Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 33: Climate Impact on Agriculture

340 Pages·2018·7.52 MB·English

by  Eric Lichtfouse

Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 33
Eric Lichtfouse E ditor
Sustainable
Agriculture
Reviews 33
Climate Impact on Agriculture
Sustainable Agriculture Reviews
Volume 33
SeriesEditor
EricLichtfouse
CEREGE,AixMarseilleUniv,CNRS,IRD,INRA,CollFrance
Aix-en-Provence,France
OtherPublicationsbyDr.EricLichtfouse
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EnvironmentalChemistry
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Sustainableagricultureisarapidlygrowingfieldaimingatproducingfoodandenergyina
sustainable way for humans and their children. Sustainable agriculture is a discipline that
addressescurrentissuessuchasclimatechange,increasingfoodandfuelprices,poor-nation
starvation, rich-nation obesity, water pollution, soil erosion, fertility loss, pest control, and
biodiversitydepletion.
Novel, environmentally-friendly solutions are proposed based on integrated knowledge
fromsciencesasdiverseasagronomy,soilscience,molecularbiology,chemistry,toxicology,
ecology,economy,andsocialsciences.Indeed,sustainableagriculturedeciphermechanisms
ofprocessesthatoccurfromthemolecularleveltothefarmingsystemtothegloballevelat
timescalesrangingfromsecondstocenturies.Forthat,scientistsusethesystemapproachthat
involves studying components and interactions of a whole system to address scientific,
economicandsocialissues.Inthatrespect,sustainableagricultureisnotaclassical,narrow
science. Instead of solving problems using the classical painkiller approach that treats only
negativeimpacts,sustainableagriculturetreatsproblemsources.
Because most actual society issues are now intertwined, global, and fast-developing,
sustainable agriculture will bring solutions to build a safer world. This book series gathers
reviewarticlesthatanalyzecurrentagriculturalissuesandknowledge,thenproposealternative
solutions.Itwillthereforehelpallscientists,decision-makers,professors,farmersandpoliti-
cianswhowishtobuildasafeagriculture,energyandfoodsystemforfuturegenerations.
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/8380
Eric Lichtfouse
Editor
Sustainable Agriculture
Reviews 33
Climate Impact on Agriculture
Editor
EricLichtfouse
CEREGE,AixMarseilleUniv,CNRS,
IRD,INRA,CollFrance
Aix-en-Provence,France
ISSN2210-4410 ISSN2210-4429 (electronic)
SustainableAgricultureReviews
ISBN978-3-319-99075-0 ISBN978-3-319-99076-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99076-7
LibraryofCongressControlNumber: 2018957274
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Preface
Climatechangeisunavoidablebutadaptationispossible.Climatechangeandagricul-
ture are interrelated processes, both of which take place on a global scale1. Climate
changeaffectsagriculturethroughchangesinaveragetemperatures,rainfallandclimate
extremes; changes in pests and diseases; changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide;
changesinthenutritionalqualityofsomefoods;andchangesinsealevel.Futureclimate
change will likely negatively affect crop production in low latitude countries, while
effectsinnorthernlatitudesmaybepositiveornegative.Climatechangewillprobably
increase food insecurity for some vulnerable groups, such as the poor. Agriculture
contributes to climate change both by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases
andbytheconversionofnon-agriculturallandsuchasforestsintoagriculturalland.
1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture
v
vi Preface
Soilerosioninwheatfield,PasdeCalais,France,winter1990.CopyrightP.CHERY,INRA1990
In order to adapt agriculture, there is actually an urgent need for management
methodsthatwilldecreasenegativeimpactsandallowfoodproductiononformerly
sterile lands. This book reviews advanced knowledge and methods relevant to
