Sustainable Conservation of UNESCO and Other Heritage Sites Through Proactive Geosciences

720 Pages·2023·50.051 MB·English

by  Gad Mohamed El-Qady, Claudio Margottini

Springer Geology
Gad Mohamed El-Qady
Claudio Margottini   Editors
Sustainable
Conservation
of UNESCO and Other
Heritage Sites
Through Proactive
Geosciences
Springer Geology
Series Editors
Yuri Litvin, Institute of Experimental Mineralogy, Moscow, Russia
Abigail Jiménez-Franco, Barcelona, Spain
Tatiana Chaplina, Institute of Problems in Mechanics, Russian Academy of
Sciences, Moscow, Russia
The book series Springer Geology comprises a broad portfolio of scientific books,
aiming at researchers, students, and everyone interested in geology. The series
includes peer-reviewed monographs, edited volumes, textbooks, and conference
proceedings. It covers the entire research area of geology including, but not limited
to, economic geology, mineral resources, historical geology, quantitative geology,
structural geology, geomorphology, paleontology, and sedimentology.
·
Gad Mohamed El-Qady Claudio Margottini
Editors
Sustainable Conservation
of UNESCO and Other
Heritage Sites Through
Proactive Geosciences
Editors
Gad Mohamed El-Qady Claudio Margottini
National Research Institute Science and Technology Office
of Astronomy and Geophysics Embassy of Italy in Egypt
Helwan, Cairo, Egypt Cairo, Egypt
ISSN 2197-9545 ISSN 2197-9553 (electronic)
Springer Geology
ISBN 978-3-031-13809-6 ISBN 978-3-031-13810-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13810-2
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Preface
Cultural heritage represents the legacy of humankind on planet Earth. It witnesses
millennia of people’s adaptation to their environment, as demonstrated in many
monuments, sites and cultural landscapes. Such historical landmarks are subject to
continuous changes and to the influence of modern growth and development. The
impacts and alterations result from several internal and external conditions stemming
from both natural and anthropogenic factors, such as rapid (i.e. earthquakes, land-
slides, floods, debris flows and slope movements) and slow onset (i.e. geological and
geotechnical subsidence, soil and coastal erosion, sinkholes and hydro-geological
conditions) including climate change. Nowadays, cultural heritage shows evidence
of the impact of geohazards and weathering and calls for the need to rethink ‘site’
conservation and management plans. Consequently, geoscience discipline and affil-
iated empirical research studies and innovations in technology may need to bring
a new paradigm for the preservation of cultural properties providing a resourceful
platform for learning.
In the past decades, the shift in disciplines from working inward to opening up
to inter-disciplinary ways of thinking draws special attention to the added value
of merging Arts with Sciences among other disciplines for better management and
preservation of cultural heritage. The ‘New School’ of thoughts is manifested by
many showcases and projects on the mitigation of risks of geohazards whose aim
is to maintain the integrity and authenticity of cultural and historical site heritage.
The advanced scientific investigations involve a better understanding of the natural
processes, coupled with conservation approaches mainly based on sustainable prac-
tices including the use of traditional knowledge in the recovery techniques and
building local capacities to ensure effective conservation works with time.
In this context, this book titled ‘Sustainable Conservation of UNESCO and Other
Heritage Sites Through Proactive Geosciences’ aims to share the work from various
disciplines to share experiences and lessons learned on the management of heritage
sites facing the risks of geohazards and other geo-environmental threats. The chap-
ters included in this book will cover the innovation and advances in science and
technology on mitigating the impacts of geohazards in heritage sites from all over
the world. They highlight the existing diversity in management and preservation
v
vi Preface
approaches under various types of geohazards, different countries and a variety of
cultures.
These also include some work related to geohazards, climate change and weath-
ering; satellite applications, monitoring and advanced modelling in geosciences;
latest geophysical investigation; innovative mitigation projects, etc., in addition to
some case studies on mitigation measures applied in various sites that are subject to
different types of geohazards. Particular focus will be on the application of traditional
knowledge in mitigation.
Gad Mohamed El-Qady
Professor of Geophysics and President
of NRIAG, Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
Claudio Margottini
Former Scientific Attachè at the Italian
Embassy in Egypt
Cairo, Egypt
Professor of Engineering Geology at
UNESCO Chair on Prevention and
Sustainable Management of
Geo-Hydrological Hazards
Florence University
Florence, Italy
Contents
Rock Mechanics, Rock Weathering and Slope Stability
Landslide Mitigation Measures for the Conservation
of the Archaeological Site of Mata Ngarau, Orongo Village (Easter
Island-Chile) ...................................................... 3
Claudio Margottini, Daniele Spizzichino, and Orlando Pandolfi
