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spine 49mm R EARTHSCAN sustainable ‘Jules Pretty brings together the most E REFERENCE comprehensive and carefully selected collection agriculture COLLECTIONS EARTHSCAN REFERENCE COLLECTIONS of writings available about sustainable and food F agriculture. Together with an excellent overview This 4-volume set, edited by the world’s chapter, the collected works provide the best a S leading expert on agricultural E available source for an enlightened analysis and u sustainability, brings together the most n debate about sustainability in agriculture. The influential and time-tested international four volumes will serve both as an excellent R s scholarship across the fields of agriculture d reader for students and a unique reference for all t and food production with an overview Sustainable with an interest in the pursuit of sustainability in and individual volume introductions that a the food system.’ E F make sense of a diverse and complex Professor Per Pinstrup-Andersen, Cornell University, i field. o former Chair of CGIAR Science Council and n N World Food Prize Laureate, 2001 Volume I o a Agriculture covers the history of agriculture from its ‘This is the single most comprehensive overview ancient origins through successive d b of sustainable agriculture, from ancient beginnings to the most topical modern issues. revolutions to the present. C l Volume II Jules Pretty e has assembled a marvellous collection of the examines the relationship between and Food most seminal papers that are driving sustainable agriculture and the environment. E A agriculture in all parts of the world.’ Volume III g Jeffrey A. McNeely, Chief Scientist, provides coverage of the modern IUCN–The World Conservation Union industrialized global food system, r C including poverty, hunger and ‘Showing that, after all, humans can learn from i international successes and failures. experience, Jules Pretty has woven together the c Volume IV VOLUME I best of the old with the best of what is new and O visionary. He gives us a solid, knowledge-based addresses how we think about land and u foundation for a badly needed new paradigm – our relationship to it, governance and l that of an agriculture which sustains all life into stewardship, supportive and perverse agricultural subsidies and policies thLat t HISTORY OF the longer term. The impressive list of contributors ensures that all relevant areas have been shape agriculture. u competently assessed… A unique reference work L AGRICULTURE AND FOOD r for teachers, students and practitioners.’ JULES PRETTYOBE is Professor of Environment and Society at Hans R. Herren, World Food Prize Laureate, 1995 e the University of Essex, UK, and Chief EEditor ––––––––––––––––––– ‘An ambitious and deeply insightful series of the International Journal of Agricultural that unites the great minds not just of the Sustainability. His works include The EaCrth VOLUME I EDITED BY Only Endures(2007), The Earthscan Reader agricultural, nutrition and environmental in Sustainable Agriculture(2005), The HISTORY OF Jules Pretty sciences, but also history, culture, economics, Pesticide Detox(2005), Agri-Culture(2002), AGRICULTURE technology, learning and communications, T policy, regulatory and institutional approaches. It The Living Land(1998), Regenerating AND FOOD Agriculture(1995), The Hidden Harvest will be (1992) and Unwelcome Harvest(1991). a major reference work for all interested in the I EDITED BY ear thscan future of humanity and sustainable food and Jules O agricultural systems.’ publishing for a sustainable future Pretty Parviz Koohafkan, Director, Environment, Climate www.earthscan.co.u Change and Bioenergy Division, FAO, Italy ISBN 978-1-84407-408-2 ‘This work presents a body of knowledge that ,!7IB8E4-aheaic! N has come of age. It takes into account not only ear thscan earthscan the science but also human behaviour, institutions and politics. It will be an invaluable S AGRICULTURE/FOOD How to go to your page: This eBook contains four volumes. Each volume of the original hardcopy set is numbered separately. In order to avoid duplicate pagination in this eBook, we have included volume numbers within the page numbers. For example, to go to page 5 of the first volume, enter I-5 in the “page #” box at the top of the screen and click “Go”. To go to page 100 of the second volume enter II-100. To go to page xiv of the third volume enter III-xiv, and so on. Sustainable Agriculture and Food Volume I EARTHSCAN REFERENCE COLLECTION Sustainable Agriculture and Food Volume I Edited by Jules Pretty London (cid:127) Sterling, VA First published by Earthscan in the UK and USA in 2008 Copyright © Jules Pretty, 2008 All rights reserved ISBN-13: 978-1-84407-408-2 Typeset by Composition and Design Services Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, King’s Lynn, Norfolk Cover design by Andrew Corbett