Sustainable biofloc systems for marine shrimp PDF
Preview Sustainable biofloc systems for marine shrimp
SUSTAINABLE BIOFLOC SYSTEMS FOR MARINE SHRIMP SUSTAINABLE BIOFLOC SYSTEMS FOR MARINE SHRIMP T M S ZACHI ATZLIACH AMOCHA AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom ©2019ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic ormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem, withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,further informationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizations suchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatour website:www.elsevier.com/permissions. Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythe Publisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperience broadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedical treatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgein evaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.In usingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyof others,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors, assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproducts liability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products, instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN978-0-12-818040-2 ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublicationsvisitour websiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:CharlotteCockle AcquisitionEditor:PatriciaOsborn EditorialProjectManager:LauraOkidi ProductionProjectManager:PremKumarKaliamoorthi CoverDesigner:AlanStudholme TypesetbySPiGlobal,India Contributors LeandroF.Castro ZeiglerBros.Inc.,Gardners,PA, David I. Prangnell Texas Parks and Wildlife UnitedStates Department,SanMarcos,TX,UnitedStates TerryHanson SchoolofFisheries,Aquacultureand Tzachi M. Samocha Marine Solutions and Feed AquaticSciences,AuburnUniversity,Auburn,AL, Technology,Spring,TX,UnitedStates UnitedStates NickStaresinic [email protected] Ingrid Lupatsch AB Agri Ltd., Peterborough, GranvilD.Treece Treece&Associates,Lampasas, UnitedKingdom TX,UnitedStates ix List of figures Fig.1.1 Belizeaquaculture. 4 penaeidshrimp(“shrimp-culture. Fig.1.2 Productionatoutdoorshrimp blogspot.com”). 21 Fig.2.4 bioflocfarms. 5 Typicallifecycleofpenaeid Fig.1.3 Traditionalfarmcomparedto shrimp. 21 Fig.3.1 thearearequiredforcomparable Appearanceofthewater super-intensiveproduction[red surface(left)andamicroscopicviewof area—(lightgraysquareinprintversion)]. 6 abioflocaggregate(right)froman Fig.1.4 Biofloctechnologyinpracticeat indoor,biofloc-dominated WaddellMaricultureCenterin productionsystem. 30 Fig.3.2 Bluffton,SouthCarolina,USA. 7 Morphologyofthethird Fig.1.5 AmericanMariculture,Inc.on maxillipedinthreepenaeidspecies: PineIsland,Florida,USA. 9 (A)Litopenaeusvannamei, Fig.1.6 FloridaOrganicAquaculture’s (B)Fenneropenaeuschinensis, indoorbioflocshrimpculture (C)Marsupenaeus raceways. 