Sustainable Desalination and Water Reuse

206 Pages·2021·10.424 MB·English

by  David Jassby (author), Richard B. Kaner (author), Jishan Wu (author)+D760

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Sustainable Desalination and Water Reuse
Eric M.V. Hoek, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and California NanoSystems Institute
David Jassby, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and California NanoSystems Institute
Richard B. Kaner, California NanoSystems Institute, and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)
Jishan Wu, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) S
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Jingbo Wang, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) S
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Yiming Liu, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) A
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Unnati Rao, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) N
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Over the past half century, reverse osmosis (RO) has grown from a nascent niche technology into L
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the most versatile and effective desalination and advanced water treatment technology available. D
However, there remain certain challenges for improving the cost-effectiveness and sustainability E
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of RO desalination plants in various applications. In low-pressure RO applications, both capital A
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(CAPEX) and operating (OPEX) costs are largely influenced by product water recovery, which I
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is typically limited by mineral scale formation. In seawater applications, recovery tends to be A
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limited by the salinity limits on brine discharge and cost is dominated by energy demand. The
I
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combination of water scarcity and sustainability imperatives, in many locations, is driving system
N
designs towards minimal and zero liquid discharge (M/ZLD) for inland brackish water, municipal A
and industrial wastewaters, and even seawater desalination. Herein, we review the basic principles N
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of RO processes, the state-of-the-art for RO membranes, modules and system designs as well
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as methods for concentrating and treating brines to achieve MLD/ZLD, resource recovery and
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renewable energy powered desalination systems. Throughout, we provide examples of installations T
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employing conventional and some novel approaches towards high recovery RO in a range of R
applications from brackish groundwater desalination to oil and gas produced water treatment and R
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seawater desalination. U
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About SYNTHESIS
This volume is a printed version of a work that appears in the Synthesis Digital Library of
Engineering and Computer Science. Synthesis books provide concise, original presentations of M
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important research and development topics, published quickly, in digital and print formats. R
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Sustainable Desalination
and Water Reuse

