Sustainable Biofuels Development in India PDF
Preview Sustainable Biofuels Development in India
Anuj K. Chandel · Rajeev K. Sukumaran Editors Sustainable Biofuels Development in India Sustainable Biofuels Development in India Anuj K. Chandel (cid:129) Rajeev K. Sukumaran Editors Sustainable Biofuels Development in India Editors AnujK.Chandel RajeevK.Sukumaran CentrodeTecnologiaCanavieira CentreforBiofuelsMicrobialProcesses (SugarcaneTechnologyCentre,CTC) &TechnologyDivision Piracicaba,FazendaSantoAntonio CSIR,NationalInstituteforInterdisciplinary SantoAntonio,SaoPaulo ScienceandTechnology Brazil Thiruvananthapuram,Kerala India ISBN978-3-319-50217-5 ISBN978-3-319-50219-9 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-50219-9 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017932890 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinor for anyerrors oromissionsthat may havebeenmade. Thepublisher remainsneutralwith regardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Quotes for Biofuels Book The use of vegetable oils for engine fuels mayseeminsignificanttoday.Butsuchoils may in the course of time become as important as petroleum and the coal tar products of present time Rudolf Diesel in 1912 Thefuelofthefutureisgoingtocomefrom fruit like that sumac out by the road, or from apples, weeds, sawdust—almost anything. There is fuel in every bit of vegetable matter that can be fermented. There’s enough alcohol in one year’s yield of an acre of potatoes to drive the machinery necessary to cultivate the fields for a hundred years. Henry Ford in 1925 Foreword Biomass(foodandfeedcropsandothergrassyplants,wood,andalgae)isavailable inabundanceonEarthinavarietyofformsthatcanbeconvertedintofuels,food/ feed, chemicals, and biomaterials. These conversions can be brought out by employingphysical,chemical,thermal,biological,andbiotechnologicalprocesses. Bioenergyisoneofthemostsignificantformsamongalternateenergyforms,which offers potential benefits for sustainable development. The most potential way to valorize such biomass is the principles of biorefinery, where each component of plant biomass is utilized, generating zero- or near-zero waste. The concept of biorefinery has emerged fast, which has huge flexibility. This has led to the development of relevant strategies to valorize the biomass for environmental, social,andeconomicdevelopment,withsustainabilityasthekeyword.Biorefinery isametaphorforthepetroleumrefinerywherebiomassisconsideredasapossible substitute to petroleum and capable of generating several products similar to petroleum refinery. As we know, sustainable supply of energy is required for the overall human development, which ultimately decides the holistic growth of any societyorforthatmatteranycountry.Renewableenergyorbioenergyisdefinitely anapttechnologicalsolutionbecauseitcan beproduceddirectly fromthenatural resourcesandis100%renewable. Iunderstandthatthiswillbethe firstbookcovering thekeyfeatures onIndian Bioenergy program at one point, providing useful source of information for the studentsandresearchersinvolvedinenergyandenvironmentalprogramsprimarily but also a pivotal source of information for the researchers, academicians, econo- mists, policy analysts, and policy makers. I also understand that this book specif- ically is a first uniquely designed scientific and technical literature on bioenergy productioninthecontextofIndia,whichcoverstechnologicalupdatesonbiomass processing, system biology, microbial fermentation, catalysis, regeneration, and monitoringofrenewableenergyandrecoveryprocessandalsopresentsproximate techno-economicanalysis,climatechange,geopoliticalanalysisofbioenergy,and green transportation fuels at industrial scale, thus making it a unique source of wealthofknowledge. vii viii Foreword India has a biofuel policy and has a large number of government-supported initiatives and programs for the research and technological development of biomass-based economy development. The country advocates blending of 10% ethanol in petrol and also looks forward to the scenario of blending of biodiesel withdiesel.Policyframeworksareinplacewithampleopportunitiestodevelopand setupnotonlystart-upsbutalsoSMEsandlargeindustriesforthedevelopmentand production of fuels and chemicals from agro-industrial residues, primarily which areavailableassurplus. Ihavegreatpleasureinpresentingthisbooktothereaders,whoIamconfident would find it a very valuable and unique source of information. With their vast