9 japonicus.ScaleBar:0.5mm. 33 Fig.1.7 Fig.3.3 GlobalBlueTechnologieshatcheryand Ascanningelectronmicrograph grow-outcellsnearRockport,Texas, showingthenet-likestructureof USA. 10 thethirdmaxillipedofPacific Fig.1.8 Commercialshrimpnurseryin WhiteShrimp. 34 Fig.4.1 Texasusingbiofloc.Theeight Supplycanallinkedtothe concreteracewaysaremodeled coastallagoonfromwhichthe onthe100-m3TexasA&M- TexasA&M-ARMLandTexas ARMLraceways. 10 ParksandWildlifeLaboratory Fig.1.9 Indoorshrimpproduction drawwater. 38 Fig.4.2A facilityinMedinadelCampo, TheMarineNitrogenCycle. Spain. 11 Featuresofparticularimportance Fig.1.10 Indoorproductionfacilityfor toaquaculturethatarediscussedin L.vannameiinChina. 11 thetext.Ammoniaproducedby Fig.1.11 TheGanixBlueOasisfarmin shrimpandsomebioflocbacteria(8) LasVegas,Nevada,USAwas isconvertedbyammonia-oxidizing veryshortlived. 12 bacteria(4&9)intonitrite.Nitrite- Fig.1.12 Cumulativedistributionoftotal oxidizingbacteria(5&11)convert cost($/kg)forearthenponds nitritetonitrate.Together,these vs.RAS. 13 processesarereferredtoas Fig.2.1 Lateralviewoftheexternal nitrificationandoccurin morphologyofageneralized oxygenatedenvironments.Under penaeidshrimp. 20 anoxicconditions,denitrifiers(13) Fig.2.2 Externalgenitaliaofgeneralized andanammoxmicrobes(10) adultpenaeidshrimp, followdifferentpathwaysto (A)petasma(male),(BandC) producenitrogengasthatislost thelyca(female). 20 totheatmosphere,thus Fig.2.3 Lateralviewoftheinternal removingnitrogenfromthe morphologyofanadultfemale system. 42 xi xii LISTOFFIGURES Fig.4.2B Fig.5.6 TheBasicNitrogenCycleina Positivedisplacementblowerwithbelt MixotrophicBiofloc-DominatedSystem. drive(A)andregenerativeblowers(B) Shrimpingestprotein-nitrogenfrom drivingdiffusersandairliftsinthe formulatedfeed(1)andbiofloc(6)to TexasA&M-ARML40m3raceways. supportgrowthandbuildbiomass.They Blowershaveinletfilters. 78 Fig.5.7 excretemainlyammonia(2)thatis Silicaairstones(A),diffuser assimilatedbybothheterotrophicand hose(B)(blackhosewithblue autotrophicflocbacteria(3). line)(lightgraylineinprintversion), Theheterotrophsbuildbacterialbiomass andmicro-bubblediffuser andtheautotrophsnitrifyammoniain (ceramicplate)(C). 79 Fig.5.8 twosteps:firsttonitrite(4)andthento Schematics(A,B,D)andphoto nitrate(5).Theautotrophicnitrifiers (C)ofanairliftintheTexas producefarlessbacterialbiomass. A&M-ARML40m3raceways. Withoutadenitrifyingprocess,nitrate Airisinjectedviaapolyethylene accumulatesinthesystem. 44 hoseatthebaseofa5-cmPVCpipecut Fig.4.3 Thetypicalpatternofammonia,nitrite, inhalflength-wise. 81 Fig.5.9 andnitrateconcentrationsinanewly SchematicofaVenturi startedsystem,demonstratinghow injector.Air-oxygenisdrawnintothe ammonia-oxidizingbacteriadevelop flowatthepointofrestriction. 81 soonerthannitrite-oxidizingbacteria Fig.5.10 Schematicofa3injector.45-psiwater (leadingtonitritebuildup),and (bluearrow)(darkgrayarrowinprint theaccumulationofnitratewhenthereis version)mixeswithair(dashed-line insufficientdenitrificationorwater arrow). 82 Fig.5.11 exchange. 