Sustainable Development Goals Connectivity Dilemma: Land and Geospatial Information for Urban and Rural Resilience

375 Pages·2020·151.221 MB·English

by  Abbas Rajabifard

Sustainable
Development Goals
Connectivity Dilemma
Land and Geospatial Information
for Urban and Rural Resilience

Sustainable
Development Goals
Connectivity Dilemma
Land and Geospatial Information
for Urban and Rural Resilience
Edited by
Abbas Rajabifard
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Contents
Forewords xiii
Preface xvii
Acknowledgements xix
Biographies of Authors xxi
I Setting the Scene 1
1 Sustainable Development Goals Connectivity Dilemma 3
Abbas Rajabifard
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Addressing SDGs and Land Tenure: The Need for a Roadmap 5
1.3 Book Structure and Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 SDGs Roadmap 13
Greg Scott and Abbas Rajabifard
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2 Sustainable Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3 Goals, Targets and Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4 Geospatial Data and Enabling Technologies . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.5 Bridging the Geospatial Digital Divide . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.6 A National Strategic Geospatial Information Policy
Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.7 Vision and Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.7.1 Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.7.2 Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.8 Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.9 Strategic Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.10 Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.11 Strategic Pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.12 Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.13 Implementing the National Strategic Geospatial Information
Policy Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.14 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
v
vi Contents
3 Marriage of Opposites: Strategies for Public and Private Sec-
torsWorkingTogetherinLandTenureReformProjectsThat
Support SDGs 45
Daniel Paez
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.2 Background: Land Administration and the Trend of Involving
the Private Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.3 SDGs and Land Tenure Reform Projects . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.4 Land Reform Projects: Achievements and Challenges . . . . 49
3.5 Lessons Learnt From Involving the Private Sector in LTS . . 51
3.5.1 Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.5.2 Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.5.3 Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.5.4 Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.5.5 India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.6 Strategies to Align Private Participation in Land Tenure Re-
form Projects With SDGs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4 Spatially Enabling the SDGs 65
Maryam Rabiee
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.2 Spatially Enabling the SDGs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.2.1 What Does It Mean to Be Spatially Enabled? . . . . . 66
4.2.2 Sustainable Development Goals in an Interconnected
World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.2.3 Integrating Spatial Enablement Into the SDG Frame-
work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.3 Narrowing the Connectivity and Spatial Gap . . . . . . . . . 69
4.4 The Social Impact of Spatially Enabling the SDGs . . . . . . 71
4.5 Land: The Driving Force of Spatial Enablement for the SDGs 73
4.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
II Enhancing SDGs Connectivity and Disaster
Resilience 79
5 Leveraging National Land and Geospatial Systems for Im-
proved Disaster Resilience 81
Abbas Rajabifard, Katie Potts, Mika-Petteri Torhonen, Federico Barra,
and Ivelisse Justiniano
5.1 Introduction - Supporting SDGs With Land and Geospatial
Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.2 Addressing Global Problems With Land and Geospatial Sys-
tems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Contents vii
5.3 Global Land and Geospatial Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.4 Working Towards the SDGs: Achieving Land Resilience . . . 85
5.5 Global Development Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.6 A Roadmap for Building Land Resilience . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
6 Geospatial Information Technologies in Support of Disaster
Risk Reduction, Mitigation and Resilience: Challenges and
Recommendations 93
Saied Pirasteh and Masood Varshosaz
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
6.2 Why are technologies alone not enough in disasters loss reduc-
tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.3 Integration of Geospatial Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
6.4 Geospatial Rapid Visual Screening for Earthquake Disaster
Risk Reduction, Mitigation and Resilience . . . . . . . . . . 98
6.5 Human Search and Rescue in Drone Images . . . . . . . . . 99
6.6 An Example of Lack of Laws in Geospatial and Environmental
Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
6.7 Conclusions and General Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
7 Application of Unmanned Aircraft Systems for Coastal Map-
ping and Resiliency 109
Michael J. Starek, Melanie Gingras, and Gary Jeffress
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
7.2 Overview of UAS Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
7.3 Aerial Mapping with UAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
