Sustainable concrete construction : proceedings of the international conference held at the University of Dundee, Scotland, UK on 9-11 September, 2002 PDF
Preview Sustainable concrete construction : proceedings of the international conference held at the University of Dundee, Scotland, UK on 9-11 September, 2002
Sustainable Concrete Construction Proceedings of the International Conference held at the University of Dundee, Scotland, UK on 9-11 September 2002 Edited by Ravindra K. Dhir Director, Concrete Technology Unit University of Dundee Thomas D. Dyer Lecturer, Concrete Technology Unit University of Dundee and Judith E. Halliday Research/Teaching Felllow, Concrete Technology Unit University of Dundee V Thomas Telford Published by Thomas Telford Publishing, Thomas Telford Ltd, 1 Heron Quay, London E14 4JD. www.thoraastelford.com Distributors for Thomas Telford books are USA: ASCE Press, 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191-4400, USA Japan: Maruzen Co. Ltd, Book Department, 3-10 Nihonbashi 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103 Australia: DA Books and Journals, 648 Whitehorse Road, Mitcham 3132, Victoria First published 2002 The full list of titles from the 2002 International Congress 'Challenges of Concrete Construction' and available from Thomas Telford is as follows • Innovations and developments in concrete materials and construction • Sustainable concrete construction • Concrete for extreme conditions • Composite materials in concrete construction • Concrete floors and slabs • Repair, rejuvenation and enhancement of concrete A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 0 7277 3177 7 © The authors, except where otherwise stated All rights, including translation, reserved. Except as permitted by the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publishing Director, Thomas Telford Publishing, Thomas Telford Ltd, 1 Heron Quay, London E14 4JD. This book is published on the understanding that the authors are solely responsible for the statements made and opinions expressed in it and that its publication does not necessarily imply that such statements and/or opinions are or reflect the views or opinions of the publishers. While every effort has been made to ensure that the statements made and the opinions expressed in this publication provide a safe and accurate guide, no liability or responsibility can be accepted in this respect by the authors or publishers. Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books, Bodmin, Cornwall PREFACE Concrete is a global material that underwrites commercial well-being and social development. Notwithstanding concrete's uniqueness, it faces challenges from new materials, environmental concerns and economic factors, as well as ever more demanding design requirements. Indeed, the pressure for change and improvement of performance is relentless and necessary. The Concrete Technology Unit (CTU) of the University of Dundee organised this Congress to address these issues, continuing its established series of events, namely, Creating with Concrete in 1999, Concrete in the Service of Mankind in 1996, Economic and Durable Concrete Construction Through Excellence in 1993 and Protection of Concrete in 1990. The event was organised in collaboration with three of the world's most recognised institutions: the Institution of Civil Engineers, the American Concrete Institute and the Japan Society of Civil Engineers. Under the theme of Challenges of Concrete Construction, the Congress consisted of three Seminars: (i) Composite Materials in Concrete Construction, (ii) Concrete Floors and Slabs, (iii) Repair, Rejuvenation and Enhancement of Concrete, and three Conferences: (i) Innovations and Developments in Concrete Materials and Construction, (ii) Sustainable Concrete Construction, (iii) Concrete for Extreme Conditions. In all, a total of 350 papers were presented from 58 countries. The Opening Addresses were given by Mr Jack McConnell MSP, First Minister of the Scottish Executive, Sir Alan Langlands, Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Dundee, Mr John Letford, Lord Provost, City of Dundee, Professor Adrian Long, Senior Vice-President of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Dr Taketo Uomoto, Director of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers and Dr Terence Holland, President of the American Concrete Institute. The Congress had six Opening and six Closing Papers dealing with the main themes of the Seminars and Conferences. Opening Papers were presented by Professor Gerard Van Erp, University of Southern Queensland, Australia Dr Peter Seidler, Astradur lndustrieboden, Germany and Professor Kyosti Tuttii, Skanska Teknik AB, Sweden, Professor Surendra Shah, Northwestern University, USA, Dr Philip Nixon, Building Research Establishment, UK and Mr Hans de Vries, Ministry of Transport, the Netherlands. Closing Papers were presented by Dr Gier Horrigmoe, NORUT Technology Ltd, Norway, Professor Andrew Beeby, University of Leeds, UK, Professor Peter Robery, FaberMaunsell, UK, Professor Heiki Kukko, VTT Building and Transport, Finland, Dr Mette Glavind, Danish Technological Institute, Denmark and Professor Yoshihiro Masuda, Utsunomiya University, Japan. The Congress was closed by Professor Peter Hewlett, Chief Executive of the British Board of Agrement, UK. The support of 23 International Professional Institutions and 32 Sponsoring Organisations was a major contribution to the success of the Congress. An extensive Trade Fair formed an integral