51 Pureoxygensupply;(A)Liquidoxygen Fig.4.4 Organicmatter(biofloc)removedfrom bottle(LOX),(B)Compressedoxygen asystembyafoamfractionator. 53 cylinders,(C)Oxygengenerator. 83 Fig.5.1A Fig.5.12 Open-walledtank. 62 Speececone. 84 Fig.5.1B Fig.5.13 GreenhouseusedattheTexas Diagramofasimpleconical A&M-AMRL. 63 settlingtank.Redarrows(light Fig.5.1C Inflatedair-supportedstructure. 63 grayinprintversion):water Fig.5.1D Alargewoodenstructureused fromculturetank.Bluearrows byFloridaOrganicAquaculture, (darkarrowinprintversion): Fellsmere,FL. 63 waterreturntotank. 85 Fig.5.1 A2500-m3reservoirpond(left) Fig.5.14 Hydrocyclonefilter. 87 and36-m3mixingtank(right) Fig.5.15 Aswirlseparator. 87 Fig.5.16 attheTexasA&M-ARML. 64 Leftphoto—PressurizedSand Fig.5.2 Concreteharvestbasinsatthe Filterwithsandusedfor TexasA&M-ARML(A)andat filtration;Rightphoto—Poly BowersShrimpFarm,Palacios,Texas, Geyserbeadfilterwith US(B). 64 beadmedia. 88 Fig.5.3 Fig.5.17 Airblowersinflatedouble-layer Drumfilter. 88 Fig.5.18 polyethylenegreenhouseroofsatthe Beltfeedersplacedover TexasA&M-ARML. 67 shrimpproductionraceways. 89 Fig.5.3A Fig.5.19 Roundfiberglasstanksused Evenlyspacedbeltfeedersmountedon attheTexasA&M-ARML. 70 walkwaysoveraraceway,andasingle Fig.5.3B Rigidpolyethylenetanks. 70 beltfeedermountedonthesideofa Fig.5.3C RacewaylinedwithEPDMmembrane. 72 culturetank. 90 Fig.5.3D Fig.5.20 Corrugatedroundtanklined Somemeasurestoprevent withpolyethylene. 72 entryofunauthorized Fig.5.4 Backupdieselgenerators personnelandpredators: (30kWand250kW)installedat (A)walls,(B)electrifiedwire, aquaculturefacilities. 75 (C)motiondetector,(D)predatortrap. 90 Fig.5.5 Fig.5.21 Airpressuregauge.Noteinstallationof Flow-injectionanalyzerusedto a5-cmPVCvalveforpressure measureammonia,nitrite,nitrate,and regulation. 77 phosphateattheTexasA&M-ARML. 92 xiii LISTOFFIGURES Fig.5.21A Agreenhousewithsix40m3raceways Fig.5.30 Settlingtanksfor40m3raceway atTexasA&M-ARML.Corrugated system:(1)sideview,(2)topview, fiberglassonfrontwall(A),oneofthree (3)allsixsettlingtanks:(A)sleeve garagedoors(B),outsideviewoffan- preventingmixingofwater shutter(C),insideviewoffan(D),open enteringandleavingthetank, sidewall(E)rolled-up(F)androlled- (B)woodensupport,(C)tanklid, down(G),electrifiedwiresontheside (D)1.6-cmsupplyhose,(E)1.6-cm wall(H)withacontroller(I),andshade PVCsupplyvalve,(F)5-cmPVCreturn clothcoveringtheroof(J). 96 pipe,(G)5-cmPVCdrainvalve. 104 Fig.5.22 Photosof40m3racewaysandsupport Fig.5.31 Foamfractionatorinthe40m3raceway: systems:(A)antijumpnetting, (A)5-cmPVCvalveonpump (B)freeboard,(C)boardwalk,(D)belt dischargepipe,(B)1.6-cmPVCvalve feeder,(E)centerpartition,(F)three5-cm controllingwatersupplytofoam airlifts,(G)accessdoor,(H) fractionator,(C)1.6-cmPVCvalve 2.5-cmPVCairdistribution controllingwatersupplytosettling pipe,(I)ropesforpositioningcenter tank,(D)1.6-cmhoseconnectingvalve partition. 97 andfoamfractionator,(E)oneoftwo Fig.5.23 Top-viewschematicdrawingof40m3 2-cmVenturiinjectors,(F)clearacrylic racewaywithsupportsystems. 