Potential Effects of Timber Harvest and Water Management on Streamflow Dynamics and Sediment Transport C.A. Troendle and W. K. Olsen 34 THE BIOLOGY OF RARE AND DECLINING SPECIES AND HABITATS Session Summary William M. Block, Chair 42 Broad-Scale Population Declines in Four Species of North American Quail: An Examination of Possible Causes Leonard A. Brennan 44 Conservation Planning: Lessons from the Spotted Owl R. J. Gutierrez 51 What We Know and Don't Know About Amphibian Declines in the West Paul Stephen Corn 59 Threats to and Sustainability of Ecosystems for Freshwater Mollusks Patricia Mehlhop and Caryn C. Vaughn 68 Hypotheses Concerning Population Decline and Rarity in Insects Kathryn J. Schaeffer and Stacey L. Kiser 78 How Forest Fragmentation Hurts Species and What To Do About It Daniel Simberloff 85 i CONSERVATION BIOLOGY AND RESTORATION ECOLOGY Session Summary W. Wallace Covington, Chair 91 Implications for Ponderosa Pine/Bunchgrass Ecological Systems W. Wallace Covington 92 Toward a Definition of Sustainability T. F. H. Allen and Thomas W. Hoekstra 98 Social and Political Issues in Ecological Restoration Thomas M. Bonnicksen 108 Restoration of Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Ecosystems With Fire Stephen Sackett, Sally Haase, and M.G. Harrington 115 Conservation Biology, Restoration Ecology and a Navajo View of Nature Victoria Yazzie Pifia and W. Wallace Covington 122 DEVELOPING AND APPLYING ECOLOGICAL THEORY TO MANAGEMENT OF ECOSYSTEMS Session Summary W.H. Moir, Chair 125 Landscape Ecology and Ecosystem Management Dean L. Urban 127 Continuous and Discontinuous Change in a Southwestern Woodland Donald A. Jameson 137 Unsustainability: The Shadow of Our Future W.H. Moir and H. Todd Mowrer 143 Ecosystem Management: From Theory to Practice Hal Salwasser and Robert D. Pfister 150 Incorporating Landscape Ecology Concepts in Forest Management: Forest Landscape Analysis and Design Nancy M. Diaz and Dean Apostol 162 A Distant Perspective: Approaching Sustainability in a Regional Context Carol A. Wessman and Elizabeth M. Nel 169 Multicultural Dimensions in Ecosystem Sustainability Celedonio Aguirre-Bravo 178 SUSTAINABLE ECOSYSTEMS AND FOREST HEALTH Session Summary Michael R. Wagner and Jill L. Wilson, Chairs 184 The Healthy Multiple-Use Forest Ecosystem: An Impossible Dream Michael R. Wagner 185 ii An Ecosystem-Centered View of Insect and Disease Effects on Forest Health T.D. Schowalter 189 Status of Insects and Diseases in the Southwest: Implications for Forest Health J.L. Wilson and B.M. Tkacz 196 Use and Abuse of Insect and Disease Models in Forest Pest Management: Past, Present, and Future A.M. Liebhold 204 Research Approaches to Understanding the Roles of Insect Defoliators in Forest Ecosystems Karen M. Clancy 211 SUSTAINABLE ECOSYSTEMS TO RESPOND TO HUMAN NEEDS Modern Forest Management: It's About Opening Up, Not Locking Up W. Bruce Shepard 218 A Political-Economic Perspective on Sustained Ecosystem Management Thomas C. Brown and George L. Peterson 228 The Human Dimensions of National Forest Ecosystem Management Greg Super and Gary Eisner 236 The Aesthetic Experience of Sustainable Forest Ecosystems Paul H. Gobster 246 Declining Southwestern Aquatic Habitats and Fishes: Are They Sustainable? John N. Rhine 256 Landscape Aesthetics, Ecology, and Human Health: In Defense of Instrumental Values Russ Parsons, Terry C. Daniel, and Louis G. Tassinary 266 A Planning and Analysis Process for Including Social and Biophysical Considerations in Sustainable Ecosystem Management B. L. Driver, Brian Kent, and John G. Hof 281 POSTERS The Biosocial Perspective (Banquet Address) Thomas M. Bonnicksen 292 Restoration Ecology of Coastal Riparian Areas: An Applied Approach Adaptive Cope Team 297 Enhancing the Suitability of Habitats for the Endangered Stephens' Kangaroo Rat: A Long-Term Experimental Study Mark C. Andersen and Michael J. O'Farrell 300 Regional Mitigation: A Means for Restoring Forested Ecosystems in Florida B.F. Birkitt 302 Fire in Southwestern Riparian Habitats: Functional and Community Responses D.E. Busch 304 Multi-Purpose Development of the Gila Drain Floodway J. Dillon, J.H. Brock, and R.S. Gordon 306 iii Exotic Species and Sustainable Ecosystem Management Tom L. Dudley and Carta M. D'Antonio 307 Relationships Between Forest Songbird Populations and Managed Forests in Idaho Diane M. Evans and Deborah M. Finch 308 Distribution and Abundance of Plants in Colorado Plateau Hanging Gardens James F. Fowler and Nancy L. Stanton 315 Inonotus (phellinus) weirii: Origins, Nomenclature, and Pathogenesis in Western Ecosystems M. J. Larsen, G. L McDonald, and A. E. Harvey 321 Maintaining and Restoring Aquatic Habitats to Benefit Water Quality Michael D. Marcus and Clayton S. Creager 322 Evaluation of a Restoration System for Sandhills Longleaf Pine Communities K.W. Outcalt 326 Sustaining Rangelands: Application of Ecological Models to Evaluate the Risks of Alternative Grazing Systems Mark E. Ritchie and Michael L. Wolfe 328 The Potential Effects of Increased Temperatures and Elevated Ambient Carbon Dioxide on Loblolly Pine Productivity: Results From a Simulation Model David Arthur Sampson 337 Impact of Large Ungulates in Restoration of Aspen Communities in a Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Ecosystem Wayne D. Shepperd and M.L. Fairweather 344 Assessing the Impacts of Timber Harvest on a Northern Arizona Rare Plant, Clematis hirsutissima van arizonica, Through Canopy Manipulation and Matrix Demographic Analysis Edward Bennett Smith 348 Preservation of a Rare Annual Grass, Puccinelliaparishii, in Native American Agricultural Fields M. Tremble and B. Hevron 354 Characteristics of Managed Forest Habitat Selected for Nesting by Merriam's Turkeys Brian F. Wakeling and Harley G. Shaw 359 iv