experienceandglobalexpertise,theeditorsofthebookareamongthechampionsof biomass researchers not only in India but internationally, who I would say are amongthebesttodothisjob.Mycomplimentstothemandalsototheauthorsofthe variouschaptersfortheircontributions. CenterofInnovativeandApplied Prof.AshokPandey Bioprocessing(Anationalinstitute underDepartmentofBiotechnology, GovtofIndia) Mohali,Punjab India Preface Energy has a central role in meeting the economic development goals set by Indian government in all the declared schemes, whether it is “Make in India,”, “Start-upIndia,”or“SwachhBharat.”Indiaisoneofthefastestgrowingeconomies in the world today with over 8% annual economic growth rate. To maintain or surpass this growth rate, energy would be in prime demand, and the consumption is projected to double by 2020. India is already very behind as measured by per capita primary consumption, which is linked with the human development index(HDI)setbyUnitedNations.InIndia,totalenergy(primaryandsecondary) demandisupto400gigawatt(GW).Coal-basedthermalpowergenerationsupply theprimaryenergygenerationandmorethan70%oftheimportedcrudepetroleum supply 80% of the transportation liquid energy. Both of these energy sources are nonrenewable, adding greenhouse gas emissions and the rising costs impacting the nation’s foreign exchange reserves. Replacement at any level of bothconventionalenergysources(coalandpetroleum)withrenewablealternatives, be it from solar, wind, or biomass, will be a paradigm shift in India’s energy security,alongwithreductionincarbonemissions,eventuallyimpactingtheecon- omyofIndia. Renewableenergysourcesarediverseandbroadinrange.Itcanbecategorized mainly into solar, wind, hydrothermal, and biomass derived. For the sustainable energy drive, India’s Government is aiming at an ambitious plan for installing 175 GW of solar energy by 2030. Similarly, wind energy is integral part of this massive energy drive, with judicious utilization of the current manufacturing capacity of 9500 MW. Amongst all the renewable resources, biomass energy is oneofthemostpromisinganswerstocatertotheincreasingdemandfortranspor- tation fuels. India is a large agricultural nation and is blessed by nature with appropriate fertile land, rain, sunlight, and water. India holds a strong position in the production of agricultural commodities in the world. These factors positionthecountryashavingenormouspotentialforrenewableenergygeneration. In the last three decades, the Government of India has taken various initiatives in ordertoimplementabioenergyprograminthecountry.Severalresearchprograms ix x Preface are currently ongoing nationwide to develop solar energy, biodiesel, cellulosic ethanol, and other renewable energy options into reality, with the financial help fromMinistryofNewandRenewableEnergy;MinistryofPetroleumandNatural Gas; Ministry of Science and Technology; Ministry of Agriculture; Ministry of Environment,ForestandClimateChange;andprivateinvestmentsaswell.Despite these efforts under way today, India is still very far behind in demonstrating the judicioususeofitsnaturalresourcesforrenewableenergyproductionanddanger- ouslydependentupongasoline,whichismajorlyimportedfromtheoilproducing countries. Gasoline sources are limited and nonrenewable and limit economic growth. The use of renewable energy sources may improve the socioeconomic and environmental status, along with savings in foreign exchange reserves, while makingthecountrymoreenergystable. Thisbookaimstodisseminatethemostcurrentadvancesinbioenergyprograms ofIndia,startingfromthefeedstockanalysisandavailability,chemicalcomposition ofvariousrawmaterials,technicalaspectsandchallenges,techno-economicanal- ysis,andfinallygovernmentpolicies.ThebookisauniquecollectionoffourParts encompassing22bookchapterswrittenbythespecialistsoftherelatedfield,who offercriticalinsightsintoseveraltopics,reviewcurrentresearch,anddiscussfuture progress in the respective fields. Broadly, this book intends to provide critical insight and background research analysis on raw materials in India, feedstock processing, product synthesis, recovery and applications for energy uses, their commercialization, and overview of India’s Government policies on biofuels in additiontosustainabledesignofbiofuels. Part I has six chapters which deal with conventional fuels and generalized scenarioofnewandadvancedbiofuels. Chapter 1 by Tuli and Gupta provides the latest available information on the production and consumption of petroleum and compressed natural gas in