98 tube,(G)2.5-cmPVCgate-valve Fig.5.24 Close-up(A)andgenerallayoutofthe controllingflowfromfoamfractionator raceway’scenterpartition(B);center toracewayvia2.5-cmflexiblehose partition(a),weightmadeof3.8-cm (H),(I)foamfractionatordrainvalve, PVCpipeabovespraypipe(b),5-cm (J)separationtank. 105 Fig.5.32 PVCspraypipe(c),partitionsupport Multicyclonemountingandvalve (d),ropeholdingthepartition(e). 99 arrangementin40m3raceway:(A)5-cm Fig.5.25 Spraynozzleinbottomspray PVCdischargepipe,(B)1.6-cmPVC pipe:(A)completeset,(B) valvecontrollingsupplytofoam assemblywithoutspraytip,(C)street fractionator,(C)1.6-cmPVCvalve adapter. 100 controllingsupplytosettlingtank, Fig.5.26 Two-hppumpwith5-cmPVC (D)multicyclonefilter,(E)5-cmPVC pipenetworkandvalvesof40m3 valvecontrollingsupplytomulticyclone raceway;(A)waterfromraceway, filter,(F)wastedrainvalve. 106 Fig.5.33 (B)waterfromreservoir,(C)waterto Separationtankswithdrying raceway,(D)watertoevaporation biofloc(A),afalse-bottomiscreatedby pond,(P)pump.Bluelines(dotteddark placingawoodenframe(B),covered graylineinprintversion)show withchickenwire(C),andcoveredbya directionofflow. 100 geotextilemembrane(D),orburlap Fig.5.27 Aphotoof40m3raceway cloth(E)forwaterseparation,with showing(A)5-cmPVCairdistribution hosereturningwaterbacktothe pipe,(B)2.5-cmPVCairdeliverypipe, raceway(F)viaanoutletatthebottom (C)1.6-cmflexibleairsupplyhosesto ofthetank(G). 106 Fig.5.34 airliftpumpsanddiffusers,(D)1.6-cm Drybioflocinaseparationtank. 107 PVCballvalvecontrollingairsupplyto Fig.5.35 Greenhousefortwo100m3 airliftanddiffusers,(E)bottom racewayswithdouble-layer spraypipewithspraynozzleand inflatedroofcoveredbyblack diffuser,(F)boardwalk,(G)center shadecloth(A),inflated partition,(H)ropeholdingpartitionin double-layerwovenpolyethyleneside- place. 101 (B)andend-walls(C),garagedoor Fig.5.28 Venturiinjectorassembly:(A)oxygen (D),sidedoor(E),exhaustfan(F). 107 flowmeter,(B)oxygensupplyvalve, Fig.5.36 Schematictopviewofthe100m3 (C)oxygensupplyhoses,(D)check raceway. 108 valve,(E)airintake. 102 Fig.5.37 100m3raceway:Antijumpnetting Fig.5.29 YSI5500DDOmonitoringsystem: (A),5-cmPVCdistributionpipes (A)on-sitedisplay,(B)computer (B),2.5-cmPVCa3watersupply displaywithaudio,(C)optical pipe(C),boardwalk(D),center probe,(D)programmingand partition(E),accessdoor(F), screenshotofalarm-settingsoftware. 103 beltfeeders(G). 109 xiv LISTOFFIGURES Fig.5.38 Two2-hpcentrifugalpumpsfora raceway:(A)sleevetopreventmixing 100m3raceway.The5-cmPVC ofwaterenteringandleavingsettling valvemanifoldcontrolssingleordual tank,(B)1.6-cmhosedeliveringwater pumpuse.Valvehandlesarepaintedto fromracewaytosettlingtank, reduceUVdegradation. 109 (C)1.6-cmvalvecontrollingflowto Fig.5.39 Asaddleforapaddlewheelflowmeter settlingtank,(D)5-cmPVC (A),oneoftwo-5cmPVCdistribution distributionpipe,(E)5-cmPVC pipesfeedingsevena3injectorsineach pipereturningwaterfromsettlingtank raceway(B),screenedpumpintake toraceway,(F)2.5-cmPVCvalve (oneoftwo)noteguardnetontopof feedinga3injector,(G)5-cmPVCvalve thefilterpipe(C),boardwalk(D), toquicklyfillraceway. 