Synthesis Lectures on
Sustainable Development
Editor
ThomasSiller,ColoradoStateUniversiy
TheSynthesisLecturesonSustainableDevelopment serieswillpublishshortbooksrelatedto
sustainabledevelopmentpracticesrelevanttoengineers,technologists,managers,educators,and
policymakers.ThebooksareorganizedaroundtheUnitedNationsSustainableDevelopment
Goalsfor2015–2030.Designforsustainabilityalongwiththeeconomicsofsustainable
developmentwillbethecommonthemesforeachbook.Topicstobecoveredwillspanallthe
majorengineeringdisciplines,alongwiththenaturalandenvironmentalsciencesthatcontributeto
anunderstandingofsustainabledevelopment.Thegoalofthisseriesistomaketheoryandresearch
accessibletopractitionersworkingonsustainabledevelopmentefforts.
SustainableDesalinationandWaterReuse
EricM.V.Hoek,DavidJassby,RichardB.Kaner,JishanWu,JingboWang,YimingLiu,and
UnnatiRao
2021
Oil&GasProducedWaterManagement
EricM.V.Hoek,JingboWang,TonyD.Hancock,ArianEdalat,SubirBhattacharjee,andDavid
Jassby
2021
JustTechnology:TheQuestforCultural,Economic,Environmental,andTechnical
Sustainability
ThomasJ.SillerandGearoldJohnson
2018
Copyright©2021byMorgan&Claypool
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedin
anyformorbyanymeans—electronic,mechanical,photocopy,recording,oranyotherexceptforbriefquotations
inprintedreviews,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher.
SustainableDesalinationandWaterReuse
EricM.V.Hoek,DavidJassby,RichardB.Kaner,JishanWu,JingboWang,YimingLiu,andUnnatiRao
www.morganclaypool.com
ISBN:9781636391892 paperback
ISBN:9781636391908 ebook
ISBN:9781636391915 hardcover
DOI10.2200/S01110ED1V01Y202106SDE003
APublicationintheMorgan&ClaypoolPublishersseries
SYNTHESISLECTURESONSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT
Lecture#3
SeriesEditor:ThomasSiller,ColoradoStateUniversiy
SeriesISSN
Print2637-7675 Electronic2637-7691
Sustainable Desalination
and Water Reuse
Editors
Eric M.V. Hoek
UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles(UCLA)
CaliforniaNanoSystemsInstitute,CA
David Jassby
UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles(UCLA)
CaliforniaNanoSystemsInstitute,CA
Richard B. Kaner
CaliforniaNanoSystemsInstitute,CA
UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles(UCLA)
Authors
Jishan Wu
UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles(UCLA)
Jingbo Wang
UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles(UCLA)
Yiming Liu
UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles(UCLA)
Unnati Rao
UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles(UCLA)
SYNTHESISLECTURESONSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT#3
M
&C Morgan &cLaypool publishers
ABSTRACT
Overthepasthalfcentury,reverseosmosis(RO)hasgrownfromanascentnichetechnologyinto
themostversatileandeffectivedesalinationandadvancedwatertreatmenttechnologyavailable.
However,thereremaincertainchallengesforimprovingthecost-effectivenessandsustainability
of RO desalination plants in various applications. In low-pressure RO applications, both cap-
ital (CAPEX) and operating (OPEX) costs are largely influenced by product water recovery,
which is typically limited by mineral scale formation. In seawater applications, recovery tends
tobelimitedbythesalinitylimitsonbrinedischargeandcostisdominatedbyenergydemand.
The combination of water scarcity and sustainability imperatives, in many locations, is driving
systemdesignstowardsminimalandzeroliquiddischarge(M/ZLD)forinlandbrackishwater,
municipal and industrial wastewaters, and even seawater desalination. Herein, we review the
basicprinciplesofROprocesses,thestate-of-the-artforROmembranes,modulesandsystem
designsaswellasmethodsforconcentratingandtreatingbrinestoachieveMLD/ZLD,resource
recoveryandrenewableenergypowereddesalinationsystems.Throughout,weprovideexamples
ofinstallationsemployingconventionalandsomenovelapproachestowardshighrecoveryRO
inarangeofapplicationsfrombrackishgroundwaterdesalinationtooilandgasproducedwater
treatmentandseawaterdesalination.
KEYWORDS
reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, desalination, water recycling & reuse, high-
recovery,brackishgroundwater,seawater,zeroliquiddischarge,minimalliquiddis-
charge,renewableenergy
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Contents
1 Introduction .......................................................1
2 BasicPrinciples.....................................................3
2.1 OsmoticPressure ................................................. 3
2.2 MinimumWorkofSeparation((cid:129)G ) ............................... 3
min
2.3 Solution-DiffusionModel .......................................... 4
2.4 RecoveryandConcentrationFactor .................................. 5
2.5 The“ThermodynamicRestriction”.................................... 5
2.6 ConcentrationPolarization ......................................... 6
2.7 RepresentativeSalineWaterQualities ................................ 7
2.8 MembraneFouling................................................ 9
2.8.1 OrganicandInorganicColloidalCakeFormation ................ 9
2.8.2 BiologicalFouling......................................... 10
2.8.3 MineralScaleFormation ................................... 12
3 State-of-the-ArtROMembranes&Modules...........................15
3.1 RO/NFMembraneMaterials ...................................... 15
3.1.1 MembraneSurfacePropertiesandFouling ..................... 15
3.1.2 SurfaceModification ...................................... 18
3.1.2.1 PhysicalCoatings .................................. 18
3.1.2.2 CovalentAttachment ............................... 20
3.1.2.3 ChemicalModification ............................. 21
3.2 ModuleDesigns ................................................. 21
3.2.1 SpiralWoundElement..................................... 21
3.2.2 SpacerGeometry ......................................... 21
3.2.3 NovelSpacers ............................................ 24
4 SystemDesign&Performance .......................................29
4.1 SystemDesign .................................................. 29
4.1.1 SingleStageandMulti-StageArrays.......................... 29
4.1.2 Multi-PassROSystemDesignforHighPurity ................. 30
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4.2 KeyPerformanceIndicators........................................ 31
4.2.1 PressureandFlux ......................................... 31
4.2.2 ProductWaterQuality ..................................... 32
4.2.3 ProductWaterRecovery.................................... 33
4.2.4 SpecificEnergyConsumption ............................... 33
4.3 CapExandOpExDrivers ......................................... 34
4.3.1 IntakeandDistribution .................................... 37
4.3.2 FeedQualityandPre-Treatment ............................. 38
4.3.3 ProductWaterRecovery.................................... 38
4.3.4 ChemicalCleaningandMembraneReplacement................ 38
4.3.5 BrineDisposal............................................ 39
4.3.5.1 SewerDischarge ................................... 40
4.3.5.2 SurfaceWaterDischarge ............................ 40
4.3.5.3 Deep-WellInjection................................ 41
4.3.5.4 EvaporationPonds ................................. 41
4.3.6 SustainabilityBenefitsofMinimalandZeroLiquidDischarge
(ZLD/MLD) ............................................ 43
5 MethodsforAchievingHighRecovery ................................49
5.1 Pre-Treatment................................................... 49
5.1.1 SuspendedSolidsRemoval.................................. 49
5.1.1.1 TurbidityandTSSRemoval.......................... 49
5.1.1.2 ChemicalCoagulation .............................. 51
5.1.1.3 CartridgeandBagFilters/MediaFilter ................. 52
5.1.1.4 MembraneFiltration(MF/UF) ....................... 52
5.1.2 Organic&BiofoulingInhibition ............................. 54
5.1.2.1 ChemicalDisinfection .............................. 54
5.1.2.2 ChemicalTPH/TOC/AOCDestruction ............... 56
5.1.3 MineralandMetalScaleInhibition........................... 57
5.1.3.1 Anti-Scalants ..................................... 57
5.1.3.2 ChemicalHardnessandAlkalinityRemoval............. 60
5.1.3.3 SilicaRemoval .................................... 65
5.1.3.4 PhysicalHardnessRemoval .......................... 67
5.1.3.5 Metals(Fe/Mn)Removal............................ 71
5.2 IntegratedMembraneSystems ..................................... 72
5.2.1 HERO/OPUS ........................................... 72
5.2.2 Inter-StageDemineralizationandSecondaryRO................ 76