Sustainable Development of Biofuels in Latin America and the Caribbean PDF
Preview Sustainable Development of Biofuels in Latin America and the Caribbean
Sustainable Development of Biofuels in Latin America and the Caribbean Barry D. Solomon • Robert Bailis Editors Sustainable Development of Biofuels in Latin America and the Caribbean 2123 Editors BarryD.Solomon RobertBailis DepartmentofSocialSciences SchoolofForestryandEnvironmentalStudies MichiganTechnologicalUniversity YaleUniversity Houghton,Michigan,USA NewHaven,Connecticut,USA ISBN978-1-4614-9274-0 ISBN978-1-4614-9275-7(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-1-4614-9275-7 SpringerNewYorkHeidelbergDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013951861 © SpringerScience+BusinessMediaNewYork2014 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnection withreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingenteredand executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthePublisher’s location,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Permissions forusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter.Violationsareliableto prosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Foreword Presently,theproductionofbiofuelsintheWesternHemisphere—mainlytheUSA, Brazil,andArgentina—isbasedontheuseofmaize,sugarcane,andsoybeans,which together represents a very large fraction of all the biofuels produced worldwide. Biofuelsaccountforapproximately3%ofallthefuelusedfortransportationand some 20 million hectares of land, which is little more than 1 % of all land use for agricultural production worldwide. Further expansion of production will very likelytakeplaceinthecountrieslocatedintheSouthernHemisphere,mainlySouth AmericaandAfricawherelandisavailable,andthenbeexportedtotheindustrialized countries. Complexcertificationsschemesarebeingproposedforbiofuelstoregulatesuch exports.Theseschemesaremostlyabsentforotheragriculturalproductsortheconse- quenceoftheexpansionofagriculturalarea,whichhasbeengrowingapproximately 0.3 % per year, some 4 million hectares per year in the last 40 years. Seasoned analystsofagriculturalexpansionareoftenpuzzledbythecontroversiesraisedby biofuelproduction,whichseemsoutofproportionwiththeamountoflandusedto growthefeedstock. Thisbookdiscussesindetailshowtheseproblemsarebeingfacedinmanycoun- triesinLatinAmerica:Brazil,Argentina,Peru,Colombia,Guatemala,Mexico,and othersintheCaribbean.Thegeneralconclusiononegetsisthatsustainabilitycon- cernsinbiofuelproductionarebeingaddressedreasonablywell,especiallyinBrazil andArgentina, more so than in some other agricultural activities. However, areas needingimprovementarealsoidentified. Anyoneinterestedinbiofuelsshouldreadthisbook.Asthevolume’stitle,“Sus- tainableDevelopmentofBiofuelsinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean”implies,many issueswillhavetobeaddressedtoachievefurtherprogress.Allofthesechallenges arewellcoveredhere,includingthesustainabilityofthefeedstockused,greenhouse gas emissions (reduction), impacts on food security, deforestation, pollution, soil erosion, abuse of land, and labor rights, among others. These challenges are also likelytobeexperiencedinotherworldregionswherebiofuelsarebeingdeveloped. June2013 JoséGoldemberg SãoPaulo,Brazil v Preface ThisbookexaminesrecentdevelopmentsinbiofuelproductioninLatinAmericaand theCaribbean(LAC)region.Taking“sustainabledevelopment”asacentraltheme, mostchaptersconsideronecountryintheregionandexplorehowbiofuelproduction isevolvinggivenconcernsaboutfoodsovereignty,trade,othersocialissues,anden- vironmentalconservationaswellanincreasinglycomplexandglobalizedeconomic structure.Anadditionalchapteraddressessustainabilitygovernanceandcertification schemesintheLACregion. ThecountriesincludedinthecollectionarediverseandincludeBrazil(twochap- ters), the region’s largest and most established biofuel producer, and Argentina, which has embraced soy-based biodiesel exports as the newest component of its well-establishedagro-industrialcomplex.Smaller“up-and-coming”biofuelproduc- erssuchasColombia, whichhasturnedtopalmoil-basedbiodieselforacomplex mixofreasonsincludinganattempttoprovideruralfarmersincoca-growingregions withanalternativecrop,arealsoincluded.WealsoconsiderPeruandMexico,minor biofuelproducersthatneverthelessmakesforveryinterestingcasesforexamining biofuelsustainability.Mexico,forexample,wasthesiteofthe“tortillariots”ofJan- uary2007,whichwasinprotestofmaizepricespikesinducedinpartbyUSbiofuel policies.Thoseriotsprovedtobethefirstsalvointheongoingbattleof“foodvs.fuel,” anissuethatstandsattheheartofbiofuelsustainability.Last,weaddressGuatemala andtheCaribbeanregionmorebroadlyascasestudies,sincemanysmallernations inthisregionhaveembracedbiofuelproduction,albeitinquitedifferentways.For example,Jamaica,CostaRica,ElSalvador,TrinidadandTobago,andtheUSVirgin IslandsalltakeadvantageofUSfreetradeagreementstoactasconduitsofBrazilian