part of the event. The work of the Congress was an immense undertaking and all of those involved are gratefully acknowledged, in particular, the members of the Organising Committee for managing the event from start to finish; members of the International Advisory and National Technical Committees for advising on the selection and reviewing of papers; the Authors and the Chairmen of Technical Sessions for their invaluable contributions to the proceedings. All of the proceedings have been prepared directly from the camera-ready manuscripts submitted by the authors and editing has been restricted to minor changes where it was considered absolutely necessary. Dundee Ravindra K Dhir September 2002 Chairman, Congress Organising Committee INTRODUCTION The issue of sustainable development is now becoming a key consideration in the construction process. Given that construction primarily involves the sourcing, movement, processing and assembly of material to create a finished product, it is in this area that greatest improvements with regard to environmental impact and responsible use of resources can be realised. Significant volumes of raw materials go towards the production of concrete, and the sources from which these materials are obtained will influence environmental impact. Moreover, the construction industry is beginning to realise the importance of obtaining optimum performance (and value) from each concrete constituent through careful consideration of their physical and chemical properties. Another resource, which is becoming scarce in many parts of the world is land. Traditionally, construction on virgin land has always been considered preferable to previously occupied sites. However, as new land suitable for construction become less available, urban 'brownfield' sites are becoming a more realistic option. However, such sites often carry with them legacies of their previous industrial use in the form of soil contaminants, and it is of great importance that remediation of contaminated land and subsequent redevelopment is carried out in such a way that the integrity of concrete in contact with such soils is not compromised. Energy is also a resource whose responsible use is essential for sustainable development. Moreover, most of the pollution associated with construction is derived from the combustion of fossil fuels. The manufacture of cement requires energy to obtain the high temperatures required in the kiln. However, in recent years there has been a strong drive towards the development of technologies and methodologies for reducing the energy demand of cement production, and a move away from dependence on primary fossil fuel resources. Given that the vast majority of energy use by the construction industry is for the transportation of materials, novel methodologies for planning construction projects may offer some opportunities to improve efficiency. It is worth remembering that in most cases the period over which structures have their greatest impact on the environment is during service. One way in which impact can be lessened is through design for energy conservation. Its unique thermal properties, along with its versatility, make concrete a key component of such structures. Waste is generated both at the construction stage and at the end of a structure's service life. A great deal of emphasis has recently been focussed on ways in which construction waste can be minimised, as well as methods for returning demolition waste back into concrete construction. In addition, the concept of design for deconstruction is growing. However, it should always be remembered that for environmentally sustainable practices to be adopted, it is essential that economic sustainability is also achieved. The Proceedings of this Conference; 'Sustainable Concrete Construction' dealt with all of these subject areas under six themes: (i) Environmental Strategies, (ii) Reuse of Waste Materials, (iii) Environmentally Sensitive Concrete Construction, (iv) Total Recycling Opportunities, (v) Design and Construction, and (vi) Economics for Sustainability. There were a total of 78 papers presented during the International Conference which are compiled into these proceedings. Dundee Ravindra K Dhir September 2002 Tom D Dyer Judith E Halliday ORGANISING COMMITTEE Concrete Technology Unit Professor R K Dhir OBE (Chairman) Dr M D Newlands (Secretary) Professor P C Hewlett British Board of Agrement Professor T A Harrison Quarry Products Association Professor V K Rigopoulou National Technical University of Athens, Greece Dr S Y N Chan Hong Kong Polytechnic University Dr N Y Ho L & M Structural Systems, Singapore Dr M R Jones Dr MJ McCarthy Dr T D Dyer Dr K A Paine Dr L J Csetenyi Dr J E Halliday Dr L Zheng Dr S Caliskan Dr A Iordanidis Ms P I Hynes (Congress Assistant) Mr S R Scott (Unit Assistant) INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE Dr C Andrade, Director oflETCC Institute of Construction Sciences Eduardo Torroja, Spain Professor G Balazs, Head of Department Budapest University of Technology, Hungary Professor Y Ballim, Associate Professor University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa Professor A Bentur, Head Division of Building Materials Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Israel Professor JMJM Bijen, Professor Delft University of Technology, Netherlands Professor A Brandt, Head of Department Insistute of Fundamental Tech Research, Poland Professor K-J Byun, Dean/Professor in Concrete Engineering Yonsei University, Korea Dr J-M