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Sustainable Agriculture Systems and Technologies Sustainable Agriculture Systems and Technologies Edited by Pavan Kumar College of Horticulture and Forestry Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi, UP, India A.K. Pandey College of Horticulture and Forestry Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi, UP, India Susheel Kumar Singh College of Agriculture Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi, UP, India S.S. Singh Extension Education Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi, UP, India V.K. Singh ICAR- Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture Hyderabad, Telangana, India This edition first published 2022 © 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. 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You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Kumar, Pavan (Professor of forestry), editor. | Pandey, A. K. (Scientist), editor. | Singh, S. K. (Professor of Soil science), editor. | Singh, S. S. (Sati Shankar), editor. | Singh, V. K. (Vinod Kumar) (Director of ICAR-CRIDA), editor. Title: Sustainable agriculture systems and technologies / edited by Pavan Kumar, A. K. Pandey, Susheel Kumar Singh, S. S. Singh, V. K. Singh. Description: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2022. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2021970023 (print) | LCCN 2021970024 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119808534 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119808541 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119808558 (epub) Subjects: LCSH: Sustainable agriculture. | Agricultural innovations. Classification: LCC S494.5.S86 S837 2022 (print) | LCC S494.5.S86 (ebook) | DDC 338.1–dc23/eng/20220118 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021970023 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021970024 Cover Design: Wiley Cover Image: © MONOPOLY919/Shutterstock Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by Straive, Pondicherry, India 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 v Contents List of Contributors viii Preface xiv About the Editors xvi Foreword 1 xix Foreword 2 xxi Section 1 Food Security and Agrarian Livelihood 1 1 Agriculture and Nutritional Security in India 3 Shubhi Patel, Anwesha Dey, Rakesh Singh, and Ramesh Chand 2 Diversification for Restoration of Ecosystems and Sustainable Livelihood 21 Sanjay S. Rathore, Kapila Shekhawat, R.K. Singh, S. Babu, and V.K. Singh 3 Impact of Total Mixed Ration on Performance of Heifers and Homemade Concentrate Feeding on Milk Yield in Dairy Animals 37 A. Dey, B.P. Bhatt, and J. J. Gupta 4 Multifaceted Impact of Lockdown During COVID- 19 on Food Security and Smallholder Agricultural Systems 49 Aishwarya, Meenu Rani, Bhagwan Singh Chaudhary, Bharat Lal, Rajiv Nandan, and Pavan Kumar Section 2 Climate Change and Agriculture 63 5 Crop Diversification: An Approach for Productive and Climate-Resilient Production System 65 Rakesh Kumar, Bal Krishna, Prem K. Sundaram, Narendra Kumawat, Pawan Jeet, and Anil Kumar Singh vi Contents 6 Impacts of Climate Variability on Food Security Dimensions in Indonesia: Reference from the Nusa Tenggara Timur Province 81 Boubacar Siddighi Balde, Martiwi Diah Setiawati, I. Wayan Nampa, and Mohamed Esham 7 Knowledge- Intensive Livestock Resource Management in a Changing Environment 117 Avijit Haldar, Indranil Samanta, and Amlan Kumar Patra 8 Aquaculture Resources and Practices in a Changing Environment 169 Shib Kinkar Das, Amit Mandal, and Sachin Onkar Khairnar Section 3 Water Management in Agricultural Systems 201 9 An Approach to Understand Conservation Agriculture 203 Anwesha Dey, Shubhi Patel, and H.P. Singh 10 Quality of Irrigation Water for Sustainable Agriculture Development in India 224 Bharat Lal, Abhishek Kumar Shukla, Pavan Kumar, and Susheel Kumar Singh 11 Agricultural Water Footprint and Precision Management 251 V.K. Singh, G.A. Rajanna, V. Paramesha, and Pravin Kumar Upadhyay 12 Drip Fertigation for Enhancing Crop Yield, Nutrient Uptake, Nutrient, and Water Use Efficiency 267 V. Paramesha, G.A. Rajanna, Parveen Kumar, M.S. Sannagoudar, and H.M. Halli Section 4 Precision Agriculture 279 13 Sustainable Agriculture Systems and Technologies 281 Amit K. Singh, Avijit Ghosh, Manjanagouda S. Sannagoudar, R.V. Kumar, Sunil Kumar, Prashant Deo Singh, and Safik Ahamad 14 Geoinformatics, Artificial Intelligence, Sensor Technology, Big Data: Emerging Modern Tools for Sustainable Agriculture 295 Abhishek Singh, Riya Mehrotra, Vishnu D. Rajput, Pavel Dmitriev, Anil Kumar Singh, Pradeep Kumar, Ram Sewak Tomar, Omkar Singh, and Awani Kumar Singh 15 Investigation of the Relationship Between NDVI Index, Soil Moisture, and Precipitation Data Using Satellite Images 314 Shilan Felegari, Alireza Sharifi, Kamran Moravej, Ahmad Golchin, and Aqil Tariq Contents vii 16 Artificial Machine Learning–Based Classification of Land Cover and Crop Types Using Sentinel-2 A Imagery 326 Ram Kumar Singh, Pavan Kumar, Manoj Kumar, Keshav Tyagi, and Harshi Jain 17 Geoinformatics and Nanotechnological Approaches for Coping Up Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Crop Plants 337 Abhishek Singh, Vishnu D. Rajput, Sapna Rawat, Ragini Sharma, Anil Kumar Singh, Pradeep Kumar, Awani Kumar Singh, Tatiana Minkina, Rudra Pratap Singh, and Shashank Singh Index 360 viii List of Contributors Aishwarya Ramesh Chand College of Agriculture Department of Plant Pathology and Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural Mycology University Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India Hindu University Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India Safik Ahamad Bhagwan Singh Chaudhary GSM Division Department of Geophysics ICAR- IGFRI Kurukshetra University Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India Kurukshetra, Haryana, India S. Babu Shib Kinkar Das Division of Agronomy Department of Aquaculture ICAR- IARI Faculty of Fishery Sciences New Delhi, India