ethanol,importingitinahydrousformanddewateringitbeforeexportingittothe USA,taxfree.However,otherslikeGuatemalahavedevelopedtheirownsugarcane- based ethanol industries, primarily for export, and Guatemala is the most efficient and dominant producer in CentralAmerica. Similarly, the region hosts numerous small-scaleeffortstodevelopoilseed-basedbiodieselindustries, basedonsoyand alternativefeedstocksuchasJatrophacurcas,whichareexploredinsomedetail. Thecontributionstothisbookcriticallyexplorethewaysinwhichbiofuelpro- duction in LatinAmerica affect social, economic, and environmental systems: the vii viii Preface so-called“threepillarsofsustainability”.Numerousstakeholders,drawnfromgov- ernment,industry,civilsociety,andacademiahaveattemptedtodefine“Sustainable Development”inthecontextofbiofuelproductionandtooperationalizeitthrougha seriesofprinciples,criteria,andhighlyspecificindicators.Nevertheless,itremainsa fluidandcontestedconceptwithdeeppoliticalandsocialramifications,whicheach chapterexploresindetail. WewouldliketothanktheU.S.NationalScienceFoundationforpartialsupport in writing this book under Award Number 1105039, “OISE-PIRE Sustainability, EcosystemServices,andBioenergyDevelopmentAcrosstheAmericas.”Inaddition, severalpeopleprovidedvaluablecommentsondraftsofoneormorechaptersofthis book.WewouldliketoespeciallythankAlbertoAcevedo,MarcusFinco,Marciade Moraes, PabloPacheco, RodrigoPinto, PeteRichards, MattRudolf, andDamiana Serafinifortheirhelpfulcomments.Anyremainingerrorsoromissionsarethoseof theauthorsalone. Contents 1 Introduction................................................... 1 BarryD.SolomonandRobertBailis 2 InternationalSustainabilityStandardsandCertification............ 27 ChristineMoser,TinaHildebrandtandRobertBailis 3 Brazil:Ethanol ................................................ 71 SuaniTeixeiraCoelhoandPatriciaGuardabassi 4 Brazil:Biodiesel ............................................... 103 RobertBailis 5 Argentina ..................................................... 127 JorgeA.HilbertandSofiaGalligani 6 Peru .......................................................... 141 JonathanMoncada,RicardoA.TolosaandCarlosA.Cardona 7 Colombia ..................................................... 157 TheresaSelfa,CarmenBainandRenataMoreno 8 Guatemala .................................................... 179 JuliaTomeiandRocioDiaz-Chavez 9 Mexico........................................................ 203 AmarellaEastmond,CarlosGarcía,AlfredoFuentesandJavier Becerril-García 10 TheCaribbean................................................. 223 CarlosE.Ludena 11 Conclusions ................................................... 241 BarryD.SolomonandRobertBailis Index ............................................................ 249 ix Contributors RobertBailis YaleSchoolofForestry&EnvironmentalStudies,NewHaven,CT, USA CarmenBain DepartmentofSociology,IowaStateUniversity,Ames,IA,U.S. JavierBecerril-García FacultaddeEconomía,UniversidadAutónomadeYucatán, Merida,Mexico CarlosA.Cardona InstitutodeBiotecnologíayAgroindustria,EscueladeArqui- tecturayUrbanismo,UniversidadNacionaldeColombiasedeManizales,Manizales, Colombia SuaniTeixeiraCoelho BrazilianReferenceCenteronBiomass,InstituteofEnergy andEnvironment,UniversityofSãoPaulo,SãoPaulo,Brazil Rocio Diaz-Chavez Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College, London, London,UK Amarella Eastmond Unidad de Ciencias Sociales, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico AlfredoFuentes CentrodeInvestigacionesenEcosistemas,UniversidadNacional AutónomadeMéxico,Morelia,Mexico SofiaGalligani CenterforEnvironmentalPolicy, ImperialCollegeLondon, Lon- don,UK Carlos García Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional AutónomadeMéxico,Morelia,Mexico PatriciaGuardabassi BrazilianReferenceCenteronBiomass,InstituteofEnergy andEnvironment,UniversityofSãoPaulo,SãoPaulo,Brazil Tina Hildebrandt Centre for Sustainability Management, Leuphana University, Lüneburg,Germany xi xii Contributors Jorge A. Hilbert Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina Carlos E. Ludena Climate Change and Sustainability Division, Inter-American DevelopmentBank,Washington,DC,USA JonathanMoncada InstitutodeBiotecnologíayAgroindustria,EscueladeArqui- tecturayUrbanismo,UniversidadNacionaldeColombiasedeManizales,Manizales, Colombia Renata Moreno Department of Environmental Studies, State University of New York-ESF,Syracuse,NY,USA Christine Moser Centre for Sustainability Management, Leuphana University, Lüneburg,Germany TheresaSelfa DepartmentofEnvironmentalStudies,StateUniversityofNewYork- ESF,Syracuse,NY,USA Barry D. Solomon Department of Social Sciences, Michigan Technological University,Houghton,MI,U.S. RicardoA.Tolosa InstitutodeBiotecnologíayAgroindustria,EscueladeArquitec- turayUrbanismo, UniversidadNacionaldeColombiasedeManizales, Manizales, Colombia JuliaTomei UCL-Energy,UniversityCollegeLondon,London,UK
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