India and oil and gas import and export data. Various Indian Government initiatives for increasing oil and gas production in the country, along with the development of alternative sources of energy, are addressed. Chapter 2, by Singh et al., provides analyses of the future of bioethanol market in India based on biomass availability, policy barriers, and perspectives along with the outline of the lignocellulosic ethanol technology research institutes in India. In Chap. 3, Pal et al. describe the renewable energy potential of the country, various forms of renewable energy, existing technologies, policies, and programs and finally bring out prospects and challenges of renewable energy in the country. Chapter 4 by Sharma presents the current status and potential of geothermal energy in India. Kalita and colleagues in Chap. 5 discuss the factors which strongly influence the efficiency of biogas digesters and fuel cells on using as vehicle fuels. Chapter 6 by Kataki et al. reviews the current potential of biomass and biowastes in the country and also the technologies available for biomass-based electricity generationwithorwithoutheatrecovery.Thischapteralsopresentsacasestudyon biomass-based energy generation in India including the prospective of bioenergy technology. Preface xi Part II has six chapters which explore various raw materials’ availability, feedstock,compositionalanalysis,by-products,andapplication. Alam et al. in Chap. 7 discuss various applications of glycerol, a major by-product of biodiesel production. Punia et al. in Chap. 8 describe the availability of crop residues and forestry waste for gasification, combustion, and power generation in India. About 500 million tons of crop residues are generated out of total agriculture produce, which are either used as animal feed, livestock bedding, packaging material, cooking in households, paper making, etc., or burnt in the farms and cause environmental pollution along with deterioration of the farm fertility. The judicious use of these agro-residues along with forestry residues could provide a sustainable source for biofuels or electricity generation. Similarly, Pathak in Chap. 9 summarizes the recent advances in mechanization and economic analysis concerning with biomass feedstock transportation, agricultural processing, and logistics from farm to biorefinery. Chapter 10 by Sukumaran et al. comprehensively reviews the availability, composition, conver- sionefficiencies,andpotentialethanolyieldsfromthefirst-andsecond-generation feedstock in the country. Chapter 11, by Pohit and Biswas, highlights the current status, prospects, and shortcomings in India’s biodiesel program and suggests thatprincipalchangesarerequiredconsideringthemulti-feedfeedstockapproach, theattractiveincentivemechanismbothatfeedstockstageandbiodieselproduction stage, and R&D for increasing the yield from feedstock. Chapter 12, by Thomas et al., discusses various feedstock options for biofuel production and biotechno- logical routes for conversion of biomass into biomethane, biohydrogen, and bio-butanol. Part III contains five chapters which gives details about technical aspects, commercialview,andcaptureandstorageofbiofuels. BorseandShethinChap.13summarizetherecenttrendsanddevelopmentsin current and emerging ethanol technologies in India. This chapter is particularly focused on Praj Industries’ technical diligence toward cellulosic ethanol develop- ment. Kumar et al. in Chap. 14 comprehensively discuss the global technological advancements and its prospective role in the development of economically feasible cellulosic ethanol. Particular emphasis is placed on the recent techniques includingproteinengineering,imaging,fermentationtechnology,chromatography, enzyme technology, chemical engineering, genome sequencing, bioinformatics, and synthetic biology. Chapter 15 by Prasad presents the cutting-edge catalytic based approach (heterogeneous metal-based catalysts, carbon catalysts, and biocatalysts) for the conversion of vegetable oils, waste cooking oils, and animal fats to biodiesel. Chapter 16, by Roy et al., describes in detail the different fermentation methods and various parameters for biohydrogen production includ- ing the mathematical modeling using integrated approaches. Basic technologies for solar energy development, current research programs, and the role of Indian Government in solar energy development have been apprised by Baig etal.inChap.17.
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