7.3.1 Mission Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
7.3.2 Flight Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
7.3.3 Image GSD and Overlap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
7.3.4 Structure-from-Motion Photogrammetry . . . . . . . . 116
7.4 Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
7.5 Case Study: Hurricane Harvey Impact Assessment . . . . . . 119
7.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
III Supporting SDGs: Legal, Policies and
Institutional Components and Capacity
Building 127
8 Legal and Policy Paths for Effective Sustainable Develop-
ment 129
Harlan J. Onsrud
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
viii Contents
8.2 Fundamental Economic Policies Germane to Traditional Re-
sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
8.3 Role of Legal Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
8.4 Policies and Laws Germane to Digital Economy Resources . 132
8.4.1 Settling Disputes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
8.4.2 Protecting People Against Excessive or Unfair Private
Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
8.4.3 Protecting Citizens Against Excessive or Unfair Gov-
ernment Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
8.4.4 EnsuringPeopleanOpportunitytoEnjoytheMinimum
Decencies of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
8.5 Maintaining Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
8.6 Open Access to Domestic Government Data . . . . . . . . . 136
8.7 CorrectingUnjustLawsandPoliciesWithinGrowingInforma-
tion Economies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
8.8 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
9 Developing a Framework for National Institutional Arrange-
ments in Geospatial Information Management 141
Joep Crompvoets and Serene Ho
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
9.2 Framework Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
9.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
9.2.2 Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
9.2.3 Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
9.3 Framework Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
9.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
9.3.2 Application Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
9.4 Key Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
9.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
9.4.2 Description of Key Practice Examples . . . . . . . . . 153
9.5 Lessons Learnt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
10 Considerations for Institutional Interconnectivity 163
Serene Ho
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
10.2 SDGs as a ‘Wicked’ Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
10.3 Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
10.4 WickedProblemsandInstitutionalChallengesforCoordination
and Collaboration in the Public Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
10.5 Challenges of Coordination for Spatial Enablement . . . . . 168
10.6 Institutional Considerations: Moving Forward . . . . . . . . 169
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Contents ix
11 Implementing SDGs in Smart Cities Beyond Digital Tools 175
Zhixuan Yang and Abbas Rajabifard
11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
11.2 SDGs and Means of Implementation in Smart Cities . . . . . 177
11.2.1 Three-Tier SDGs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
11.2.2 Means of Implementation-Framework . . . . . . . . . 177
11.2.3 Means of Implementation - Data and Indicators. . . . 179
11.3 Smart City Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
11.3.1 Smart City Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
11.3.2 Argument of Smart City and Sustainability . . . . . . 180
11.3.3 Making Cities Smart and Sustainable . . . . . . . . . 181
11.3.4 Needs of Digital Tools and Living Labs . . . . . . . . 181
11.4 Key Components Beyond Digital Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
11.4.1 Networked Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
11.4.2 Knowledgeable Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
11.4.3 Intelligent Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
11.5 Action Agenda of Smart Cities Towards SDGs Beyond Digital
Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
11.5.1 Integration of Innovation Capacity in Smart Cities . . 185
11.5.2 Transformation of Smart Growth in Smart Cities . . . 186
11.5.3 Evolvement of the Socio-Economic Ecosystem in Smart
Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
11.6 Discussion and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
12 Spatial Enablement to Facilitate the New Urban Agenda
Commitments for Sustainable Development 199
Soheil Sabri and Abbas Rajabifard
12.1 Introduction: Background and Driving Forces . . . . . . . . . 199
12.2 Urbanisation; From a Threat to an Opportunity . . . . . . . 202
12.3 AFINUA and Its Relation to SDGs and CPI . . . . . . . . . 204
12.4 Spatial Data Infrastructure Advancements and Opportunities 206
12.5 Conclusion and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
13 The Geospatial Capacity Building Ecosystem - Developing
the Brainware for SDI 213
Josef Strobl
13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
13.2 Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
13.3 Mix of Actors in an Education Ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . 214
13.4 Case Study: the Copernicus Master in Digital Earth . . . . . 216
13.5 Educational Ecosystem Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
13.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217