West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences (WBUAFS) Kolkata, India Boubacar Siddighi Balde Integrated Research System for A. Dey Sustainability Sciences (IR3S), ICAR Research Complex for The University of Tokyo Eastern Region Kisohigashi, Tokyo, Japan Patna, Bihar, India B.P. Bhatt Anwesha Dey NRM Division Department of Agricultural Economics Indian Council of Agricultural Institute of Agricultural Sciences Research Banaras Hindu University New Delhi, India Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India List of Contributors ix Pavel Dmitriev Harshi Jain The Botanical Garden Forest Research Institute Deemed to be Southern Federal University University (FRIDU) Rostov- on- Don, Russia Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India Pawan Jeet Mohamed Esham Division of Land & Water Management Department of Agribusiness ICAR- Research Complex for Management Eastern Region Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Patna, Bihar, India Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka Belihuloya, Sri Lanka Sachin Onkar Khairnar Shilan Felegari Department of Aquaculture College of Fisheries, Guru Angad Dev Department of Soil Science Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Faculty of Agriculture (GADVASU) University of Zanjan Ludhiana, Punjab, India Zanjan, Iran Bal Krishna Avijit Ghosh Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics GSM Division Bihar Agricultural University ICAR- IGFRI Sabour, Bihar, India Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India Manoj Kumar GIS Centre Ahmad Golchin Forest Research Institute (FRI) Department of Soil Science Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India Faculty of Agriculture University of Zanjan Parveen Kumar Zanjan, Iran Natural Resource Management Division ICAR- Central Coastal Agricultural J.J. Gupta Research Institute ICAR Research Complex for Old Goa, Goa, India Eastern Region Pavan Kumar Patna, Bihar, India Department of Forest Biology and Tree Improvement Avijit Haldar College of Horticulture and Forestry Department of Animal Reproduction Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural ICAR- Agricultural Technology Application University Research Institute (ATARI) Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India Kolkata, West Bengal, India Pradeep Kumar H.M. Halli Department of Forestry ICAR- Indian Grassland and Fodder North Eastern Regional Institute of Science Research Institute Technology Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh, India x List of Contributors Rakesh Kumar Tatiana Minkina Division of Crop Research Academy of Biology and Biotechnology ICAR- Research Complex for Southern Federal University Eastern Region Rostov- on- Don, Russia Patna, Bihar, India Kamran Moravej R.V. Kumar Department of Soil Science GSM Division Faculty of Agriculture ICAR- IGFRI University of Zanjan Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India Zanjan, Iran I. Wayan Nampa Sunil Kumar Department of Agribusiness GSM Division Faculty of Agriculture ICAR- IGFRI Nusa Cendana University Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India Kupang, Indonesia Narendra Kumawat Rajiv Nandan AICRP for Dry land Agriculture College of Agriculture College of Agriculture Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India University Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India Bharat Lal College of Agriculture V. Paramesha Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural Natural Resource Management Division University ICAR- Central Coastal Agricultural Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India Research Institute Old Goa, Goa, India Amit Mandal Department of Aquaculture Shubhi Patel College of Fisheries Department of Agricultural Economics Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Institute of Agricultural Sciences Sciences University (GADVASU) Banaras Hindu University Ludhiana, Punjab, India Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India Amlan Kumar Patra Manjanagouda S. Sannagoudar Department of Animal Nutrition GSM Division West Bengal University of Animal and ICAR- IGFRI Fishery Sciences Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India Kolkata, West Bengal, India Riya Mehrotra G.A. Rajanna Central Institute of Medicinal and ICAR- Directorate of Groundnut Research Aromatic Crops Regional Station Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India List of Contributors xi Vishnu D. Rajput Ragini Sharma Academy of Biology and Biotechnology Department of Zoology Southern Federal University Punjab Agricultural University Rostov- on- Don, Russia Ludhiana, Punjab, India Meenu Rani Kapila Shekhawat Department of Geography Division of Agronomy Kumaun University ICAR- IARI Nainital, Uttarakhand, India New Delhi, India Sanjay S. Rathore Abhishek Kumar Shukla Division of Agronomy ICAR- IARI College of Agriculture New Delhi, India Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Sapna Rawat Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India Department of Botany University of Delhi Abhishek Singh New Delhi, Delhi, India Department of Agricultural Biotechnology Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Indranil Samanta Agriculture and Technology Department of Veterinary Microbiology Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences Kolkata, West Bengal, India Amit K. Singh GSM Division M.S. Sannagoudar ICAR- IGFRI ICAR- Indian Grassland and Fodder Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India Research Institute Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India Anil Kumar Singh Martiwi Diah Setiawati Division of Land & Water Management Research Center for Oceanography ICAR- Research Complex for National Research and Innovation Eastern Region Agency (BRIN) Patna, Bihar, India Jakarta, Indonesia Alireza Sharifi Anil Kumar Singh Department of Surveying Engineering University of Allahabad Senate Faculty of Civil Engineering House Campus Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India Tehran, Iran