Geotechnical Design and Mitigation Measures for the Conservation
of Akapana Pyramid in the Tiwanaku Archaeological Site (Bolivia) .... 23
Daniele Spizzichino, Julio Condori Amaru, Luca Lombardi,
Jose Ignacio Gallego Revilla, Jose Antonio Fernando Merodo,
Giorgio Vizzini, and Claudio Margottini
Multiscale Analysis of Geo-Hazards Affecting the Alhambra
Cultural Heritage ................................................. 47
José Antonio Fernandez-Merodo, Rosa Martin Mateos,
Jose Miguel Azañon, Pablo Ezquerro, Juan Carlos García-Davalillo,
Marta Bejar, Gerardo Herrera, Catuxa Novo, Emma Bee,
Kyriacos Themistocleous, Giovanni Crosta, Paolo Frattini,
Riccardo Castellanza, Gabriele Leoni, Daniele Spizzichino,
and Claudio Margottini
Rock Mechanic Characterization and 3D Kinematic Analysis
of Katskhi Pillar (Georgia) ......................................... 63
Claudio Margottini, Giovanni Gigli, Daniele Spizzichino,
Marco Camorani, Giovanni Fiorini, and Daniele Vicini
Petrological Study on the Roman Mortars from Kom El-Dikka
Archaeological Site (Alexandria, Egypt) ............................. 81
Duygu Ergenç, Nevin Aly, Rafael Fort, Sayed Hemeda,
and Mónica Alvarez de Buergo
vii
viii Contents
Experimental Study of Different Electrokinetic Configurations
for Desalination of a Brick Wall ..................................... 89
Jorge Feijoo, Mónica Alvarez de Buergo, Rafael Fort, and Nevin Aly
Geotechnical Engineering
Investigation and Preservation of Historic Foundations ............... 107
Guido Gottardi and Michela Marchi
Authenticity of Foundation and Proactive Conservation
of the Central Tower of Bayon Temple Under a Changing Climate
in Angkor, Cambodia .............................................. 127
Yoshinori Iwasaki, Mitsuharu Fukuda, Mitsumasa Ishizuka,
Robert McCarthy, Ichita Shimoda, Koichi Nakagawa,
Tomofumi Koyama, Takeshi Nakagawa, and Vanna Ly
Slope Instability Induced by Climate Changes on the UNESCO
Etruscan Necropolis of Monterozzi (Tarquinia, Italy) ................. 147
Daniele Spizzichino, Gabriele Leoni, Paolo M. Guarino,
Daniela Boldini, Saverio Mengoni, Ermanno Marino, Adele Cecchini,
and Beatrice Casocavallo
Geophysics
Joint Application of Multiple-Geophysical Surveys
for Archaeological Prospection ..................................... 163
Amin Ibrahim, Khaled S. Gemail, Mahmoud M. Sensoy,
Ali El-Khadragy, and Moamen Almaz
The Implementation of Shallow Geophysical Survey for Detection
of Some Buried Archaeological Structures in Aswan City, Egypt ....... 189
Abbas Mohamed Abbas, Raafat El-Shafie Fat-Helbary,
Ahmed Hamed, Karrar Omar El-Faragawy, Ezzat M. El-Amin,
and Gad Mohamed El-Qady
Ground Penetrating Radar for Investigating Painted Walls
and Floors of Ancient Buildings ..................................... 221
Massimiliano Pieraccini and Lapo Miccinesi
Laser Scanning and Virtual Reality
Developments in Digital Documentation of Cultural Heritage .......... 239
Heinz Rüther, Roshan Bhurtha, Ralph Schroeder, and Bruce McDonald
Usage of Laser Scanning Systems to Document the Cultural
and Historical Heritage ............................................ 249
Abdel-Monem Sayed Mohamed, Gad Mohamed El-Qady,
Abass Mohamed Abass, Abdel-Hamid Mohammed Elbshbeshy,
and Ahmed Elhadi Sherif
Contents ix
HBIM Framework for Rehabilitation of Heritage Buildings ........... 275
Mohamed Marzouk
Hydrogeology
Geophysics’ Role in Investigating and Mitigating Groundwater
Hazards on Archaeological Sites: Case Studies from “Sphinx-Giza,
Kom Ombo Temple-Aswan and Hawara Pyramid-Fayoum” ........... 287
Abbas Mohamed Abbas, Usama Massoud, Hany S. Mesbah,
Ayman I. Taha, Mohamed Gamal Abdelmonem,
and Gad Mohamed El-Qady
Strengthening the Conservation and Management of Lumbini,
the Birthplace of Lord Buddha, World Heritage Property
(Lumbini, Nepal) .................................................. 313
Claudio Margottini, Daniele Spizzichino, Paolo Pagnin,
and Luca Maria Puzzilli
Water Infiltration and Waterproofing of Susan-Ri Tomb (North
Korea) ............................................................ 333
Claudio Margottini, Ugo Castellotti, Debi Ghoshal, and Rodolfo Lujan
Structural and Environmental Monitoring
Monitoring Cultural Heritage Sites Affected by Geohazards
in Cyprus Using Earth Observation ................................. 359
Kyriacos Themistocleous
Innovative Structural Monitoring as Tool of Preservation
and Valorisation of Monumental Architectures: The Case
of Neptune Temple in Paestum (Salerno, Southern Italy) .............. 379
Petti Luigi, Barone Fabrizio, Domenico Greco, and Gabriel Zuchtriegel
Structure Stability Analyses of Chapels Dedicated to Wives
of Amun Using Non-Invasive Techniques, Case Study “Madinet
Habu Temple—Luxor—Egypt” ..................................... 393
Ayman Hamed, Nevin Aly, and Mathias Lang
Use of Integrated Regional Data and Local Low Impact
Investigations for the Geo-Mechanical Characterisation
of Rupestrian Cultural Heritage in Apulia (Southern Italy) ............ 409
Ilenia Argentiero, Maria Dolores Fidelibus, Roberta Pellicani,
and Giuseppe Spilotro
Geological Factors Controlling Evolution of Theban Tomb
Stability, Luxor ................................................... 429
Andrea Wolter, Martin Ziegler, Rachael Colldeweih,
Andrea Loprieno-Gnirs, Rodrigo Alcaino-Olivares, and Matthew Perras