Chandelle, Chief Executive CEMBUREAU, Belgium Professor T-P Chang, Professor National Taiwan University of Science & Technology, Taiwan Professor M Collepardi, Professor Politecnico Di Milano, Italy Dr J Duncan, Manager, Building Industry Research BRANZ, New Zealand Professor RI Gilbert, Head of School University of New South Wales, Australia Professor S Ikeda, Professor Yokohama National University, Japan Professor B L Jensen, Danish Technological Institute, Denmark Dr H Justnes, Chief Scientist S1NTEF Civil & Environmental Engineering, Norway Professor V Kristek, Head of Department Czech Technical University, Czech Republic Dr A K H Kwan, Associate Dean of Engineering University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Professor F de Larrard, Director MMCER LCPC Centre de Nantes, France INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE (CONTINUED) Professor R W Lindberg, Professor Tampere University of Technology, Finland Dr H-U Litzner, Senior Chief Executive German Concrete Society (DBV), Germany Mr J E McDonald, Research Civil Engineer US Army Corp of Engineers, USA Professor S Mirza, Professor McGill University, Canada Mr J V Paiva, Head, Building Department LNEC, Portugal Dr T Philippou, Manager Heracles General Cement Company, Greece Mr S A Reddi, Deputy Managing Director Gammon India Limited, India Professor F Saje, Professor of Concrete Structures University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Professor S P Shah, Director, ACBM Northwestern University, USA Professor HER Sommer, Consultant Austria Dr S Tangtermsirikul, Head of School of Civil Engineering Thammasat University, Thailand Professor K Tuutti, Director Skanska Teknik AB, Sweden Professor T Uomoto, Head ofUomoto Concrete Laboratory University of Tokyo, Japan Dr O H Wallevik, Head of Concrete Division Icelandic Buidling Research Institute, Iceland Professor T H Wee, Associate Professor National University of Singapore, Singapore Professor M A Yeginobali, Director, R&D Institute Turkish Cement Manufacturers Association, Turkey Professor H M Z Al-Abideen, Deputy Minister Ministry of Public Works and Housing, Saudi Arabia NATIONAL TECHNICAL COMMITTEE Professor S A Austin Professor of Structural Engineering, Loughborough University Professor A W Beeby Professor of Structural design, The University of Leeds Professor T Broyd Research & Innovations Director, W S Atkins Professor J H Bungey Head of Department, The University of Liverpool Mr N Clarke Publications Manager, The Concrete Society Mr G Cooper Development Director, Fosroc International Ltd Mr S J Crompton Divisional Manager, RMC Readyraix Ltd Dr S B Desai OBE Visiting Professor, University of Surrey Professor R K Dhir OBE (Chairman) Director, Concrete Technology Unit, University of Dundee Dr K Elliott Senior Lecturer, University of Nottingham Dr S Garvin Director (Scotland), Building Research Establishment Professor F P Glasser Professor, University of Aberdeen Mr P G Goring Technical Director, John Doyle Construction Professor T A Harrison BRMCA Consultant, Quarry Products Association Professor P C Hewlett Chief Executive, British Board of Agrement Mr A Johnson Divisional Director and Manager, Mott MacDonald Special Services Dr M R Jones Senior Lecturer, Concrete Technology Unit, University of Dundee Professor R J Kettle Head of Department, Aston University Mr P Livesey National Technical Services Manager, Castle Cement Limited VIll NATIONAL TECHNICAL COMMITTEE (CONTINUED) Professor A E Long Dean of Faculty of Engineering, Queens University Belfast Mr N Loudon Senior Technical Adviser, Highways Agency Mr A C Mack Operations Director, Bovis Lend Lease (Scotland) Ltd Professor P S Mangat Head, Civil Engineering & Construction, Sheffield Hallam University Mr G G T Masterton Director, Babtie Group Professor G C Mays Deputy Principal, Cranfield University Professor W J McCarter Professor, Heriot-Watt University Dr J Moore Director, Standards & Technical, British Cement Association Dr P J Nixon Director, Centre for Concrete Construction, Building Research Establishment Mr M Peden Partner, W.A. Fairhurst & Partners Dr W F Price Senior Research Manager, British Cement Assocation Professor P C Robery Divisional Director - Midlands, Maunsell Ltd Mr J M Ross Chairman, Blyth & Blyth Consulting Engineers Dr R H Scott Reader in Engineering, University of Durham Dr I Sims Director (Materials), STATS Limited Professor G Somerville OBE Independent Consultant Mr P Titman Quality and Environment Manager, Edmund Nuttall Ltd Dr P R Vassie Research Fellow, Transport Research Laboratory Professor S Wild Head, Building Materials Research Unit, University of Glamorgan COLLABORATING INSTITUTIONS Institution of Civil Engineers, UK American Concrete Institute Japan Society of Civil Engineers SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS WITH EXHIBITION Aggregate Industries pic Babtie Group British Board of Agrement British Cement Association Building Research Establishment Caledonian Slag Cement Castle Cement Limited CEMBUREAU, Belgium Danish Technological Institute, Denmark Degussa Construction Chemicals, Italy Dundee City Council Elkem Materials Ltd FaberMaunsell Fosroc International Ltd Heidelberg Cement, Germany Heracles General Cement Company, Greece Institution of Civil Engineers John Doyle Construction Lafarge Cement UK Makers UK Ltd MBT Admixtures Netzsch Instruments, Germany North East Slag Cement Palladian Publications RMC Readymix Ltd Rugby Cement ScotAsh Ltd
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