SUSTAINABLE 33 Actual energy consumption in dwellings

254 Pages·2010·5.96 MB·English

S U S T A I N A B L E
U R B A N A R E A S
33
Actual energy
consumption
in dwellings
The effect of energy
performance regulations
and occupant behaviour
Olivia Guerra Santín
Delft Centre for Sustainable Urban Areas
Delft University of Technology
Delft University of Technology
Actual energy consumption
in dwellings
The effect of energy performance
regulations and occupant behaviour
PROEFSCHRIFT
ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor
aan de Technische Universiteit Delft,
op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. ir. K.Ch.A.M. Luyben,
voorzitter van het College voor Promoties,
in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 19 oktober 2010 om 15.00 uur
door
Olivia GUERRA SANTÍN
Master of Science in Urban Environmental Management,
Wageningen University,
geboren te Toluca, Mexico
Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotor:
Prof. dr. ir. H.J. Visscher,
Copromotor dr L.C.M. Itard
Samenstelling promotiecommissie:
Rector Magnificus, voorzitter
Prof. dr. ir. H.J. Visscher, Technische Universiteit Delft, promotor
Dr. L.C.M. Itard, Technische Universiteit Delft, copromotor
Prof. dr. ir. J.D.M. van Hal, Technische Universiteit Delft
Prof. dr. ir. M.G. Elsinga, Technische Universiteit Delft
Prof. dr. D.V. Keyson, Technische Universiteit Delft
Prof. dr. ir. J.L.M. Hensen, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven
Prof. dr. E.M. Steg, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
Actual energy consumption
in dwellings
The effect of energy performance
regulations and occupant behaviour
Olivia Guerra Santín
The series Sustainable Urban Areas
is published by IOS Press under the imprint Delft University Press
IOS Press BV
Nieuwe Hemweg 6b
1013 BG Amsterdam
The Netherlands
Fax [phone]
E-mail: [email protected]
Sustainable Urban Areas is edited by
Delft Centre for Sustainable Urban Areas
C/o OTB Research Institute for the built environment
Delft University of Technology
Jaffalaan 9
2628 BX Delft
The Netherlands
Phone [phone]
Fax [phone]
E-mail [email protected]
http://www.otb.tudelft.nl

Design: Cyril Strijdonk Ontwerpburo, Gaarnderen; dtp: Yvonne Alkemade and
Itziar Lasa
Printed in the Netherlands by: Haveka, Alblasserdam