113 Fig.5.46 freeboard(E),antijumpnetting(F),and (1)Homemadefoamfractionator, racewayfootingsupportingantijump (2)schematicoffoamfractionator: netting(G). 110 (A)30-cmPVCpipe,(B)10-cmacrylic Fig.5.40 Waterandairflowofa3injectorfor pipe,(C)5-cmPVCfoamdeliverypipe, aerationandmixinginthe100m3 (D)temporaryfoamstoragetank, raceway:Oneoftwo5-cmPVC (E)2.5-cmPVCballvalvecontrolling distributionpipes(A),2.5-cmPVCball flowtofoamfractionator,(F)a3injector, valvecontrollingwatertoinjector (G)2.5-cmPVCairintakepipe, (B),2.5-cmPVCbarrelunionadapter (H)2.5-cmPVCgatevalvecontrolling (C),2.5-cmwatersupplypipe returnflowtoraceway. 114 (D),2.5-cmairsuctionpipe(E),a3 Fig.5.47 Concreteharvestbasin.(A)5-cm injector(F),airbubbleandwater PVCoutletfordrainingtheracewayby mixturestreamingoutofinjector pump,(B)15-cmPVCthreadedoutlet (G),boardwalk(H),5-cmballvalvefor (oneoneachsidewall)forconnectinga quickfillofraceway(I).Bluearrows fishpump,(C)nested20-cmPVCfilter (darkgrayarrowsinprintversion):high pipespreventcloggingthedischarge pressurewatersupply;Redarrows linewithforeignobjects,(D) (dottedlightgrayarrowsinprint safetywoodengridontopofthe version):atmosphericairsuction. 111 structure. 116 Fig.5.41 Oxygenbackupsystem:aquarium Fig.6.1 Filterbagonseawaterinletof hose(A)deliversoxygentoa3suction TexasA&M-AgriLifeResearch pipe(B). 111 MaricultureLab. 120 Fig.5.42 Centerpartition:EPDMgluedtobottom Fig.6.2 Pressuresprayingracewayswith andsupportedbyropesconnectedto freshwatertoremoveorganic 5-cmcappedflotationpipe.20-cmPVC matter. 120 Fig.6.3 concrete-embeddedelbowconnectedto Venturiinjectorforadding harvestbasin(A),boltingEPDM disinfectantstoareservoir.Asthe membraneintoconcretewith middle5-cmvalveisclosed,thesuction stainless-steelframe(B). 112 pressurethroughtheVenturiincreases. 121 Fig.5.43 Afullandemptyraceway.Notice Fig.6.4 Liquid(12.5%)sodium freeboardinthefullraceway. 112 hypochloriteina200-L(55-gal.) Fig.5.44 Racewayfilledtoworkingdepth drumwithasiphonpump. 122 Fig.6.5 with20-cmPVCstandpipe Chemicalstorageincontainment extendingabovethesurface traystolimitspills. 122 Fig.6.6 (A).Netpreventsshrimplarger Disinfectingaracewaywithchlorine than1gfromenteringthedrain solutionspraywhilewearing line(B). 113 protectiveequipment. 124 Fig.5.45 (1)2-m3outdoorfiberglasssettlingfor Fig.7.1 Amodifiedcontainerusedto oneraceway;(2)topviewofsettling dripachemicalsolutionintoa tank;(3)pipingsystematshallowend culturetank. 137 Fig.7.2 ofraceway;(4)5cmPVCpipe One-literImhoffconesusedtomeasure returningwaterfromsettlingtankto settleablesolids. 141 xv LISTOFFIGURES Fig.7.3 Racewayfilledwithnewwater multiprobeandshippingbagwith (clear)withlowbioflocandlow PLfloatinginoxygenatedwater(A). turbidity(left)andaracewaywith Bagsareopened,attachedtothesideof maturedbioflocwaterwithhigh thetank,andprovidedwithanoxygen turbidity(right). 