climateandagriculture.Inthefirstchapter,Kulekreviewstheagriculturalnitrogen
cycle, with focus on gas emissions of ammonia (NH ), nitrous oxide (N O), com-
3 2
monlyknownasthelaughinggas,andnitricoxide(NO)fromanimalhusbandryand
fertilisation.Shefoundthatcamelsemitmuchlessammoniaandnitrousoxidethan
cattle, that the older the animal the higher the ammonia emission, and that
fertilisation with calcium ammonium salts emits much less gases that urea
fertilisation. In Chap. 2, Sarauskis evaluate the positive and negative effects of
tillage; they found that sustainable tillage without ploughing reduces costs by
25–41%. Tsegaye reviews coffee production and climate change in Ethiopia,
where the mean annual temperature has increased by 1.3(cid:1)C between 1960 and
2006,andstatesthat‘Africacanbeeasilyconvertedintodeserts’,inChap.3.
Coastalagrosystemsareparticularlyvulnerabletoclimatechangeandaccelerated
sea level rise. In Chap. 4, Banerjee et al. found that in some areas up to 40% of
biodiversityhasbeenlost;theyproposeadaptationpracticessuchasagroforestryand
salinity management. Singh et al. explain that wetland rice fields emit 15–20% of
Preface vii
anthropogenicmethane (CH )emissions; they list thevariousfactors and practices
4
controlling emissions in Chap. 5. In the same vein, Srivastava et al. review in
Chap. 6 the factors that control carbon sequestration in soils, a practice which is
foreseentodecreaseCO emissions;theyfoundthatdrytropicalsoilsarefaraway
2
fromcarbonsaturationandthushavehighpotentialforcarbonsequestration.
InChap.7,AroraandVanzapresentbacteriaandfungithatcanbeusedtodecrease
salt stress in plants; they found that wheat and corn yields can be increased by
10–12%undersalinitystress.Bhadurietal.reviewthetypesofdegradedsoilsand
the bioindicators of soil degradation, such as plant biomarkers and biosensors, in
Chap.8.Usmanetal.discussgroundwaterevolutioninPakistan,andconsequence
forirrigatedagriculture,inChap.9.Inthefuture,therewillbemorefoodproduction
inclosedsystemsduetoclimatechangesandincreasingurbanisation.Here,Hadavi
andGhazijahanireviewthetypesofclosedsystemsusedinagriculture,withinspiring
experiments of food production in outer space, in Chap. 10. In the last Chap. 11,
Zahedipresentsbiofuelssuchasbioethanol,biodiesel,cropresiduesandalgae.
Aix-en-Provence,France EricLichtfouse
Contents
1 ImpactofHumanActivityandClimateonNitrogen
inAgriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
BeataKułek
2 ImpactofTillageMethodsonEnvironment,
EnergyandEconomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
EgidijusŠarauskis,ZitaKriaučiūnienė,KęstutisRomaneckas,
andSidonaBuragienė
3 CoffeeProductionandClimateChangeinEthiopia. . . . . . . . . . . . 99
BirhanuTsegayeSisay
4 ImpactofClimateChangeonCoastalAgro-Ecosystems. . . . . . . . . 115
SaonBanerjee,SumanSamanta,andPramitiKumarChakraborti
5 MethanogenesisandMethaneEmissioninRice/PaddyFields. . . . 135
N.K.Singh,D.B.Patel,andG.D.Khalekar
6 PhysicalandBiologicalProcessesControllingSoilCDynamics. . . . 171
PratapSrivastava,RishikeshSingh,RahulBhadouria,PardeepSingh,
SachchidanandTripathi,HemaSingh,A.S.Raghubanshi,
andP.K.Mishra
7 HalophilicMicrobialEcologyforAgriculturalProduction
inSaltAffectedLands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
SanjayAroraandMeghnaJ.Vanza
8 BioindicatorsofDegradedSoils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
DebaratiBhaduri,DibyenduChatterjee,KoushikChakraborty,
SumantaChatterjee,andAjoySaha
ix
x Contents
9 GroundwaterIrrigatedAgricultureEvolution
inCentralPunjab,Pakistan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
MuhammadUsman,RudolfLiedl,FanZhang,
andMuhammadZaman
10 ClosedandSemi-closedSystemsinAgriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
EbrahimHadaviandNoushinGhazijahani
11 BioenergyandSustainableAgriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
HosseinZahedi
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331