ISSN 1574-6410; 33 (print) SBN 978-1-60750-650-8 (print)
ISSN 1879-8330; 33 (online) ISBN 978-1-60750-651-5 (online)
NUR 755
Legal notice
The publisher is not responsible for the use which might be made of the fol-
lowing information.
Copyright 2010 by Olivia Guerra Santín
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by print, photoprint, mi-
crofilm or any other means, without written permission from the copyright-
holder.
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
1.1 Energy conservation in residential buildings..............3
1.2 Background .........................................4
1.3 Problem definition ...................................6
1.4 Aim of the study......................................8
1.5 Research questions ...................................8
1.6 Research methods ...................................10
1.7 Data ...............................................10
1.8 Relationship between research questions and data .......16
1.9 Limitations .........................................17
1.10 Structure of thesis ...................................19
References..........................................21
2 The effect of occupancy and building characteristics on
energy use for space and water heating in Dutch
residential stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
Guerra-Santin, O., L. Itard & H. Visscher (2009), Energy and
Buildings, 41, pp. 1223-1232.
2.1 Introduction ........................................27
2.2 State of the art ......................................29
2.2.1 Household characteristics ............................30
2.2.2 Behaviour ..........................................31
2.3 Data and analysis methods ...........................32
2.3.1 Transformed variables ...............................34
2.3.2 Missing data and univariate outliers ...................34
2.4 Results ............................................35
2.4.1 Differences in energy use per type of dwelling and
insulation level .....................................35
2.4.2 Results of analysis of variance ........................35
2.4.3 Regression model for prediction of energy use for space
and water heating ...................................38
2.4.4 Prediction of energy use for heating according to individual
building characteristics and occupant behaviour .........43
2.4.5 Second regression model .............................45
2.5 Discussion .........................................47
2.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
References..........................................50
3 The effect of energy performance regulations on energy
consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
3.1 Introduction ........................................57
3.2 Data and methodology ...............................59
3.2.1 Districts............................................60
3.2.2 Energy consumption .................................60
3.2.3 EPC calculation......................................62
3.2.4 Methods of analysis..................................63
3.3 Results.............................................65
3.3.1 Differences in the energy consumption for space and water
heating for different EPC values and types of dwelling.....65
3.3.2 Real and predicted energy consumption.................68
3.3.3 Effect of thermal quality on energy consumption in
dwellings...........................................70
3.4 Validation of the results with a nationwide survey (WoON
database)...........................................72
3.4.1 Relationship between energy indicators and energy
consumption (WoON database) ........................73
3.4.2 Relationship between building characteristics and energy
consumption (WoON database) ........................74
3.5 Discussion..........................................76
3.5.1 Relationship between the Energy Performance Coefficient
and actual energy consumption........................76
3.5.2 Actual and expected energy consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.5.3 Relationship between building characteristics and energy
consumption........................................77
3.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.7 Recommendations for policy and practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
References..........................................80
4 Occupants’ behaviour
Determinants and effects on residential heating
consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Guerra-Santin, O. & L Itard (2010), Building Research &
Information, 38 (3), pp. 318-338.
4.1 Introduction ........................................85
4.2 Data and methodology ...............................88
4.2.1 Building characteristics...............................89
4.2.2 Household characteristics.............................89
4.2.3 Occupants’ behaviour ................................90
4.2.4 Energy consumption .................................91
4.3 Results: analysis of OTB survey ........................94
4.3.1 Reported behaviour ..................................94
4.3.2 Effect of occupant behaviour on energy use..............96
4.3.3 Determinants of the use of heating and ventilation
systems ............................................98
4.4 Comparison with WoON database ....................103
4.4.1 Effect of behaviour on energy use (WoON survey)........103
4.4.2 Determinants on the use of heating and ventilation
behaviour (WoON survey) ............................106
4.4.3 Relationship between household characteristics and
occupant behaviour (WoON survey)....................109
4.5 Discussion.........................................110
4.5.1 Effect of occupants’ behaviour on energy use ...........110
4.5.2 Regression model...................................112
4.5.3 Determinants of behaviour: type of heating control
ventilation and household characteristics ..............112
4.6 Conclusions........................................113
4.6.1 Occupant behaviour and energy consumption ..........113
4.6.2 Methodology.......................................115
4.6.3 Recommendations for policy and practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
4.6.4 Recommendations for further research ................116
References.........................................116
5 Behavioural patterns related to energy consumption for
heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
5.1 Introduction .......................................123
5.2 State of the art .....................................124
5.3 Methodology and data...............................126
5.3.1 Approach..........................................126
5.3.2 Research data......................................128
5.3.3 Building characteristics..............................128
5.3.4 Household characteristics............................130
5.3.5 Occupant behaviour.................................130
5.4 Results............................................131
5.4.1 Effects of occupant behaviour on energy consumption ...132
5.4.2 Factors underlying behaviour: exploratory factor
analysis ...........................................133
5.4.3 Behavioural patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
5.4.4 Household types: differences in behavioural patterns and
energy consumption ................................137
5.4.5 Relationship between behavioural patterns and user
profiles............................................138
5.4.6 Relationship between behavioural patterns, user
profiles and energy use..............................140
5.5 Discussion and conclusions ..........................141
5.6 Recommendations .................................143
References.........................................144
6 Occupant behaviour in dwellings with improved thermal
characteristics .
Evidence of a rebound effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151
6.1 Introduction .......................................151
6.2 Effect of occupant behaviour and building characteristics
on energy consumption..............................152
6.3 Data and methodology ..............................154
6.4 Results............................................156
6.4.1 Variations in energy consumption in dwellings built in
different construction periods ........................156
6.4.2 Effect of building characteristics on energy consumption:
do better thermal properties and systems efficiency lead
to reductions in energy consumption? .................157
6.4.3 Effect of occupant behaviour on energy consumption:
determining the main factors of occupant behaviour.....160
6.4.4 Effect of building characteristics on heating behaviour ...163
6.4.5 Effect of building characteristics on ventilation behaviour 165
6.5 Discussion and conclusions ..........................166
6.5.1 Rebound effect on energy consumption in the Dutch
residential stock ...................................167
6.5.2 Differences in behaviour determined by building
characteristics .....................................167
6.6 Recommendations .................................168
References.........................................169
7 Conclusions and recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175
7.1 Introduction .......................................175
7.2 Effect of energy performance regulations on actual energy
consumption.......................................177
7.3 Effect and determinants of occupant behaviour in actual
energy consumption for heating ......................180
7.4 Determinants of energy consumption in recently built
housing in comparison to the complete housing stock ...184
7.5 Data collection: limitations and recommendations ......186
7.6 Recommendations..................................188
7.6.1 Recommendations for policy .........................189
7.6.2 Recommendations for practice .......................191
7.6.3 Recommendations for further research ................191
7.7 Closing remarks ....................................192

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193
Samenvatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201
Appendix 1 EPC calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209
Appendix 2 OTB Survey questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
Appendix 3 Regression analysis (complete sample in the WoON data-
base) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235
Curriculum vitae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237