For a full list of publications please contact: Earthscan 8–12 Camden High Street London, NW1 0JH, UK Tel: +44 (0)20 7387 8558 Fax: +44 (0)20 7387 8998 Email: [email protected] Web: www.earthscan.co.uk 22883 Quicksilver Drive, Sterling, VA 20166-2012, USA Earthscan publishes in association with the International Institute for Environment and Develop- ment A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been applied for The paper used for this book is FSC-certified and elemental chlorine-free. FSC (the Forest Stewardship Council) is an international network to promote responsible management of the world’s forests. Contents VOLUME I HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii Overview to Four Volumes: Sustainable Agriculture and Food xv Editorial introduction to Volume I 1 Part I Before Agriculture 1 What Hunters Do for a Living, or, How to Make Out on Scarce Resources 17 R. B. Lee 2 Foragers and Others 41 R. B. Lee and R. Daly 3 Mind 73 H. Brody 4 Environmental and Health Benefits of Hunting Lifestyles and Diets for the Innu of Labrador 107 C. Samson and J. Pretty 5 Language: A Resource for Nature 136 L. Maffi Part II Early Agriculture 6 Our Vanishing Genetic Resources 159 J. R. Harlan 7 Oriental Despotism 168 K. Wittfogel 8 Marcus Cato on Agriculture 197 Marcus Porcius Cato Marcus Terentius Varro on Agriculture 202 Marcus Terentius Varro 9 Agroecological Farming Systems in China 208 Li Wenhua vi Sustainable Agriculture and Food 10 Farmers of Forty Centuries 222 F. H. King Part III Agricultural Revolutions and Change 11 Agricultural Sustainability and Open-field Farming in England, c 1650–1830 233 M. Turner, J. Beckett and B. Afton 12 Farmers’ Extension Practice and Technology Adaptation: Agricultural Revolution in 17th–19th-Century Britain 258 J. Pretty 13 Past Successes 290 G. R. Conway 14 Soviet Collectivization, Capitalist Dreams 308 J. C. Scott 15 Alternatives to Slash-and-Burn: Challenges and Approaches of an International Consortium 339 P. A. Sanchez, C. A. Palm, S. A. Vosti, T. P. Tomich and J. Kasyoki Part IV Modern Agricultural Reforms 16 Making Soil and Water Conservation Sustainable: From Coercion and Control to Partnerships and Participation 375 J. Pretty and P. Shah 17 Rethinking Agriculture for New Opportunities 403 E. Fernandes, A. Pell and N. Uphoff 18 Integrated Farming Systems at Different Scales 423 Li Wenhua 19 Agricultural Biotechnology in Southern Africa: A Regional Synthesis 475 D. Mnyulwa and J. Mugwagwa 20 Sustaining Cultivation 501 M. Bell Index 519 Contents vii VOLUME II AGRICULTURE AND THE ENVIRONMENT List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii Editorial introduction to Volume II 1 Part I Agricultural Harm to the Environment 1 A Fable for Tomorrow 15 R. Carson 2 Reality Cheques 22 J. Pretty 3 External Costs of Agricultural Production in the United States 53 E. M. Tegtmeier and M. D. Duffy 4 From Pesticides to People: Improving Ecosystem Health in the Northern Andes 82 S. Sherwood, D. Cole, C. Crissman and M. Paredes 5 Incidence of Acute Pesticide Poisoning Among Female and Male Cotton Growers in India 97 F. Mancini, A. H. C. van Bruggen, J. L. S. Jiggins, A. C. Ambatipud and H. Murphy Part II Agroecology and Sustainability 6 The Properties of Agroecosytems 119 G. R. Conway 7 Interdependent Social-Ecological Systems and Adaptive Governance for Ecosystem Services 139 C. Folke, J. Colding, P. Olsson and T. Hahn 8 Agroecology and Agroecosystems 166 S. R. Gliessman 9 Ecological Basis for Low-Toxicity Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in Rice and Vegetables 178 K. Gallagher, P. Ooi, T. Mew, E. Borromeo, P. Kenmore and J.-W. Ketelaar 10 The Farm as Natural Habitat 201 D. L. Jackson viii Sustainable Agriculture and Food Part III Communities and Social Capital 11 Feminism and Environmental Ethics: A Materialist Perspective 217 M. Mellor 12 Gender and Social Capital: The Importance of Gender Differences for the Maturity and Effectiveness of Natural Resource Management Groups 234 O. Westermann, J. Ashby and J. Pretty 13 Social Capital and the Collective Management of Resources 257 J. Pretty 14 Still Going: Recent Debates on the Goldschmidt Hypothesis 263 L. M. Lobao, M. D. Schulman and L. E. Swanson 15 Social Connectedness in Marginal Rural China: The Case of Farmer Innovation Circles in Zhidan, North Shaanxi 274 W. Bin and J. Pretty Part IV Ecological Restoration and Design 16 Ecological Design and Education 293 D. W. Orr 17 Multi-function Agricultural Biodiversity: Pest Management and Other Benefits 318 G. M. Gurr, S. D. Wratten amd J. M. Luna 18 Generating Community Change 333 C. B. Flora and J. L. Flora 19 Issues for More Sustainable Soil System Management 357 N. Uphoff, A. S. Ball, E. C. M. Fernandes, H. Herren, O. Husson, C. Palm, J. Pretty, N. Sanginga and J. E. Thies 20 Farming With the Wild: Foreword and Introduction 372 F. Kirschenmann and D. Imhoff Index 388