142 andairsupplyforeachbag(B).Water Fig.7.4 Harvestedshrimpbeingdissected, fromtheacclimationtankisadded dried,andgroundforionic graduallytoashippingbag(C). 157 Fig.8.7 compositionanalysis. 144 Standpipeinacclimationtankis Fig.7.5 MicrobialCommunityColorIndex removedtoletPLdrainbygravityinto (MCCI)indicatingthetransition thenurserytank(A),Noteairsupplyto fromanalgaltoabacterialsystemas theacclimationtank(B). 159 Fig.8.8 feedloadincreases.Thetransition SamplingPLinanacclimationtank. occursatafeedrateof300– Notemixingbytwopeopleand 500kg/haperday(30–50g/m2per transferofthesample(A)toa day),indicatedbyanMCCI 1-Lcontainer(B). 160 Fig.8.9 between1and1.2. 148 ObservationandcountingofPLin Fig.7.6 Racewayswithalgaldominatedwater. 148 samplescollectedfromacclimation Fig.7.7 Filterscreenssurroundingthe tanksorshippingbags.General pumpintakestandpipeoftwosystems observationsofswimmingactivity, toprevententrapmentofPL.An deadPL,andpredationaredonein aerationringmountedatthebaseofthe aglassjarorbeaker(A).Counting pumpintakeofthe40m3raceway(left) isdonebypouringsmallquantitiesofPL aidsscreencleaning(theopeningat onastretched350-μmmeshwhitescreen thetoppreventsdamagetoPLand (B)orframedscreenwithmarkedgrid cavitation). 149 (C),orbypouringthemintoaflatwhite Fig.7.8 BottomandbioflocPVCmixing tray(D).Hand-heldcounter(E). 160 Fig.8.10 tool. 150 TopviewofPLsamplingtank Fig.7.9 Mixingaracewaymanually. withbottomaerationgrid. 161 Fig.8.11 Notetheunevendistributionofbiofloc Spoutlesssamplingcups(A)compared onthesurface. 150 witharegularbeakerwithspout(B). 161 Fig.8.1 Postlarvaegradingfromalarval Fig.8.12 MetalstrainerforquantifyingPL. 163 Fig.8.13 rearingtank(A),transferintoa Imageofpostlarvatailshowing bucket(B),placementinsideacageina half-emptygut. 165 Fig.8.14 tankwithpureoxygensupply Highsizevariationofpostlarvae (C),collectionofthesmallPLfrom inanursery. 166 Fig.8.15 outsidethecage(D),andtransferintoa Exampleofawidesizedistribution newtank(E). 154 inanursery(averageweight(cid:1)SD: Fig.8.2 In-tankPLseparation.(A)collectingPL 143(cid:1)118mg/individual,CV:83%, withadipnetfromthelarvalrearing min:23mg/individual,max:600mg/ tank(C)andtransferintoafloating individual).Eachcolorrepresentsa cagemadefromnettingwithamesh feedsizeappropriateforasize sizethatallowssmallPLtopassback class:6%of0.4to0.6mm,36%of intothetank. 155 0.6to8.5mm,56%of1mm,and3% Fig.8.3 Smallerpostlarvae(A)remaining of1.5-mmdrypellets(Zeigler afterremovaloflargerpostlarvae Bros.,Inc.). 167 Fig.8.16 (B)fromthesamelarvalrearing Suggesteddailyfeedrationsand tank. 155 particlesizebasedonwater Fig.8.4 Shippingpostlarvaeinoxygen-inflated temperature,survival,stocking plasticbags(A)andpackedin density,andassumedfeedconversion Styrofoamboxes(B). 156 ratioasusedinanurserytrialatthe Fig.8.5 AcclimatingPLsinhaulingtanks. 157 TexasA&M-ARML.Suggestedfeeding Fig.8.6 Small-tankacclimationshowinga tablewasprovidedbyZeiglerBros., hand-heldmonitorwith Inc.,Gardners,PA,US. 168
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